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Kipp M. Astrocytes: Lessons Learned from the Cuprizone Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16420. [PMID: 38003609 PMCID: PMC10671869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A diverse array of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia, exhibit distinct myelin abnormalities at both the molecular and histological levels. These aberrations are closely linked to dysfunction of oligodendrocytes and alterations in myelin structure, which may be pivotal factors contributing to the disconnection of brain regions and the resulting characteristic clinical impairments observed in these conditions. Astrocytes, which significantly outnumber neurons in the central nervous system by a five-to-one ratio, play indispensable roles in the development, maintenance, and overall well-being of neurons and oligodendrocytes. Consequently, they emerge as potential key players in the onset and progression of a myriad of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, targeting astrocytes represents a promising avenue for therapeutic intervention in such disorders. To gain deeper insights into the functions of astrocytes in the context of myelin-related disorders, it is imperative to employ appropriate in vivo models that faithfully recapitulate specific aspects of complex human diseases in a reliable and reproducible manner. One such model is the cuprizone model, wherein metabolic dysfunction in oligodendrocytes initiates an early response involving microglia and astrocyte activation, culminating in multifocal demyelination. Remarkably, following the cessation of cuprizone intoxication, a spontaneous process of endogenous remyelination occurs. In this review article, we provide a historical overview of studies investigating the responses and putative functions of astrocytes in the cuprizone model. Following that, we list previously published works that illuminate various aspects of the biology and function of astrocytes in this multiple sclerosis model. Some of the studies are discussed in more detail in the context of astrocyte biology and pathology. Our objective is twofold: to provide an invaluable overview of this burgeoning field, and, more importantly, to inspire fellow researchers to embark on experimental investigations to elucidate the multifaceted functions of this pivotal glial cell subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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Polyák H, Galla Z, Nánási N, Cseh EK, Rajda C, Veres G, Spekker E, Szabó Á, Klivényi P, Tanaka M, Vécsei L. The Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolic System Is Suppressed in Cuprizone-Induced Model of Demyelination Simulating Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030945. [PMID: 36979924 PMCID: PMC10046567 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease with a unique pattern, which is histologically classified into the subpial type 3 lesions in the autopsy. The lesion is also homologous to that of cuprizone (CPZ) toxin-induced animal models of demyelination. Aberration of the tryptophan (TRP)-kynurenine (KYN) metabolic system has been observed in patients with MS; nevertheless, the KYN metabolite profile of progressive MS remains inconclusive. In this study, C57Bl/6J male mice were treated with 0.2% CPZ toxin for 5 weeks and then underwent 4 weeks of recovery. We measured the levels of serotonin, TRP, and KYN metabolites in the plasma and the brain samples of mice at weeks 1, 3, and 5 of demyelination, and at weeks 7 and 9 of remyelination periods by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) after body weight measurement and immunohistochemical analysis to confirm the development of demyelination. The UHPLC-MS/MS measurements demonstrated a significant reduction of kynurenic acid, 3-hydoxykynurenine (3-HK), and xanthurenic acid in the plasma and a significant reduction of 3-HK, and anthranilic acid in the brain samples at week 5. Here, we show the profile of KYN metabolites in the CPZ-induced mouse model of demyelination. Thus, the KYN metabolite profile potentially serves as a biomarker of progressive MS and thus opens a new path toward planning personalized treatment, which is frequently obscured with immunologic components in MS deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Polyák
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Galla
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Szent-Györgyi Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Nánási
- Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, University of Szeged (ELKH-SZTE), Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edina Katalin Cseh
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Cecília Rajda
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Veres
- Independent Researcher, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eleonóra Spekker
- Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, University of Szeged (ELKH-SZTE), Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Szabó
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Klivényi
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, University of Szeged (ELKH-SZTE), Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, University of Szeged (ELKH-SZTE), Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
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Zirngibl M, Assinck P, Sizov A, Caprariello AV, Plemel JR. Oligodendrocyte death and myelin loss in the cuprizone model: an updated overview of the intrinsic and extrinsic causes of cuprizone demyelination. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:34. [PMID: 35526004 PMCID: PMC9077942 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The dietary consumption of cuprizone – a copper chelator – has long been known to induce demyelination of specific brain structures and is widely used as model of multiple sclerosis. Despite the extensive use of cuprizone, the mechanism by which it induces demyelination are still unknown. With this review we provide an updated understanding of this model, by showcasing two distinct yet overlapping modes of action for cuprizone-induced demyelination; 1) damage originating from within the oligodendrocyte, caused by mitochondrial dysfunction or reduced myelin protein synthesis. We term this mode of action ‘intrinsic cell damage’. And 2) damage to the oligodendrocyte exerted by inflammatory molecules, brain resident cells, such as oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia or peripheral immune cells – neutrophils or T-cells. We term this mode of action ‘extrinsic cellular damage’. Lastly, we summarize recent developments in research on different forms of cell death induced by cuprizone, which could add valuable insights into the mechanisms of cuprizone toxicity. With this review we hope to provide a modern understanding of cuprizone-induced demyelination to understand the causes behind the demyelination in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zirngibl
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Peggy Assinck
- Wellcome Trust- MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anastasia Sizov
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Andrew V Caprariello
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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4
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Morgan ML, Teo W, Hernandez Y, Brideau C, Cummins K, Kuipers HF, Stys PK. Cuprizone-induced Demyelination in Mouse Brain is not due to Depletion of Copper. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221126367. [PMID: 36114624 PMCID: PMC9483969 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221126367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The cuprizone (CPZ) model allows the study of the biochemical processes underlying
nonautoimmune-mediated demyelination, remyelination, and chronic white matter disease
progression. CPZ is a copper (Cu) chelator that chiefly causes oligodendrocyte apoptosis
in the corpus callosum and cerebellum when administered in the mouse diet. While
disruption of Cu homeostasis is known to cause neurodegeneration (as is observed in
Wilson’s and Menkes disease), no consensus exists to date as to CPZ’s mechanism of action.
