1
|
Pawlicki P, Yurdakok-Dikmen B, Tworzydlo W, Kotula-Balak M. Toward understanding the role of the interstitial tissue architects: Possible functions of telocytes in the male gonad. Theriogenology 2024; 217:25-36. [PMID: 38241912 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Telocytes represent a relatively recently discovered population of interstitial cells with a unique morphological structure that distinguishes them from other neighboring cells. Through their long protrusions extending from the cell body, telocytes create microenvironments via tissue compartmentalization and create homo- and hetero-cellular junctions. These establish a three-dimensional network enabling the maintenance of interstitial compartment homeostasis through regulation of extracellular matrix organization and activity, structural support, paracrine and juxtracrine communication, immunomodulation, immune surveillance, cell survival, and apoptosis. The presence of telocytes has also been confirmed in testicular interstitial tissue of many species of animals. The objective of this review is to summarize recent findings on telocytes in the male gonad, on which conclusions have been deduced that indicate the involvement of telocytes in maintaining the cytoarchitecture of the testicular interstitial tissue, in the processes of spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis, and photoperiod-mediated changes in the testes in seasonally reproductive animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Pawlicki
- Center of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Redzina 1c, 30-248, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Begum Yurdakok-Dikmen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara, 06110, Dışkapı, Turkey.
| | - Waclaw Tworzydlo
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-385, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Kotula-Balak
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Preclinical Sciences, University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao M, Ding N, Wang H, Zu S, Liu H, Wen J, Liu J, Ge N, Wang W, Zhang X. Activation of TRPA1 in Bladder Suburothelial Myofibroblasts Counteracts TGF-β1-Induced Fibrotic Changes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119501. [PMID: 37298451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel has anti-fibrotic effects in the lung and intestine. Suburothelial myofibroblasts (subu-MyoFBs), a specialized subset of fibroblasts in the bladder, are known to express TRPA1. However, the role of the TRPA1 in the development of bladder fibrosis remains elusive. In this study, we use the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) to induce fibrotic changes in subu-MyoFBs and assess the consequences of TRPA1 activation utilizing RT-qPCR, western blotting, and immunocytochemistry. TGF-β1 stimulation increased α-SMA, collagen type I alpha 1 chain(col1A1), collagen type III (col III), and fibronectin expression, while simultaneously suppressing TRPA1 in cultured human subu-MyoFBs. The activation of TRPA1, with its specific agonist allylisothiocyanate (AITC), inhibited TGF-β1-induced fibrotic changes, and part of these inhibition effects could be reversed by the TRPA1 antagonist, HC030031, or by reducing TRPA1 expression via RNA interference. Furthermore, AITC reduced spinal cord injury-induced fibrotic bladder changes in a rat model. The increased expression of TGF-β1, α-SMA, col1A1 and col III, and fibronectin, and the downregulation of TRPA1, were also detected in the mucosa of fibrotic human bladders. These findings suggest that TRPA1 plays a pivotal role in bladder fibrosis, and the negative cross talk between TRPA1 and TGF-β1 signaling may represent one of the mechanisms underlying fibrotic bladder lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Shulu Zu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Hanwen Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Jiliang Wen
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Nan Ge
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Wenzhen Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Xiulin Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang H, Lei X. Acupuncture for Women with Overactive Bladder: Perspective of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Related Mechanism. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:1137-1148. [PMID: 37013136 PMCID: PMC10066631 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s406194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome is one of the most common diseases in urology and affects quality of life. Although the current treatment for OAB is based on oral medications, there are limitations and many patients have difficulty accepting drug-induced adverse effects. This review aimed to analyze the efficacy of acupuncture and its related mechanisms and provide a preliminary therapeutic regimen. Methods Two authors independently searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library up to April 2022. They searched related English literature and extracted the data under a standard form based on the search strategy. Clinical trials which included OAB women with the treatment of acupuncture were included. Common acupuncture alone without other pharmacotherapy, external treatments was in the treatment group. The control interventions may include any active treatments, sham placebo, or no establishment of a control group. Outcomes included 3-day or 24-hour voiding diary, overactive bladder symptom score, etc. