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Campolim CM, Schimenes BC, Veras MM, Kim YB, Prada PO. Air pollution accelerates the development of obesity and Alzheimer's disease: the role of leptin and inflammation - a mini-review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1401800. [PMID: 38933275 PMCID: PMC11199417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1401800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is an urgent concern linked to numerous health problems in low- and middle-income countries, where 92% of air pollution-related deaths occur. Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) is the most harmful component of air pollutants, increasing inflammation and changing gut microbiota, favoring obesity, type 2 diabetes, and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). PM2.5 contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which can activate the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway. This pathway can lead to the release of pro-inflammatory markers, including interleukins, and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3), which inhibits leptin action, a hormone that keeps the energy homeostasis. Leptin plays a role in preventing amyloid plaque deposition and hyperphosphorylation of tau-protein (p-tau), mechanisms involved in the neurodegeneration in AD. Approximately 50 million people worldwide are affected by dementia, with a significant proportion living in low-and middle-income countries. This number is expected to triple by 2050. This mini-review focuses on the potential impact of PM2.5 exposure on the TLR4 signaling pathway, its contribution to leptin resistance, and dysbiosis that exacerbates the link between obesity and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Machado Campolim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Science, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Mariana Matera Veras
- Laboratory of Environmental and Experimental Pathology LIM05, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Patricia Oliveira Prada
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Science, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology (IB), University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Bettinetti-Luque M, Trujillo-Estrada L, Garcia-Fuentes E, Andreo-Lopez J, Sanchez-Varo R, Garrido-Sánchez L, Gómez-Mediavilla Á, López MG, Garcia-Caballero M, Gutierrez A, Baglietto-Vargas D. Adipose tissue as a therapeutic target for vascular damage in Alzheimer's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:840-878. [PMID: 37706346 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue has recently been recognized as an important endocrine organ that plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and in the immune response in many metabolic tissues. With this regard, emerging evidence indicates that an important crosstalk exists between the adipose tissue and the brain. However, the contribution of adipose tissue to the development of age-related diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, remains poorly defined. New studies suggest that the adipose tissue modulates brain function through a range of endogenous biologically active factors known as adipokines, which can cross the blood-brain barrier to reach the target areas in the brain or to regulate the function of the blood-brain barrier. In this review, we discuss the effects of several adipokines on the physiology of the blood-brain barrier, their contribution to the development of Alzheimer's disease and their therapeutic potential. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue From Alzheimer's Disease to Vascular Dementia: Different Roads Leading to Cognitive Decline. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.6/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Bettinetti-Luque
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Trujillo-Estrada
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Fuentes
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana Andreo-Lopez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Varo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Histología Humana, Anatomía Patológica y Educación Física y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lourdes Garrido-Sánchez
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ángela Gómez-Mediavilla
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina. Instituto Teófilo Hernando para la I+D de Fármacos, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela G López
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina. Instituto Teófilo Hernando para la I+D de Fármacos, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IIS-IP), Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Melissa Garcia-Caballero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Baglietto-Vargas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Ma J, Hou YH, Liao ZY, Ma Z, Zhang XX, Wang JL, Zhu YB, Shan HL, Wang PY, Li CB, Lv YL, Wei YL, Dou JZ. Neuroprotective Effects of Leptin on the APP/PS1 Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model: Role of Microglial and Neuroinflammation. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2023; 13:69-79. [PMID: 37905186 PMCID: PMC10613410 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s427781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia are closely linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) many years ago; however, the pathological mechanisms of AD remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine whether leptin affected microglia in the hippocampus of young and aged male APP/PS1 mice. Objective In a transgenic model of AD, we investigated the association between intraperitoneal injection of leptin and microglia. Methods We intraperitoneal injection of leptin (1mg/kg) every day for one week and analyzed inflammatory markers in microglia in the hippocampus of adult (6 months) and aged (12 months) APP/PS1 mice. Results In all leptin treatment group, the brain Aβ levels were decrease. We found increased levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and microglial activation in the hippocampus of adult mice. Using aged mice as an experimental model for chronic neuroinflammation and leptin resistance, the number of Iba-1+ microglia and the levels of IL-1β/IL-6 in the hippocampus were greatly increased as compared to the adult. But between the leptin treatment and un-treatment, there were no difference. Conclusion Leptin signaling would regulate the activation of microglia and the release of inflammatory factors, but it is not the only underlying mechanism in the neuroprotective effects of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Hui Hou
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Yan Liao
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Ma
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Li Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun-Bo Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Lei Shan
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping-Yue Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Bo Li
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-Lei Lv
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Lan Wei
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie-Zhi Dou
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