We sought to determine whether CPZ-induced pathology is due to Cu depletion as is
generally believed. Cu supplementation in chow, in stoichiometric excess to the added CPZ,
did not reduce CPZ-induced demyelination in C57Bl/6 mice. Moreover, equivalent doses of
other known Cu chelators neocuproine and D-penicillamine (D-Pen) failed to induce central
nervous system (CNS) demyelination. Since administration of D-Pen in the treatment of
Wilson’s disease can induce hypocupremia, we next sought to recreate penicillamine-induced
Cu deficiency to compare with purported CPZ-induced Cu deficiency. The resulting clinical
phenotype and histopathology were unlike that of CPZ. D-Pen-treated mice exhibited digit
paralysis, tail flaccidity, subcutaneous hemorrhaging, and optic and sciatic neuropathy,
all of which were prevented with Cu supplementation. No demyelination of the corpus
callosum or cerebellum was observed, even with D-Pen doses tenfold higher than CPZ.
Intriguingly, addition of D-Pen to the CPZ diet paradoxically prevented demyelination in a
dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L. Morgan
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W. HRIC 1B37A, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Wulin Teo
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W. HRIC 1B37A, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Yda Hernandez
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W. HRIC 1B37A, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Craig Brideau
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W. HRIC 1B37A, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Karen Cummins
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W. HRIC 1B37A, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Hedwich F. Kuipers
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W. HRIC 1B37A, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Peter K. Stys
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W. HRIC 1B37A, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
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Papazian I, Tsoukala E, Boutou A, Karamita M, Kambas K, Iliopoulou L, Fischer R, Kontermann RE, Denis MC, Kollias G, Lassmann H, Probert L. Fundamentally different roles of neuronal TNF receptors in CNS pathology: TNFR1 and IKKβ promote microglial responses and tissue injury in demyelination while TNFR2 protects against excitotoxicity in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:222. [PMID: 34565380 PMCID: PMC8466720 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During inflammatory demyelination, TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) mediates detrimental proinflammatory effects of soluble TNF (solTNF), whereas TNFR2 mediates beneficial effects of transmembrane TNF (tmTNF) through oligodendroglia, microglia, and possibly other cell types. This model supports the use of selective inhibitors of solTNF/TNFR1 as anti-inflammatory drugs for central nervous system (CNS) diseases. A potential obstacle is the neuroprotective effect of solTNF pretreatment described in cultured neurons, but the relevance in vivo is unknown. Methods To address this question, we generated mice with neuron-specific depletion of TNFR1, TNFR2, or inhibitor of NF-κB kinase subunit β (IKKβ), a main downstream mediator of TNFR signaling, and applied experimental models of inflammatory demyelination and acute and preconditioning glutamate excitotoxicity. We also investigated the molecular and cellular requirements of solTNF neuroprotection by generating astrocyte-neuron co-cultures with different combinations of wild-type (WT) and TNF and TNFR knockout cells and measuring N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) excitotoxicity in vitro. Results Neither neuronal TNFR1 nor TNFR2 protected mice during inflammatory demyelination. In fact, both neuronal TNFR1 and neuronal IKKβ promoted microglial responses and tissue injury, and TNFR1 was further required for oligodendrocyte loss and axonal damage in cuprizone-induced demyelination. In contrast, neuronal TNFR2 increased preconditioning protection in a kainic acid (KA) excitotoxicity model in mice and limited hippocampal neuron death. The protective effects of neuronal TNFR2 observed in vivo were further investigated in vitro. As previously described, pretreatment of astrocyte-neuron co-cultures with solTNF (and therefore TNFR1) protected them against NMDA excitotoxicity. However, protection was dependent on astrocyte, not neuronal TNFR1, on astrocyte tmTNF-neuronal TNFR2 interactions, and was reproduced by a TNFR2 agonist. Conclusions These results demonstrate that neuronal TNF receptors perform fundamentally different roles in CNS pathology in vivo, with neuronal TNFR1 and IKKβ promoting microglial inflammation and neurotoxicity in demyelination, and neuronal TNFR2 mediating neuroprotection in excitotoxicity. They also reveal that previously described neuroprotective effects of solTNF against glutamate excitotoxicity in vitro are indirect and mediated via astrocyte tmTNF-neuron TNFR2 interactions. These results consolidate the concept that selective inhibition of solTNF/TNFR1 with maintenance of TNFR2 function would have combined anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties required for safe treatment of CNS diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02200-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Papazian
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Tsoukala
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Athena Boutou
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Karamita
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kambas
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Lida Iliopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Roman Fischer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maria C Denis
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre (BSRC) "Alexander Fleming", Vari, 16672, Athens, Greece
| | - George Kollias
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre (BSRC) "Alexander Fleming", Vari, 16672, Athens, Greece
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lesley Probert
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece.
