1
|
Li S, Xu B, Luo Y, Luo J, Huang S, Guo X. Autophagy and Apoptosis in Rabies Virus Replication. Cells 2024; 13:183. [PMID: 38247875 PMCID: PMC10814280 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the Rhabdoviridae family and Lyssavirus genus, which is highly neurotropic and can infect almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans. Autophagy and apoptosis are two evolutionarily conserved and genetically regulated processes that maintain cellular and organismal homeostasis, respectively. Autophagy recycles unnecessary or dysfunctional intracellular organelles and molecules in a cell, whereas apoptosis eliminates damaged or unwanted cells in an organism. Studies have shown that RABV can induce both autophagy and apoptosis in target cells. To advance our understanding of pathogenesis of rabies, this paper reviews the molecular mechanisms of autophagy and apoptosis induced by RABV and the effects of the two cellular events on RABV replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saisai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Bowen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
| | - Yongwen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jun Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA;
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aguilera MO, Delgui LR, Reggiori F, Romano PS, Colombo MI. Autophagy as an innate immunity response against pathogens: a Tango dance. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:140-166. [PMID: 38101809 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular infections as well as changes in the cell nutritional environment are main events that trigger cellular stress responses. One crucial cell response to stress conditions is autophagy. During the last 30 years, several scenarios involving autophagy induction or inhibition over the course of an intracellular invasion by pathogens have been uncovered. In this review, we will present how this knowledge was gained by studying different microorganisms. We intend to discuss how the cell, via autophagy, tries to repel these attacks with the objective of destroying the intruder, but also how some pathogens have developed strategies to subvert this. These two fates can be compared with a Tango, a dance originated in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in which the partner dancers are in close connection. One of them is the leader, embracing and involving the partner, but the follower may respond escaping from the leader. This joint dance is indeed highly synchronized and controlled, perfectly reflecting the interaction between autophagy and microorganism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milton O Aguilera
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares Implicados en el Tráfico Vesicular y la Autofagia-Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Odontología, Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Laura R Delgui
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro Universitario M5502JMA, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Patricia S Romano
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y la célula hospedadora - Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro Universitario M5502JMA, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro Universitario M5502JMA, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María I Colombo
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares Implicados en el Tráfico Vesicular y la Autofagia-Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro Universitario M5502JMA, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rani J, Dhull SB, Rose PK, Kidwai MK. Drug-induced liver injury and anti-hepatotoxic effect of herbal compounds: a metabolic mechanism perspective. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155142. [PMID: 37913641 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the most challenging and thought-provoking liver problem for hepatologists owing to unregulated medication usage in medical practices, nutritional supplements, and botanicals. Due to underreporting, analysis, and identification issues, clinically evaluated medication hepatotoxicity is prevalent yet hard to quantify. PURPOSE This review's primary objective is to thoroughly compare pharmaceutical drugs and herbal compounds that have undergone clinical trials, focusing on their metabolic mechanisms contributing to the onset of liver illnesses and their hepatoprotective effects. METHODS The data was gathered from several online sources, such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, using appropriate keywords. RESULTS The prevalence of conventional and herbal medicine is rising. A comprehensive understanding of the metabolic mechanism is necessary to mitigate the hepatotoxicity induced by drugs and facilitate the incorporation or substitution of herbal medicine instead of pharmaceuticals. Moreover, pre-clinical pharmacological research has the potential to facilitate the development of natural products as therapeutic agents, displaying promising possibilities for their eventual clinical implementation. CONCLUSIONS Acetaminophen, isoniazid, rifampicin, diclofenac, and pyrogallol have been identified as the most often reported synthetic drugs that produce hepatotoxicity by oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis during the last several decades. Due to their ability to downregulate many factors (such as cytokines) and activate several enzyme/enzyme systems, herbal substances (such as Gingko biloba extract, curcumin, resveratrol, and silymarin) provide superior protection against harmful mechanisms which induce hepatotoxicity with fewer adverse effects than their synthetic counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Rani
- Department of Botany, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125055, Haryana, India
| | - Sanju Bala Dhull
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125055, Haryana, India.
| | - Pawan Kumar Rose
- Department of Energy and Environmental Sciences, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125055, Haryana, India.