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was also used to assess the methodological quality of the randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Results We analyzed five RCTs and one comparative study on acupuncture for OAB to review and discuss the acupoint location, treatment course, and retention time based on clinical evidence and treatment ideas in traditional Chinese medicine. Additionally, we used the available evidence to reveal and discuss the acupuncture mechanisms for OAB. Acupuncture may regulate bladder function by inhibiting C-fibers, modulating nerve growth factors and reducing spontaneous contractions of the detrusor muscle. Conclusion Combined with the available evidence, the combination of local acupoints and distal acupoints should be necessary to consider, especially the lumbosacral acupoints, the small abdomen acupoints and the lower limb acupoints. Among them, acupuncture at SP4, CV4 and KI3 are strongly recommended. The treatment course of acupuncture should be no less than 4 weeks and maintain the frequency of acupuncture no less than once a week. The duration of each session should be no less than 20 minutes. In addition, investigations remain necessary to verify acupuncture's efficacy and precise mechanism for OAB treatment in further exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Andrology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xulu Lei
- Department of Preventive Care Center, Beijing Fengtai Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xulu Lei, Department of Preventive Care Center, Beijing Fengtai Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing, 100072, People’s Republic of China, Email
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Planta D, Gerwinn T, Salemi S, Horst M. Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction in Spinal Dysraphism: Morphological and Molecular Evidence in Children. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043692. [PMID: 36835106 PMCID: PMC9959703 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal dysraphism, most commonly myelomeningocele, is the typical cause of a neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) in childhood. The structural changes in the bladder wall in spinal dysraphism already occur in the fetal period and affect all bladder wall compartments. The progressive decrease in smooth muscle and the gradual increase in fibrosis in the detrusor, the impairment of the barrier function of the urothelium, and the global decrease in nerve density, lead to severe functional impairment characterized by reduced compliance and increased elastic modulus. Children present a particular challenge, as their diseases and capabilities evolve with age. An increased understanding of the signaling pathways involved in lower urinary tract development and function could also fill an important knowledge gap at the interface between basic science and clinical implications, leading to new opportunities for prenatal screening, diagnosis, and therapy. In this review, we aim to summarize the evidence on structural, functional, and molecular changes in the NLUTD bladder in children with spinal dysraphism and discuss possible strategies for improved management and for the development of new therapeutic approaches for affected children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dafni Planta
- Division of Pediatric Urology, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tim Gerwinn
- Division of Pediatric Urology, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Souzan Salemi
- Laboratory for Urologic Oncology and Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maya Horst
- Division of Pediatric Urology, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Molecular Mechanisms and Key Processes in Interstitial, Hemorrhagic and Radiation Cystitis. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11070972. [PMID: 36101353 PMCID: PMC9311586 DOI: 10.3390/biology11070972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Pathologies of the bladder are called cystitis. They cause discomfort for the patient. Due to persistent pain, bleeding, urinary incontinence, and uncontrolled urination, the chronic forms cause considerable degradation to patient quality of life. Currently, there is no curative treatment for the most severe forms. This is both an economic and a societal problem. Although the different forms of cystitis have different causes, they share common mechanisms. We propose to describe in detail the key processes and the associated mechanisms involved in abacterial cystitis. Abstract Cystitis is a bladder disease with a high rate of prevalence in the world population. This report focuses on Interstitial Cystitis (IC), Hemorrhagic Cystitis (HC) and Chronic Radiation Cystitis. These pathologies have different etiologies, but they share common symptoms, for instance, pain, bleeding, and a contracted bladder. Overall, treatments are quite similar for abacterial cystitis, and include bladder epithelium protective or anti-inflammatory agents, alleviating pain and reducing bleeding. This review summarizes the mechanisms that the pathologies have in common, for instance, bladder dysfunction and inflammation. Conversely, some mechanisms have been described as present in only one pathology, such as neural regulation. Based on these specificities, we propose identifying a mechanism that could be common to all the above-mentioned pathologies.