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Comparative Proteome Research in a Zebrafish Model for Vanishing White Matter Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052707. [PMID: 33800130 PMCID: PMC7962458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vanishing white matter (VWM) disease is a genetic leukodystrophy leading to severe neurological disease and early death. VWM is caused by bi-allelic mutations in any of the five genes encoding the subunits of the eukaryotic translation factor 2B (EIF2B). Previous studies have attempted to investigate the molecular mechanism of VWN by constructing models for each subunit of EIF2B that causes VWM disease. The underlying molecular mechanisms of the way in which mutations in EIF2B3 result in VWM are largely unknown. Based on our recent results, we generated an eif2b3 knockout (eif2b3-/-) zebrafish model and performed quantitative proteomic analysis between the wild-type (WT) and eif2b3-/- zebrafish, and identified 25 differentially expressed proteins. Four proteins were significantly upregulated, and 21 proteins were significantly downregulated in eif2b3-/- zebrafish compared to WT. Lon protease and the neutral amino acid transporter SLC1A4 were significantly increased in eif2b3-/- zebrafish, and crystallin proteins were significantly decreased. The differential expression of proteins was confirmed by the evaluation of mRNA levels in eif2b3-/- zebrafish, using whole-mount in situ hybridization analysis. This study identified proteins which candidates as key regulators of the progression of VWN disease, using quantitative proteomic analysis in the first EIF2B3 animal model of VWN disease.
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Espírito-Santo S, Coutinho VG, Dezonne RS, Stipursky J, Dos Santos-Rodrigues A, Batista C, Paes-de-Carvalho R, Fuss B, Gomes FCA. Astrocytes as a target for Nogo-A and implications for synapse formation in vitro and in a model of acute demyelination. Glia 2021; 69:1429-1443. [PMID: 33497496 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) function depends on precise synaptogenesis, which is shaped by environmental cues and cellular interactions. Astrocytes are outstanding regulators of synapse development and plasticity through contact-dependent signals and through the release of pro- and antisynaptogenic factors. Conversely, myelin and its associated proteins, including Nogo-A, affect synapses in a inhibitory fashion and contribute to neural circuitry stabilization. However, the roles of Nogo-A-astrocyte interactions and their implications in synapse development and plasticity have not been characterized. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether Nogo-A affects the capacity of astrocytes to induce synaptogenesis. Additionally, we assessed whether downregulation of Nogo-A signaling in an in vivo demyelination model impacts the synaptogenic potential of astrocytes. Our in vitro data show that cortical astrocytes respond to Nogo-A through RhoA pathway activation, exhibiting stress fiber formation and decreased ramified morphology. This phenotype was associated with reduced levels of GLAST protein and aspartate uptake, decreased mRNA levels of the synaptogenesis-associated genes Hevin, glypican-4, TGF-β1 and BDNF, and decreased and increased protein levels of Hevin and SPARC, respectively. Corroborating these findings, conditioned medium from Nogo-A-treated astrocytes suppressed the formation of structurally and functionally mature synapses in cortical neuronal cultures. After cuprizone-induced acute demyelination, we observed reduced immunostaining for Nogo-A in the visual cortex accompanied by higher levels of Hevin expression in astrocytes and an increase in excitatory synapse density. Hence, we suggest that interactions between Nogo-A and astrocytes might represent an important pathway of plasticity regulation and could be a target for therapeutic intervention in demyelinating diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Espírito-Santo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vinícius G Coutinho
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rômulo S Dezonne
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joice Stipursky
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Batista
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberto Paes-de-Carvalho
- Instituto de Biologia, Programa de Neurociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Babette Fuss
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Temporal Changes in In Vivo Glutamate Signal during Demyelination and Remyelination in the Corpus Callosum: A Glutamate-Weighted Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Imaging Study. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249468. [PMID: 33322784 PMCID: PMC7764201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamate-weighted chemical exchange saturation transfer (GluCEST) is a useful imaging tool that can be used to detect changes in glutamate levels in vivo and could also be helpful in the diagnosis of brain myelin changes. We investigated glutamate level changes in the cerebral white matter of a rat model of cuprizone-administered demyelination and remyelination using GluCEST. METHOD We used a 7 T pre-clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. The rats were divided into the normal control (CTRL), cuprizone-administered demyelination (CPZDM), and remyelination (CPZRM) groups. GluCEST data were analyzed using the conventional magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry in the corpus callosum. Immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy analyses were also performed to investigate the myelinated axon changes in each group. RESULTS The quantified GluCEST signals differed significantly between the CPZDM and CTRL groups (-7.25 ± 1.42% vs. -2.84 ± 1.30%; p = 0.001). The increased GluCEST signals in the CPZDM group decreased after remyelination (-6.52 ± 1.95% in CPZRM) to levels that did not differ significantly from those in the CTRL group (p = 0.734). CONCLUSION The apparent temporal signal changes in GluCEST imaging during demyelination and remyelination demonstrated the potential usefulness of GluCEST imaging as a tool to monitor the myelination process.