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Chen S, Xiao X, Song X, Qi Z, Li Y. Prediction of cord blood leptin on infant's neurodevelopment: A birth cohort in rural Yunnan, China. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 148:105955. [PMID: 36442291 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin, one of the peptide hormones secreted by adipocytes, plays a vital part in metabolism, but its role in early-life neurodevelopment remains poorly understood. METHODS We performed leptin analysis on 323 cord blood samples collected from a birth cohort in Yunnan rural area, China, and assessed infants' neurodevelopment at one year of age by the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition (BSID-III). Multiple linear regression and binary logistic regression models were used to explore the associations between cord blood leptin (CBL) concentrations and infants' neurodevelopment and the ability of CBL to predict the probabilities of infants' neurodevelopment delay. RESULTS Overall, 323 infants were included in this study. The median concentration of CBL was 4.7 ng/ml. The proportion of 1-year-old infants identified as being neurodevelopmental delayed was 34.5%, and delays in cognitive, language, and motor domains were 11.1%, 26.6%, and 13.9%, respectively. Multiple linear regression analyses manifested that the CBL concentration (log10-transformed) was positively correlated with the cognitive, language, and motor composite scores in infants, respectively (β = 7.76, 95%CI: 3.81-11.71; β = 6.73, 95%CI: 3.41-10.06; and β = 6.88, 95%CI: 3.48-10.29, respectively). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the higher, lower CBL (< 4.7 ng/ml) yielded a 1.41-fold increase in the risk of language development delay (OR = 2.41,95%CI: 1.42-4.09), a 1.49-fold higher risk of motor development delay (OR = 2.49, 95%CI: 1.25-4.96), and a 1.71-fold higher risk of neurodevelopment delay (OR = 2.71, 95%CI: 1.64-4.48) among infants. The prediction models showed that the probabilities of development delay in infants' language, motor, and neurodevelopment increased with the decline of CBL concentrations [rs = -0.63 (95% CI: -0.71, -0.56), rs = -0.46 (95% CI: -0.55, -0.38), rs = -0.55 (95% CI: -0.63, -0.46), respectively]. CONCLUSION The decline of CBL was associated with the decrease in infants' neurodevelopment scores at one year of age. CBL below 4.7 ng/ml may increase the risk of infants' neurodevelopment delay. The probabilities of infants' neurodevelopment delay increased with the decrease of CBL concentrations. CBL may be a predictor of the probability of children's neurodevelopment delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Chen
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China; Ministry of Child Health, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Xiao
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Song
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhiye Qi
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China; Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
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Chen R, Cai G, Xu S, Sun Q, Luo J, Wang Y, Li M, Lin H, Liu J. Body mass index related to executive function and hippocampal subregion volume in subjective cognitive decline. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:905035. [PMID: 36062154 PMCID: PMC9428252 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.905035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to explore whether body mass index (BMI) level affects the executive function and hippocampal subregion volume of subjective cognitive decline (SCD). Materials and methods A total of 111 participants were included in the analysis, including SCD (38 of normal BMI, 27 of overweight and obesity) and normal cognitive control (NC) (29 of normal BMI, 17 of overweight and obesity). All subjects underwent the Chinese version of the Stroop Color-Word Test (SCWT) to measure the executive function and a high-resolution 3D T1 structural image acquisition. Two-way ANOVA was used to examine the differences in executive function and gray matter volume in hippocampal subregions under different BMI levels between the SCD and NC. Result The subdimensions of executive function in which different BMI levels interact with SCD and NC include inhibition control function [SCWT C-B reaction time(s): F (1,104) = 5.732, p = 0.018], and the hippocampal subregion volume of CA1 [F (1,99) = 8.607, p = 0.004], hippocampal tail [F (1,99) = 4.077, p = 0.046], and molecular layer [F (1,99) = 6.309, p = 0.014]. After correction by Bonferroni method, the population × BMI interaction only had a significant effect on the CA1 (p = 0.004). Further analysis found that the SCWT C-B reaction time of SCD was significantly longer than NC no matter whether it is at the normal BMI level [F (1,104) = 4.325, p = 0.040] or the high BMI level [F (1,104) = 21.530, p < 0.001], and the inhibitory control function of SCD was worse than that of NC. In the normal BMI group, gray matter volume in the hippocampal subregion (CA1) of SCD was significantly smaller than that of NC [F (1,99) = 4.938, p = 0.029]. For patients with SCD, the high BMI group had worse inhibitory control function [F (1,104) = 13.499, p < 0.001] and greater CA1 volume compared with the normal BMI group [F (1,99) = 7.619, p = 0.007]. Conclusion The BMI level is related to the inhibition control function and the gray matter volume of CA1 subregion in SCD. Overweight seems to increase the gray matter volume of CA1 in the elderly with SCD, but it is not enough to compensate for the damage to executive function caused by the disease. These data provide new insights into the relationship between BMI level and executive function of SCD from the perspective of imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilin Chen
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guiyan Cai
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shurui Xu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Sun
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jia Luo
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ming Li
- Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Physical Education, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technology, Fuzhou, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Rehabilitation Research Center of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ministry of Education, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
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Flis Z, Molik E. Importance of Bioactive Substances in Sheep's Milk in Human Health. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4364. [PMID: 33921992 PMCID: PMC8122369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep's milk is an important source of bioactive substances that have health-promoting functions for the body. The valuable composition of sheep's milk is due to the high content of fatty acids, immunoglobulins, proteins, hormones, vitamins and minerals. Many biopeptides found in milk have antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. The bioactive substances of sheep's milk also show anticancer properties. Sheep's milk, thanks to its content of CLA and orotic acid, prevents the occurrence of type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and cancer. Sheep's milk, as a product rich in bioactive substances, can be used as a medical aid to support the body in the fight against neurological and cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edyta Molik
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 31-059 Krakow, Poland;
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