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao M, Chen Z, Liu L, Ding N, Wen J, Liu J, Wang W, Ge N, Zu S, Song W, Chen G, Zhang X. Functional Expression of Transient Receptor Potential and Piezo1 Channels in Cultured Interstitial Cells of Human-Bladder Lamina Propria. Front Physiol 2022; 12:762847. [PMID: 35069237 PMCID: PMC8774296 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.762847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The interstitial cells in bladder lamina propria (LP-ICs) are believed to be involved in sensing/afferent signaling in bladder mucosa. Transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channels act as mechano- or chemo-sensors and may underlie some of the sensing function of bladder LP-ICs. We aimed to investigate the molecular and functional expression of TRP channels implicated in bladder sensory function and Piezo1/Piezo2 channels in cultured LP-ICs of the human bladder. Bladder tissues were obtained from patients undergoing cystectomy. LP-ICs were isolated and cultured, and used for real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunocytochemistry, and calcium-imaging experiments. At the mRNA level, TRPA1, TRPV2, and Piezo1 were expressed most abundantly. Immunocytochemical staining showed protein expression of TRPA1, TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV4, TRPM8, as well as Piezo1 and Piezo2. Calcium imaging using channel agonists/antagonists provided evidence for functional expression of TRPA1, TRPV2, TRPV4, Piezo1, but not of TRPV1 or TRPM8. Activation of these channels with their agonist resulted in release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from LP-ICs. Inhibition of TRPV2, TRPV4 and Piezo1 blocked the stretch induced intracellular Ca2+ increase. Whereas inhibition of TRPA1 blocked H2O2 evoked response in LP-ICs. Our results suggest LP-ICs of the bladder can perceive stretch or chemical stimuli via activation of TRPV2, TRPV4, Piezo1 and TRPA1 channels. LP-ICs may work together with urothelial cells for perception and transduction of mechanical or chemical signals in human-bladder mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- MengMeng Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenghao Chen
- Department of Urology, Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiliang Wen
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - WenZhen Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Nan Ge
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shulu Zu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- Department of Urology, China Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiulin Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Çakıcı ÖU, Dinçer S. The effect of amino acids on the bladder cycle: a concise review. Amino Acids 2021; 54:13-31. [PMID: 34853916 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The human bladder maintains a cycle of filling, storing, and micturating throughout an individual's lifespan. The cycle relies on the ability of the bladder to expand without increasing the intravesical pressure, which is only possible with the controlled relaxation of well-complaint muscles and the congruously organized construction of the bladder wall. A competent bladder outlet, which functions in a synchronous fashion with the bladder, is also necessary for this cycle to be completed successfully without deterioration. In this paper, we aimed to review the contemporary physiological findings on bladder physiology and examine the effects of amino acids on clinical conditions affecting the bladder, with special emphasis on the available therapeutic evidence and possible future roles of the amino acids in the treatment of the bladder-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Özer Ural Çakıcı
- Attending Urologist, Private Practice, Ankara, Turkey.
- PhD Candidate in Physiology, Department of Physiology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Sibel Dinçer
- Professor in Physiology, Department of Physiology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Scleroderma-like Impairment in the Network of Telocytes/CD34 + Stromal Cells in the Experimental Mouse Model of Bleomycin-Induced Dermal Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212407. [PMID: 34830288 PMCID: PMC8620338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence accumulated over the past decade supports that telocytes (TCs)/CD34+ stromal cells represent an exclusive type of interstitial cells identifiable by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or immunohistochemistry in various organs of the human body, including the skin. By means of their characteristic cellular extensions (telopodes), dermal TCs are arranged in networks intermingled with a multitude of neighboring cells and, hence, they are thought to contribute to skin homeostasis through both intercellular contacts and releasing extracellular vesicles. In this context, fibrotic skin lesions from patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma) appear to be characterized by a disruption of the dermal network of TCs, which has been ascribed to either cell degenerative processes or possible transformation into profibrotic myofibroblasts. In the present study, we utilized the well-established mouse model of bleomycin-induced scleroderma to gain further insights into the TC alterations found in cutaneous fibrosis. CD34 immunofluorescence revealed a severe impairment in the dermal network of TCs/CD34+ stromal cells in bleomycin-treated mice. CD31/CD34 double immunofluorescence confirmed that CD31-/CD34+ TC counts were greatly reduced in the skin of bleomycin-treated mice compared with control mice. Ultrastructural signs of TC injury were detected in the skin of bleomycin-treated mice by TEM. The analyses of skin samples from mice treated with bleomycin for different times by either TEM or double immunostaining and immunoblotting for the CD34/α-SMA antigens collectively suggested that, although a few TCs may transition to α-SMA+ myofibroblasts in the early disease stage, most of these cells rather undergo degeneration, and then are lost. Taken together, our data demonstrate that TC changes in the skin of bleomycin-treated mice mimic very closely those observed in human SSc skin, which makes this experimental model a suitable tool to (i) unravel the pathological mechanisms underlying TC damage and (ii) clarify the possible contribution of the TC loss to the development/progression of dermal fibrosis. In perspective, these findings may have important implications in the field of skin regenerative medicine.