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Maramai S, Brindisi M. Targeting Endocannabinoid Metabolism: an Arrow with Multiple Tips Against Multiple Sclerosis. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1985-2003. [PMID: 32762071 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system. At present, there is no definitive cure, and the few available disease-modifying options display either poor efficacy or life-threatening side effects. There is clear evidence that relapsing-remitting clinical attacks in MS are driven by inflammatory demyelination and that the subsequent disease steps, being irresponsive to immunotherapy, result from neurodegeneration. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) stands halfway between three key pathomechanisms underlying MS, namely inflammation, neurodegeneration and oxidative stress, thus representing a kingpin for the identification of novel therapeutic targets in MS. This review summarizes the current state of the art in the field of endocannabinoid metabolism modulators and their in vivo effects on relevant animal models. We also highlight key molecular underpinnings of their therapeutic efficacy as well as the potential to turn them into promising clinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Maramai
- Department of Excellence of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
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10
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Kopanitsa MV, Lehtimäki KK, Forsman M, Suhonen A, Koponen J, Piiponniemi TO, Kärkkäinen AM, Pavlidi P, Shatillo A, Sweeney PJ, Merenlender-Wagner A, Kaye J, Orbach A, Nurmi A. Cognitive disturbances in the cuprizone model of multiple sclerosis. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 20:e12663. [PMID: 32372528 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive problems frequently accompany neurological manifestations of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, during screening of preclinical candidates, assessments of behaviour in mouse models of MS typically focus on locomotor activity. In the present study, we analysed cognitive behaviour of 9 to 10-week-old female C57Bl/6J mice orally administered with the toxin cuprizone that induces demyelination, a characteristic feature of MS. Animals received 400 mg/kg cuprizone daily for 2 or 4 weeks, and their performance was compared with that of vehicle-treated mice. Cuprizone-treated animals showed multiple deficits in short touchscreen-based operant tasks: they responded more slowly to visual stimuli, rewards and made more errors in a simple rule-learning task. In contextual/cued fear conditioning experiments, cuprizone-treated mice showed significantly lower levels of contextual freezing than vehicle-treated mice. Diffusion tensor imaging showed treatment-dependent changes in fractional anisotropy as well as in axial and mean diffusivities in different white matter areas. Lower values of fractional anisotropy and axial diffusivity in cuprizone-treated mice indicated developing demyelination and/or axonal damage. Several diffusion tensor imaging measurements correlated with learning parameters. Our results show that translational touchscreen operant tests and fear conditioning paradigms can reliably detect cognitive consequences of cuprizone treatment. The suggested experimental approach enables screening novel MS drug candidates in longitudinal experiments for their ability to improve pathological changes in brain structure and reverse cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksym V Kopanitsa
- Charles River Discovery Services, Kuopio, Finland.,UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | | | - Ari Suhonen
- Charles River Discovery Services, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juho Koponen
- Charles River Discovery Services, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | - Pavlina Pavlidi
- MSc Programme in Translational Neuroscience, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Joel Kaye
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Netanya, Israel
| | - Aric Orbach
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Netanya, Israel
| | - Antti Nurmi
- Charles River Discovery Services, Kuopio, Finland
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M G, G DC, M F, M R, M C, C B, S A, G C, R F, C F, G C, M S, Cp Z. Platelet glutamate uptake and Th1 cells inversely correlate in relapsing/remitting and in progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 41:102007. [PMID: 32092504 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High affinity sodium-dependent Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters (EAAT), present in glial and neuron cells, clear around 90% of the synaptic cleft released glutamate, and their impaired activity seem to be critical for many neurodegenerative disorders, including Multiple Sclerosis (MS). These transporters are also present in human platelets, and they show molecular and biochemical characteristics similar to those in the CNS. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate whether EAAT-dependent uptake is present also at the peripheral level in blood of MS patients. Moreover, since platelets (plt) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) share the same intra-corporeal fluid, they might be reciprocally influenced, and the glutamate uptake modulation might be useful as a peripheral "trait-marker" to characterize different clinical courses of MS RESULTS: : Reduced uptake values were found in MS patients compared to healthy controls (HC), as well as significant differences were found across MS clinical courses. Representative saturation curves showed that Vmax was significantly decreased for patients compared to HC. Conversely, dissociation constant of the two reactions appeared similar for MS and HC subjects. Furthermore, clinical forms of MS with mild (benign) prognosis was not affected as fa as concern EAAT uptake. Gender, age, and drug treatments did not impact glutamate uptake efficiency. Interestingly, a negative correlation between EAAT activity and percentage of Th1 cells (CD4+IFNγ+ and CD4+TBET+IFNγ+ cells) was observed, suggesting a relationship between EAAT impairment and a pro-inflammatory environment. CONCLUSIONS Interestingly, as shown in the CNS, a relationship between clinical, inflammatory MS features and glutamate clearance can be also assessed in platelets. Moreover, glutamate uptake activity might be an useful biomarker to characterize patients with benign prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gironi M
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe); Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; CAM-SYNLAB, Monza, Italy
| | - Dalla-Costa G
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe); Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Frigo M
- Department of Neurology, S. Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Rovaris M
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Clerici M
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Bazzini C
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Andreoni S
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Comi G
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe); Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Furlan R
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe); Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ferrarese C
- Department of Neurology, S. Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Cavaletti G
- Department of Neurology, S. Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Saresella M
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Zoia Cp
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
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12
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Sen MK, Mahns DA, Coorssen JR, Shortland PJ. Behavioural phenotypes in the cuprizone model of central nervous system demyelination. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:23-46. [PMID: 31442519 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The feeding of cuprizone (CPZ) to animals has been extensively used to model the processes of demyelination and remyelination, with many papers adopting a narrative linked to demyelinating conditions like multiple sclerosis (MS), the aetiology of which is unknown. However, no current animal model faithfully replicates the myriad of symptoms seen in the clinical condition of MS. CPZ ingestion causes mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress and subsequent apoptosis of oligodendrocytes leads to central nervous system demyelination and glial cell activation. Although there are a wide variety of behavioural tests available for characterizing the functional deficits in animal models of disease, including that of CPZ-induced deficits, they have focused on a narrow subset of outcomes such as motor performance, cognition, and anxiety. The literature has not been systematically reviewed in relation to these or other symptoms associated with clinical MS. This paper reviews these tests and makes recommendations as to which are the most important in order to better understand the role of this model in examining aspects of demyelinating diseases like MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monokesh K Sen
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David A Mahns
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jens R Coorssen
- Departments of Health Sciences and Biological Sciences, Faculties of Applied Health Sciences and Mathematics & Science, Brock University, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Peter J Shortland
- Science and Health, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia.