| | - Mohd Kashif Kidwai
- Department of Energy and Environmental Sciences, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125055, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen L, Yang L, Li Y, Liu T, Yang B, Liu L, Wu R. Autophagy and Inflammation: Regulatory Roles in Viral Infections. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1454. [PMID: 37892135 PMCID: PMC10604974 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular degradation pathway in eukaryotic organisms, playing an adaptive role in various pathophysiological processes throughout evolution. Inflammation is the immune system's response to external stimuli and tissue damage. However, persistent inflammatory reactions can lead to a range of inflammatory diseases and cancers. The interaction between autophagy and inflammation is particularly evident during viral infections. As a crucial regulator of inflammation, autophagy can either promote or inhibit the occurrence of inflammatory responses. In turn, inflammation can establish negative feedback loops by modulating autophagy to suppress excessive inflammatory reactions. This interaction is pivotal in the pathogenesis of viral diseases. Therefore, elucidating the regulatory roles of autophagy and inflammation in viral infections will significantly enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying related diseases. Furthermore, it will provide new insights and theoretical foundations for disease prevention, treatment, and drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (T.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Limin Yang
- School of Medicine, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China;
| | - Yingyu Li
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (T.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Tianrun Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (T.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Bolun Yang
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (T.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (T.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Rui Wu
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (T.L.); (B.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Das B, Samal S, Hamdi H, Pal A, Biswas A, Behera J, Singh G, Behera CK, Sahoo DP, Pati S. Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related unfolded protein response and its implications in dengue virus infection for biomarker development. Life Sci 2023; 329:121982. [PMID: 37517582 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) causes debilitating disease in humans, which varies at different rates in host cells, such as monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, and other cell types. Such heterogeneity in DENV infection in cells could be attributed to a range of factors, including host cell immune response, anti-viral cellular proteins, and virus mediated cellular autophagy. This review delineates an important feature of every cell, the unfolded protein response (UPR) that is attributed to the accumulation of several viral and unfolded/misfolded proteins, such as in DENV infection. UPR is a normal process to counteract endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that leads to cell autophagy; though the phenomenon is markedly upregulated during DENV infection. This could be attributed to the uncontrolled activation of the key UPR signaling pathways: inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease 1 (IRE1), protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor-6 (ATF6), which promote cell autophagy under normal and diseased conditions through the downstream regulation of apoptosis promoting factors such as X-box binding protein (XBP1), GADD34, and ATF-6. Because DENV can modulate these signaling cascades, by promoting dysregulated cell autophagy, the ER stress mediated UPR pathways and the inherent agents could play an important role in delineating the severity of dengue infection with a potential for developing DENV targeted therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biswadeep Das
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India.
| | - Sagnika Samal
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Hamida Hamdi
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt; Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aditi Pal
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Arpita Biswas
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Jyotika Behera
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Gyanraj Singh
- Department of Anatomy, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT-DU, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Chinmay Kumar Behera
- Department of Pediatrics, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT-DU, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Debee Prasad Sahoo
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Regional Medical Research Centre-ICMR, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Feng K, Zhang H, Jiang Z, Zhou M, Min YQ, Deng F, Li P, Wang H, Ning YJ. SFTS bunyavirus NSs protein sequestrates mTOR into inclusion bodies and deregulates mTOR-ULK1 signaling, provoking pro-viral autophagy. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28371. [PMID: 36458534 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is emerging as a critical player in host defense against diverse infections, in addition to its conserved function to maintain cellular homeostasis. Strikingly, some pathogens have evolved strategies to evade, subvert or exploit different steps of the autophagy pathway for their lifecycles. Here, we present a new viral mechanism of manipulating autophagy for its own benefit with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus (SFTSV, an emerging high-pathogenic virus) as a model. SFTSV infection triggers autophagy, leading to complete autophagic flux. Mechanistically, we show that the nonstructural protein of SFTSV (NSs) interacts with mTOR, the pivotal regulator of autophagy, by targeting its kinase domain and captures mTOR into viral inclusion bodies (IBs) induced by NSs itself. Furthermore, NSsimpairs mTOR-mediated phosphorylation of unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) at Ser757, disrupting the inhibitory effect of mTOR on ULK1 activity and thus contributing to autophagy induction. Pharmacologic treatment and Beclin-1 knockout experimental results establish that, in turn, autophagy enhances SFTSV infection and propagation. Moreover, the minigenome reporter system reveals that SFTSV ribonucleoprotein (the transcription and replication machinery) activity can be bolstered by autophagy. Additionally, we found that the NSs proteins of SFTSV-related bunyaviruses have a conserved function of targeting mTOR. Taken together, we unravel a viral strategy of inducing pro-viral autophagy by interacting with mTOR, sequestering mTOR into IBs and hence provoking the downstream ULK1 pathway, which presents a new paradigm for viral manipulation of autophagy and may help inform future development of specific antiviral therapies against SFTSV and related pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Qin Min