Collapse
|
9
|
Rosa I, Marini M, Manetti M. Telocytes: An Emerging Component of Stem Cell Niche Microenvironment. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:795-818. [PMID: 34165348 DOI: 10.1369/00221554211025489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are newly identified interstitial cells characterized by thin and long cytoplasmic processes, called telopodes, which exhibit a distinctive moniliform shape and, often, a sinuous trajectory. Telopodes typically organize in intricate networks within the stromal space of most organs, where they communicate with neighboring cells by means of specialized cell-to-cell junctions or shedding extracellular vesicles. Hence, TCs are generally regarded as supporting cells that help in the maintenance of local tissue homeostasis, with an ever-increasing number of studies trying to explore their functions both in physiological and pathological conditions. Notably, TCs appear to be part of stem cell (SC) niches in different organs, including the intestine, skeletal muscle, heart, lung, and skin. Indeed, growing evidence points toward a possible implication of TCs in the regulation of the activity of tissue-resident SCs and in shaping the SC niche microenvironment, thus contributing to tissue renewal and repair. Here, we review how the introduction of TCs into the scientific literature has deepened our knowledge of the stromal architecture focusing on the intestine and skeletal muscle, two organs in which the recently unveiled unique relationship between TCs and SCs is currently in the spotlight as potential target for tissue regenerative purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Rosa
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mirca Marini
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mirko Manetti
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sanches BDA, Tamarindo GH, Maldarine JDS, Da Silva ADT, Dos Santos VA, Góes RM, Taboga SR, Carvalho HF. Telocytes of the male urogenital system: Interrelationships, possible functions, and pathological implications. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:1613-1623. [PMID: 33856089 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The male urogenital system is composed of the reproductive system and the urinary tract; they have an interconnected embryonic development and share one of their anatomical components, the urethra. This system has a highly complex physiology deeply interconnected with the circulatory and nervous systems, as well as being capable of adapting to environmental variations; it also undergoes changes with aging and, in the case of the reproductive system, with seasonality. The stroma is an essential component in this physiological plasticity and its complexity has increased with the description in the last decade of a new cell type, the telocyte. Several studies have demonstrated the presence of telocytes in the organs of the male urogenital system and other systems; however, their exact function is not yet known. The present review addresses current knowledge about telocytes in the urogenital system in terms of their locations, interrelationships, possible functions and pathological implications. It has been found that telocytes in the urogenital system possibly have a leading role in stromal tissue organization/maintenance, in addition to participation in stem cell niches and an association with the immune system, as well as specific functions in the urogenital system, lipid synthesis in the testes, erythropoiesis in the kidneys and the micturition reflex in the bladder. There is also evidence that telocytes are involved in pathologies in the kidneys, urethra, bladder, prostate, and testes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Domingos Azevedo Sanches
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Henrique Tamarindo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Dos Santos Maldarine
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alana Della Torre Da Silva
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitória Alário Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rejane Maira Góes
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hernandes F Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vannucchi MG. The Telocytes: Ten Years after Their Introduction in the Scientific Literature. An Update on Their Morphology, Distribution, and Potential Roles in the Gut. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4478. [PMID: 32599706 PMCID: PMC7352570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten years ago, the term 'telocyte' was introduced in the scientific literature to describe a 'new' cell type described in the connective tissue of several organs by Popescu and Faussone-Pellegrini (2010). Since then, 368 papers containing the term 'telocyte' have been published, 261 of them in the last five years. These numbers underscore the growing interest in this cell type in the scientific community and the general acceptance of the name telocyte to indicate this interstitial cell. Most of these studies, while confirming the importance of transmission electron microscopy to identify the telocytes with certainty, highlight the variability of their immune phenotypes. This variability was interpreted as due to (i) the ability of the telocytes to adapt to the different sites in which they reside; (ii) the distinct functions they are likely to perform; and (iii) the existence of telocyte subtypes. In the present paper, an overview of the last 10 years of literature on telocytes located in the gut will be attempted, confining the revision to the morphological findings. A distinct chapter will be dedicated to the recently hypothesized role of the telocytes the intestinal mucosa. Through this review, it will be shown that telocytes, despite their variability, are a unique interstitial cell.