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13
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Espitia Pinzon N, van Mierlo H, de Jonge JC, Brevé JJP, Bol JGJM, Drukarch B, van Dam AM, Baron W. Tissue Transglutaminase Promotes Early Differentiation of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:281. [PMID: 31312122 PMCID: PMC6614186 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Demyelinated lesions of the central nervous system are characteristic for multiple sclerosis (MS). Remyelination is not very effective, particular at later stages of the disease, which results in a chronic neurodegenerative character with worsening of symptoms. Previously, we have shown that the enzyme Tissue Transglutaminase (TG2) is downregulated upon differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) into myelin-forming oligodendrocytes and that TG2 knock-out mice lag behind in remyelination after cuprizone-induced demyelination. Here, we examined whether astrocytic or oligodendroglial TG2 affects OPCs in a cell-specific manner to modulate their differentiation, and therefore myelination. Our findings indicate that human TG2-expressing astrocytes did not modulate OPC differentiation and myelination. In contrast, persistent TG2 expression upon OPC maturation or exogenously added recombinant TG2 accelerated OPC differentiation and myelin membrane formation. Continuous exposure of recombinant TG2 to OPCs at different consecutive developmental stages, however, decreased OPC differentiation and myelin membrane formation, while it enhanced myelination in dorsal root ganglion neuron-OPC co-cultures. In MS lesions, TG2 is absent in OPCs, while human OPCs show TG2 immunoreactivity during brain development. Exposure to the MS-relevant pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ increased TG2 expression in OPCs and prolonged expression of endogenous TG2 upon differentiation. However, despite the increased TG2 levels, OPC maturation was not accelerated, indicating that TG2-mediated OPC differentiation may be counteracted by other pathways. Together, our data show that TG2, either endogenously expressed, or exogenously supplied to OPCs, accelerates early OPC differentiation. A better understanding of the role of TG2 in the OPC differentiation process during MS is of therapeutic interest to overcome remyelination failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Espitia Pinzon
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hanneke van Mierlo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jenny C de Jonge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - John J P Brevé
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - John G J M Bol
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie van Dam
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wia Baron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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14
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Gopalasingam G, Bartlett CA, McGonigle T, Majimbi M, Warnock A, Ford A, Gough A, Toomey LM, Fitzgerald M. The effects of a combination of ion channel inhibitors on pathology in a model of demyelinating disease. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 34:1-8. [PMID: 31202958 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) has been shown to feature oxidative damage, which can be modelled using the cuprizone model of demyelinating disease. Oxidative damage can occur as a result of excessive influx of calcium ions (Ca2+) and oligodendroglia are particularly vulnerable. However, the effects of limiting excess Ca2+ influx on oxidative damage, oligodendroglia and myelin structure are unknown. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of limiting excess Ca2+ flux on oxidative damage and associated changes in oligodendroglial densities and Node of Ranvier structure in the cuprizone model. METHODS The effects of three weeks of cuprizone administration and of treatment with a combination of three ion channel inhibitors (Lomerizine, Brilliant Blue G (BBG) and YM872), were semi-quantified immunohistochemically. Outcomes assessed were protein nitration (3-nitrotyrosine (3NT)) oxidative damage to DNA (8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine (8OHDG)), advanced glycation end-products (carboxymethyl lysine (CML)), immunoreactivity of microglia (Iba1) and astrocytes (glial acidic fibrillary protein (GFAP)), densities of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) (platelet derived growth factor alpha receptor (PDGFαR) with olig2) and oligodendrocytes (olig2 and CC1), and structural elements of the Node of Ranvier (contactin associated protein (Caspr)). RESULTS The administration of cuprizone resulted in increased protein nitration, DNA damage, and astrocyte and microglial immunoreactivity, a decrease in the density of oligodendrocytes and OPCs, together with altered structure of the Node of Ranvier and reduced myelin basic protein immunoreactivity. Treatment with the ion channel inhibitor combination significantly lowered protein nitration, increased the density of OPCs and reduced the number of atypical Node of Ranvier complexes; other outcomes were unaffected. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that excess Ca2+ influx contributes to protein nitration, and associated changes to OPC densities and Node of Ranvier structure in demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopana Gopalasingam
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia; School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Carole A Bartlett
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Terence McGonigle
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Belmont, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Maimuna Majimbi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Belmont, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Warnock
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Belmont, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Abbey Ford
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Alexander Gough
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Lillian M Toomey
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Belmont, Western Australia, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Belmont, Western Australia, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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15
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Role of Steroid Therapy after Ischemic Stroke by n-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Gene Regulation. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:3066-3075. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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16
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Jakaria M, Park SY, Haque ME, Karthivashan G, Kim IS, Ganesan P, Choi DK. Neurotoxic Agent-Induced Injury in Neurodegenerative Disease Model: Focus on Involvement of Glutamate Receptors. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:307. [PMID: 30210294 PMCID: PMC6123546 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate receptors play a crucial role in the central nervous system and are implicated in different brain disorders. They play a significant role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although many studies on NDDs have been conducted, their exact pathophysiological characteristics are still not fully understood. In in vivo and in vitro models of neurotoxic-induced NDDs, neurotoxic agents are used to induce several neuronal injuries for the purpose of correlating them with the pathological characteristics of NDDs. Moreover, therapeutic drugs might be discovered based on the studies employing these models. In NDD models, different neurotoxic agents, namely, kainic acid, domoic acid, glutamate, β-N-Methylamino-L-alanine, amyloid beta, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, rotenone, 3-Nitropropionic acid and methamphetamine can potently impair both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, leading to the progression of toxicity. Many other neurotoxic agents mainly affect the functions of ionotropic glutamate receptors. We discuss particular neurotoxic agents that can act upon glutamate receptors so as to effectively mimic NDDs. The correlation of neurotoxic agent-induced disease characteristics with glutamate receptors would aid the discovery and development of therapeutic drugs for NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Jakaria
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Shin-Young Park
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Md. Ezazul Haque
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Govindarajan Karthivashan
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Palanivel Ganesan
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
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17