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiqing Li
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun-Jia Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tang L, Song Y, Xu J, Chu Y. The role of selective autophagy in pathogen infection. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2022. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2022-0877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
8
|
Roingeard P, Eymieux S, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Hourioux C, Patient R, Blanchard E. The double-membrane vesicle (DMV): a virus-induced organelle dedicated to the replication of SARS-CoV-2 and other positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:425. [PMID: 35841484 PMCID: PMC9287701 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04469-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Positive single-strand RNA (+ RNA) viruses can remodel host cell membranes to induce a replication organelle (RO) isolating the replication of their genome from innate immunity mechanisms. Some of these viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), induce double-membrane vesicles (DMVs) for this purpose. Viral non-structural proteins are essential for DMV biogenesis, but they cannot form without an original membrane from a host cell organelle and a significant supply of lipids. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the initial mechanisms of autophagic processes have been shown to be essential for the biogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 DMVs. However, by analogy with other DMV-inducing viruses, it seems likely that the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria and lipid droplets are also involved. As for hepatitis C virus (HCV), pores crossing both membranes of SARS-CoV-2-induced DMVs have been identified. These pores presumably allow the supply of metabolites essential for viral replication within the DMV, together with the export of the newly synthesized viral RNA to form the genome of future virions. It remains unknown whether, as for HCV, DMVs with open pores can coexist with the fully sealed DMVs required for the storage of large amounts of viral RNA. Interestingly, recent studies have revealed many similarities in the mechanisms of DMV biogenesis and morphology between these two phylogenetically distant viruses. An understanding of the mechanisms of DMV formation and their role in the infectious cycle of SARS-CoV-2 may be essential for the development of new antiviral approaches against this pathogen or other coronaviruses that may emerge in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Roingeard
- INSERM U1259, Faculté de Médecine, Université François Rabelais de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 10 boulevard Tonnellé, 37032, Tours Cedex, France. .,Plate-Forme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Sébastien Eymieux
- INSERM U1259, Faculté de Médecine, Université François Rabelais de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 10 boulevard Tonnellé, 37032, Tours Cedex, France.,Plate-Forme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- INSERM U1259, Faculté de Médecine, Université François Rabelais de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 10 boulevard Tonnellé, 37032, Tours Cedex, France.,Plate-Forme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Christophe Hourioux
- INSERM U1259, Faculté de Médecine, Université François Rabelais de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 10 boulevard Tonnellé, 37032, Tours Cedex, France.,Plate-Forme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Romuald Patient
- INSERM U1259, Faculté de Médecine, Université François Rabelais de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 10 boulevard Tonnellé, 37032, Tours Cedex, France.,Plate-Forme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Emmanuelle Blanchard
- INSERM U1259, Faculté de Médecine, Université François Rabelais de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 10 boulevard Tonnellé, 37032, Tours Cedex, France.,Plate-Forme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Smith CD, Maines LW, Keller SN, Katz Ben-Yair V, Fathi R, Plasse TF, Levitt ML. Recent Progress in the Development of Opaganib for the Treatment of Covid-19. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:2199-2211. [PMID: 35855741 PMCID: PMC9288228 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s367612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic driven by the SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to exert extensive humanitarian and economic stress across the world. Although antivirals active against mild disease have been identified recently, new drugs to treat moderate and severe Covid-19 patients are needed. Sphingolipids regulate key pathologic processes, including viral proliferation and pathologic host inflammation. Opaganib (aka ABC294640) is a first-in-class clinical drug targeting sphingolipid metabolism for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. Recent work demonstrates that opaganib also has antiviral activity against several viruses including SARS-CoV-2. A recently completed multinational Phase 2/3 clinical trial of opaganib in patients hospitalized with Covid-19 demonstrated that opaganib can be safely administered to these patients, and more importantly, resulted in a 62% decrease in mortality in a large subpopulation of patients with moderately severe Covid-19. Furthermore, acceleration of the clearance of the virus was observed in opaganib-treated patients. Understanding the biochemical mechanism for the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of opaganib is essential for optimizing Covid-19 treatment protocols. Opaganib inhibits three key enzymes in sphingolipid metabolism: sphingosine kinase-2 (SK2); dihydroceramide desaturase (DES1); and glucosylceramide synthase (GCS). Herein, we describe a tripartite model by which opaganib suppresses infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 by inhibiting SK2, DES1 and GCS. The potential impact of modulation of sphingolipid signaling on multi-organ dysfunction in Covid-19 patients is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Smith
- Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, Hummelstown, PA, USA
- Correspondence: Charles D Smith, Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, 1214 Research Blvd, Suite 2015, Hummelstown, PA, 17036, USA, Tel +1 843 814 9257, Email
| | - Lynn W Maines
- Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, Hummelstown, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Roy SG. Regulation of autophagy by miRNAs in human diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 64:317-329. [PMID: 34690368 PMCID: PMC8520464 DOI: 10.1007/s13237-021-00378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a homeostatic process designed to eliminate dysfunctional and aging organelles and misfolded proteins through a well-concerted pathway, starting with forming a double-membrane vesicle and culminating in the lysosomal degradation of the cargo enclosed inside the mature vesicle. As a vital sentry of cellular health, autophagy is regulated in every human disease condition and is an essential target for non-coding RNAs like microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are short oligonucleotides that specifically bind to the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNAs, thus leading to mRNA silencing, degradation, or translation blockage. This review summarizes the recent findings regarding the regulation of autophagy and autophagy-related genes by different miRNAs in various pathological conditions, including cancer, kidney and liver disorders, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disorders, infectious diseases, aging-related conditions, and inflammation-related diseases. As miRNAs are being identified as prime regulators of autophagy in human disease, pharmacological molecules and traditional medicines targeting these miRNAs are also being tested in disease models, thus initiating a new series of therapeutic interventions targeting autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sounak Ghosh Roy
- Department of Internal Medicine – Nephrology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sargazi S, Sheervalilou R, Rokni M, Shirvaliloo M, Shahraki O, Rezaei N. The role of autophagy in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection: An overview on virophagy-mediated molecular drug targets. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:1599-1612. [PMID: 33818861 PMCID: PMC8251464 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy-dependent cell death is a prominent mechanism that majorly contributes to homeostasis by maintaining the turnover of organelles under stressful conditions. Several viruses, including coronaviruses (CoVs), take advantage of cellular autophagy to facilitate their own replication. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a beta-coronavirus (β-CoVs) that mediates its replication through a dependent or independent ATG5 pathway using specific double-membrane vesicles that can be considered as similar to autophagosomes. With due attention to several mutations in NSP6, a nonstructural protein with a positive regulatory effect on autophagosome formation, a potential correlation between SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis mechanisms and autophagy can be expected. Certain medications, albeit limited in number, have been indicated to negatively regulate autophagy flux, potentially in a way similar to the inhibitory effect of β-CoVs on the process of autophagy. However, there is no conclusive evidence to support their direct antagonizing effect on CoVs. Off-target accumulation of a major fraction of FDA-approved autophagy modulating drugs may result in adverse effects. Therefore, medications that have modulatory effects on autophagy could be considered as potential lead compounds for the development of new treatments against this virus. This review discusses the role of autophagy/virophagy in controlling SARS-CoV-2, focusing on the potential therapeutic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Rokni
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Shirvaliloo
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omolbanin Shahraki
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang Z, Li C. Xenophagy in innate immunity: A battle between host and pathogen. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 109:103693. [PMID: 32243873 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental bulk intracellular degradation and recycling process that directly eliminates intracellular microorganisms through "xenophagy" in various types of cells, especially in macrophages. Meanwhile, bacteria have evolved strategies and cellular self-defense mechanisms to prevent autophagosomal degradation and even attack the immune system of host. The lack of knowledge about the roles of autophagy in innate immunity severely limits our understanding of host defensive system and the development of farmed industry consisting of aquaculture. Increasing evidence in recent decades has shown the importance of autophagy. This review focuses on the triggering of xenophagy, targeting of invading pathogens to autophagosomes and elimination in the autophagolysosomes during pathogen infection. How the pathogen can escape from the xenophagy pathway was also discussed. Overall, we aim to reduce diseases and improve industrial production in aquaculture by providing theoretical and technical guidance on xenophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, PR China
| | - Chenghua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cong Y, Dinesh Kumar N, Mauthe M, Verlhac P, Reggiori F. Manipulation of selective macroautophagy by pathogens at a glance. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/10/jcs240440. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.240440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is a highly conserved catabolic pathway, which mediates the delivery of unwanted cytoplasmic structures and organelles to lysosomes for degradation. In numerous situations, autophagy is highly selective and exclusively targets specific intracellular components. Selective types of autophagy are a central element of our cell-autonomous innate immunity as they can mediate the turnover of viruses or bacteria, that gain access to the cytoplasm of the cell. Selective autophagy also modulates other aspects of our immunity by turning over specific immunoregulators. Throughout evolution, however, the continuous interaction between this fundamental cellular pathway and pathogens has led several pathogens to develop exquisite mechanisms to inhibit or subvert selective types of autophagy, to promote their intracellular multiplication. This Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster provides an overview of the selective autophagy of both pathogens, known as xenophagy, and of immunoregulators, and highlights a few archetypal examples that illustrate molecular strategies developed by viruses and bacteria to manipulate selective autophagy for their own benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Nilima Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Mauthe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline Verlhac
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|