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Tamtaji OR, Mirhosseini N, Reiter RJ, Azami A, Asemi Z. Melatonin, a calpain inhibitor in the central nervous system: Current status and future perspectives. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:1001-1007. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Physiology Research Center Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
| | | | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio Texas
| | - Abolfazl Azami
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
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18
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Valny M, Honsa P, Waloschkova E, Matuskova H, Kriska J, Kirdajova D, Androvic P, Valihrach L, Kubista M, Anderova M. A single-cell analysis reveals multiple roles of oligodendroglial lineage cells during post-ischemic regeneration. Glia 2018; 66:1068-1081. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Valny
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Honsa
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Waloschkova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Hana Matuskova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kriska
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Kirdajova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Peter Androvic
- Laboratory of Gene Expression; Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Valihrach
- Laboratory of Gene Expression; Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Mikael Kubista
- Laboratory of Gene Expression; Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
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19
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Hainz N, Becker P, Rapp D, Wagenpfeil S, Wonnenberg B, Beisswenger C, Tschernig T, Meier C. Probenecid-treatment reduces demyelination induced by cuprizone feeding. J Chem Neuroanat 2017. [PMID: 28629631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments showed that a pannexin-1 inhibitor, probenecid, reduced clinical symptoms in the murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis when applied during the initial phase of neuronal inflammation. An inflammatory component is also present in a toxically induced inflammation and demyelination using cuprizone diet. Probenecid is a pannexin-1 antagonist and a probenecid therapy was investigated. Mice were fed for 10days with a cuprizone diet. In the following, the diet was continued but combined with a daily injection of a low dose of probenecid or solvent for 10days. Electron microscopy revealed demyelination in the optic nerve. The demyelination as measured by the axonal diameter was significantly reduced in the animals treated with 100mg per kg body weight probenecid. In comparison to controls, the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood was reduced in all cuprizone groups including the treatment group. In conclusion, early demyelination in the optic nerve was moderately reduced by 10days treatment with a low dose probenecid. This is a hint for the involvement of pannexin-1 modulated inflammation in cuprizone feeding induced toxic demyelination. Thus, probenecid is a candidate for the treatment of neuro-inflammation and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Hainz
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Germany
| | - Philipp Becker
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Germany
| | - Daniel Rapp
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Saarland University, Germany
| | - Stefan Wagenpfeil
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Saarland University, Germany
| | - Bodo Wonnenberg
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Germany
| | - Christoph Beisswenger
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Germany
| | - Thomas Tschernig
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Germany.
| | - Carola Meier
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Germany
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20
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Espitia Pinzon N, Sanz-Morello B, Brevé JJP, Bol JGJM, Drukarch B, Bauer J, Baron W, van Dam AM. Astrocyte-derived tissue Transglutaminase affects fibronectin deposition, but not aggregation, during cuprizone-induced demyelination. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40995. [PMID: 28128219 PMCID: PMC5269585 DOI: 10.1038/srep40995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrogliosis as seen in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) develops into astroglial scarring, which is beneficial because it seals off the site of central nervous system (CNS) damage. However, astroglial scarring also forms an obstacle that inhibits axon outgrowth and (re)myelination in brain lesions. This is possibly an important cause for incomplete remyelination in the CNS of early stage MS patients and for failure in remyelination when the disease progresses. In this study we address whether under demyelinating conditions in vivo, tissue Transglutaminase (TG2), a Ca2+ -dependent enzyme that catalyses posttranslational modification of proteins, contributes to extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and/or aggregation. We used the cuprizone model for de- and remyelination. TG2 immunoreactivity and enzymatic activity time-dependently appeared in astrocytes and ECM, respectively, in the corpus callosum of cuprizone-treated mice. Enhanced presence of soluble monomeric and multimeric fibronectin was detected during demyelination, and fibronectin immunoreactivity was slightly decreased in cuprizone-treated TG2-/- mice. In vitro TG2 overexpression in astrocytes coincided with more, while knock-down of TG2 with less fibronectin production. TG2 contributes, at least partly, to fibronectin production, and may play a role in fibronectin deposition during cuprizone-induced demyelination. Our observations are of interest in understanding the functional implications of TG2 during astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Espitia Pinzon
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Dept. Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Berta Sanz-Morello
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Dept. Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - John J. P. Brevé
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Dept. Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - John G. J. M. Bol
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Dept. Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Dept. Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Bauer
- Center for Brain Research, Dept. Neuroimmunology, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Wia Baron
- University Medical Center Groningen, Dept. of Cell Biology, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie van Dam
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Dept. Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
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21
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Vahidinia Z, Alipour N, Atlasi MA, Naderian H, Beyer C, Azami Tameh A. Gonadal steroids block the calpain-1-dependent intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in an experimental rat stroke model. Neurol Res 2016; 39:54-64. [PMID: 27832728 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1250459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Apoptosis plays an important role in the progression of the ischemic penumbra after reperfusion. Estrogen and progesterone have neuroprotective effects against ischemic brain damage, however the exact mechanisms of neuroprotection and signaling pathways is not completely understood. In this study, we investigated the possible regulatory effects of a combined steroid treatment on extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathways after cerebral ischemia. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) using an intraluminal filament technique for 1 h followed by 23 h reperfusion. Estrogen and progesterone were immediately injected after tMCAO subcutaneously. Sensorimotor functional tests and the infarct volume were evaluated 24 h after ischemia. Protein expression of calpain-1 and Fas receptor (FasR), key members of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, were determined in the penumbra region of the ischemic brain using western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, and TUNEL staining. RESULTS Neurological deficits and infarct volume were significantly reduced following hormone therapy. Calpain-1 up-regulation and caspase-3 activation were apparent 24 h after ischemia in the peri-infarct area of the cerebral cortex. Steroid hormone treatment reduced infarct pathology and attenuated the induction of both proteases. FasR protein levels were not affected by ischemia and hormone application. CONCLUSION We conclude that a combined steroid treatment inhibits ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis through the regulation of intrinsic pathways.
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Key Words
- Apoptosis
- CBF, Cerebral blood flow
- CCA, Common carotid artery
- CNS, Central nervous system
- Calpain-1
- DISC, Death inducing signaling complex
- Estrogen
- FasR, Fas receptor
- GFAP, Glial fibrillary acidic protein
- HRP, Horseradish peroxidase
- I/R, Ischemia/reperfusion
- ICA, Internal carotid artery
- IHC, Immunohistochemistry
- MCA, Middle cerebral artery
- MCAO, Middle cerebral artery occlusion
- NeuN, Neuronal nuclear antigen
- PBS, Phosphate-buffered saline
- PU, Perfusion units
- PVDF, Polyvinylidene fluoride
- Progesterone
- RIPA, Radioimmunoprecipitation assay
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- SDS, Sodium dodecyl sulfate
- TBI, Traumatic brain ischemia
- TNF, Tumor necrosis factor
- TTC, Triphenyltetrazolium chloride
- TUNEL, Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling
- tMCAO
- tMCAO, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Vahidinia
- a Anatomical Sciences Research Center , Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran
| | - Nasim Alipour
- a Anatomical Sciences Research Center , Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Atlasi
- a Anatomical Sciences Research Center , Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran
| | - Homayoun Naderian
- a Anatomical Sciences Research Center , Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran
| | - Cordian Beyer
- b Faculty of Medicine , Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Abolfazl Azami Tameh
- a Anatomical Sciences Research Center , Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran.,c Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine , Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran
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22
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Sühs KW, Gudi V, Eckermann N, Fairless R, Pul R, Skripuletz T, Stangel M. Cytokine regulation by modulation of the NMDA receptor on astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 2016; 629:227-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Praet J, Guglielmetti C, Berneman Z, Van der Linden A, Ponsaerts P. Cellular and molecular neuropathology of the cuprizone mouse model: clinical relevance for multiple sclerosis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 47:485-505. [PMID: 25445182 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The cuprizone mouse model allows the investigation of the complex molecular mechanisms behind nonautoimmune-mediated demyelination and spontaneous remyelination. While it is generally accepted that oligodendrocytes are specifically vulnerable to cuprizone intoxication due to their high metabolic demands, a comprehensive overview of the etiology of cuprizone-induced pathology is still missing to date. In this review we extensively describe the physico-chemical mode of action of cuprizone and discuss the molecular and enzymatic mechanisms by which cuprizone induces metabolic stress, oligodendrocyte apoptosis, myelin degeneration and eventually axonal and neuronal pathology. In addition, we describe the dual effector function of the immune system which tightly controls demyelination by effective induction of oligodendrocyte apoptosis, but in contrast also paves the way for fast and efficient remyelination by the secretion of neurotrophic factors and the clearance of cellular and myelinic debris. Finally, we discuss the many clinical symptoms that can be observed following cuprizone treatment, and how these strengthened the cuprizone model as a useful tool to study human multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia and epilepsy.
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Orije J, Kara F, Guglielmetti C, Praet J, Van der Linden A, Ponsaerts P, Verhoye M. Longitudinal monitoring of metabolic alterations in cuprizone mouse model of multiple sclerosis using 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neuroimage 2015; 114:128-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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25
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The mechanisms of neurotoxicity and the selective vulnerability of nervous system sites. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2015; 131:61-70. [PMID: 26563783 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62627-1.00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The spatial heterogeneity of the structure, function, and cellular composition of the nervous system confers extraordinary complexity and a multiplicity of mechanisms of chemical neurotoxicity. Because of its relatively high metabolic demands and functional dependence on postmitotic neurons, the nervous system is vulnerable to a variety of xenobiotics that affect essential homeostatic mechanisms that support function. Despite protection from the neuroglia and blood-brain barrier, the central nervous system is prone to attack from lipophilic toxicants and those that hijack endogenous transport, receptor, metabolic, and other biochemical systems. The inherent predilection of chemicals for highly conserved biochemical systems confers selective vulnerability of the nervous system to neurotoxicants. This chapter discusses selective vulnerability of the nervous system in the context of neuron-specific decrements (axonopathy, myelinopathy, disruption of neurotransmission), and the degree to which neuronal damage is facilitated or ameliorated by surrounding nonneural cells in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
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26
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Oligodendrocyte gap junction loss and disconnection from reactive astrocytes in multiple sclerosis gray matter. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 73:865-79. [PMID: 25101702 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions are essential for glial cell function and have been increasingly implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS). Because increasing cortical abnormalities correlate with disease progression and cognitive dysfunction, we examined the expression of oligodendrocytic connexin32 (Cx32) and Cx47 and their astrocytic partners Cx30 and Cx43 in cortical lesions and normal-appearing gray matter (NAGM) in MS patients. Postmortem brain tissue samples from 9 MS cases were compared with 10 controls using real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblot, and immunohistochemical analyses. Connexin32 and Cx47 gap junction formation in oligodendrocytes was reduced within lesions, whereas Cx32 loss also extended to NAGM. In contrast, astrocytic Cx30 expression was increased within cortical lesions, whereas Cx43 was elevated in both lesions and NAGM. Diffuse microglial activation and marked astrogliotic changes accompanied these connexin abnormalities. Increased expression of Cx43 correlated with inflammatory load (r = 0.828, p = 0.042), whereas Cx32 expression correlated with longer disease duration and, therefore, milder course (r = 0.825, p = 0.043). Thus, there is a loss of intramyelin and intercellular oligodendrocyte gap junctions in MS gray matter lesions and NAGM, whereas interastrocytic gap junctions are increased, reflecting astrogliosis. These changes correlate with inflammation and disease duration and suggest that disconnection of oligodendrocytes from reactive astrocytes may play a role in failed remyelination and disease progression.
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27
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Namekata K, Kimura A, Harada C, Yoshida H, Matsumoto Y, Harada T. Dock3 protects myelin in the cuprizone model for demyelination. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1395. [PMID: 25165881 PMCID: PMC4454328 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dedicator of cytokinesis 3 (Dock3) belongs to an atypical family of the guanine nucleotide exchange factors. It is predominantly expressed in the neural tissues and causes cellular morphological changes by activating the small GTPase Rac1. We previously reported that Dock3 overexpression protects retinal ganglion cells from excitotoxic cell death. Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of axons in the central nervous system and these cells are damaged in demyelinating disorders including multiple sclerosis (MS) and optic neuritis. In this study, we examined if Dock3 is expressed in oligodendrocytes and if increasing Dock3 signals can suppress demyelination in a cuprizone-induced demyelination model, an animal model of MS. We demonstrate that Dock3 is expressed in oligodendrocytes and Dock3 overexpression protects myelin in the corpus callosum following cuprizone treatment. Furthermore, we show that cuprizone demyelinates optic nerves and the extent of demyelination is ameliorated in mice overexpressing Dock3. Cuprizone treatment impairs visual function, which was demonstrated by multifocal electroretinograms, an established non-invasive method, and Dock3 overexpression prevented this effect. In mice overexpressing Dock3, Erk activation is increased, suggesting this may at least partly explain the observed protective effects. Our findings suggest that Dock3 may be a therapeutic target for demyelinating disorders including optic neuritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Namekata
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Kimura
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Harada
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Yoshida
- Department of Neuro-ophthalmology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Matsumoto
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Harada
- 1] Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan [2] Department of Neuro-ophthalmology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Bernal-Chico A, Canedo M, Manterola A, Victoria Sánchez-Gómez M, Pérez-Samartín A, Rodríguez-Puertas R, Matute C, Mato S. Blockade of monoacylglycerol lipase inhibits oligodendrocyte excitotoxicity and prevents demyelinationin vivo. Glia 2014; 63:163-76. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bernal-Chico
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Zamudio Spain
| | - Manuel Canedo
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Zamudio Spain
| | - Andrea Manterola
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
| | - María Victoria Sánchez-Gómez
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Zamudio Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Barcelona Spain
| | - Alberto Pérez-Samartín
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Zamudio Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Barcelona Spain
| | - Rafael Rodríguez-Puertas
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Zamudio Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Barcelona Spain
| | - Susana Mato
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Zamudio Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Barcelona Spain
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29
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Faria DDP, Copray S, Buchpiguel C, Dierckx R, de Vries E. PET imaging in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:468-82. [PMID: 24809810 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9544-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a non-invasive technique for quantitative imaging of biochemical and physiological processes in animals and humans. PET uses probes labeled with a radioactive isotope, called PET tracers, which can bind to or be converted by a specific biological target and thus can be applied to detect and monitor different aspects of diseases. The number of applications of PET imaging in multiple sclerosis is still limited. Clinical studies using PET are basically focused on monitoring changes in glucose metabolism and the presence of activated microglia/macrophages in sclerotic lesions. In preclinical studies, PET imaging of targets for other processes, like demyelination and remyelination, has been investigated and may soon be translated to clinical applications. Moreover, more PET tracers that could be relevant for MS are available now, but have not been studied in this context yet. In this review, we summarize the PET imaging studies performed in multiple sclerosis up to now. In addition, we will identify potential applications of PET imaging of processes or targets that are of interest to MS research, but have yet remained largely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele de Paula Faria
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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30
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Grewer C, Gameiro A, Rauen T. SLC1 glutamate transporters. Pflugers Arch 2013; 466:3-24. [PMID: 24240778 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane transporters for the neurotransmitter glutamate belong to the solute carrier 1 family. They are secondary active transporters, taking up glutamate into the cell against a substantial concentration gradient. The driving force for concentrative uptake is provided by the cotransport of Na(+) ions and the countertransport of one K(+) in a step independent of the glutamate translocation step. Due to eletrogenicity of transport, the transmembrane potential can also act as a driving force. Glutamate transporters are expressed in many tissues, but are of particular importance in the brain, where they contribute to the termination of excitatory neurotransmission. Glutamate transporters can also run in reverse, resulting in glutamate release from cells. Due to these important physiological functions, glutamate transporter expression and, therefore, the transport rate, are tightly regulated. This review summarizes recent literature on the functional and biophysical properties, structure-function relationships, regulation, physiological significance, and pharmacology of glutamate transporters. Particular emphasis is on the insight from rapid kinetic and electrophysiological studies, transcriptional regulation of transporter expression, and reverse transport and its importance for pathophysiological glutamate release under ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Grewer
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, 13902-6000, NY, USA,
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