Collapse
|
12
|
Telocytes and telocytes-like cells. Past, present, and above all — future. Ann Anat 2019; 226:1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
13
|
The Botulinum Treatment of Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity: The Double-Face of the Neurotoxin. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110614. [PMID: 31652991 PMCID: PMC6891665 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) can counteract the highly frequent involuntary muscle contractions and the uncontrolled micturition events that characterize the neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) due to supra-sacral spinal cord lesions. The ability of the toxin to block the neurotransmitter vesicular release causes the reduction of contractions and improves the compliance of the muscle and the bladder filling. BoNT is the second-choice treatment for NDO once the anti-muscarinic drugs have lost their effects. However, the toxin shows a time-dependent efficacy reduction up to a complete loss of activity. The cellular mechanisms responsible for BoNT effects exhaustion are not yet completely defined. Similarly, also the sites of its action are still under identification. A growing amount of data suggest that BoNT, beyond the effects on the efferent terminals, would act on the sensory system recently described in the bladder mucosa. The specimens from NDO patients no longer responding to BoNT treatment displayed a significant increase of the afferent terminals, likely excitatory, and signs of a chronic neurogenic inflammation in the mucosa. In summary, beyond the undoubted benefits in ameliorating the NDO symptomatology, BoNT treatment might bring to alterations in the bladder sensory system able to shorten its own effectiveness.
Collapse
|
14
|
An Immunohistochemical Study of Gastric Mucosa and Critical Review Indicate that the Subepithelial Telocytes are Prelymphatic Endothelial Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55070316. [PMID: 31252668 PMCID: PMC6680827 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55070316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: There are only a few studies regarding gut subepithelial telocytes (TCs). The telopodes, namely peculiar TCs’ prolongations described on two-dimensional cuts, are not enough to differentiate this specific cell type. Subepithelial TCs were associated with the intestinal stem niche but a proper differential diagnosis with lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) was not performed. In this study, we will also critically review studies suggesting that distinctive TCs could be positioned within the lamina propria. Materials and Methods: We performed an immunohistochemical study of human gastric mucosa to test the expression of D2-40, the lymphatic marker, as well as that of CD31, CD34, CD44, CD117/c-kit, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and vimentin in the gastric subepithelial niche. Results: The results support the poorly investigated anatomy of intramural gastric lymphatics, with circumferential collectors located on both sides of the muscularis mucosae (mucosal and then submucosal) and myenteric collectors in the muscularis propria. We also found superficial epithelial prelymphatic channels bordered by D2-40+ but CD31–TC-like cells. Deep epithelial lymphatic collectors drain in collectors within the lamina propria. Blood endothelial cells expressed CD31, CD34, CD44, and vimentin. Conclusions: Therefore, the positive diagnosis of TC for subepithelial CD34+ cells should be regarded with caution, as they could also be artefacts, resulting from the two-dimensional examination of three dimensional structures, or as LECs. Lymphatic markers should be routinely used to discriminate TCs from LECs.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
A great interest has developed over the last several years in research on interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLCs), later renamed to telocytes (TCs). Such studies are restricted by diverse limitations. We aimed to critically review (sub)epicardial ICLCs/TCs and to bring forward supplemental immunohistochemical evidence on (sub)epicardial stromal niche inhabitants. We tested the epicardial expressions of CD117/c-kit, CD34, Cytokeratin 7 (CK7), Ki67, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor (PDGFR)-α and D2-40 in adult human cardiac samples. The mesothelial epicardial cells expressed D2-40, CK7, CD117/c-kit and PDGFR-α. Subepicardial D2-40-positive lymphatic vessels and isolated D2-40-positive and CK7-positive subepicardial cells were also found. Immediate submesothelial spindle-shaped cells expressed Ki-67. Submesothelial stromal cells and endothelial tubes were PDGFR-α-positive and CD34-positive. The expression of CD34 was pan-stromal, so a particular stromal cell type could not be distinguished. The stromal expression of CD117/c-kit was also noted. It seems that epicardial TCs could not be regarded as belonging to a unique cell type until (pre)lymphatic endothelial cells are inadequately excluded. Markers such as CD117/c-kit or CD34 seem to be improper for identifying TCs as a distinctive cell type. Care should be taken when using the immunohistochemical method and histological interpretations, as they may not produce accurate results.
Collapse
|
16
|
Traini C, Del Popolo G, Faussone-Pellegrini MS, Guasti D, Catarinicchia S, Vannucchi MG. Nerve sprouting and neurogenic inflammation characterize the neurogenic detrusor overactive bladder of patients no longer responsive to drug therapies. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:4076-4087. [PMID: 30945429 PMCID: PMC6533505 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Urothelium and Lamina Propria (LP) are considered an integrate sensory system which is able to control the detrusor activity. Complete supra-sacral spinal cord lesions cause Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity (NDO) whose main symptoms are urgency and incontinence. NDO therapy at first consists in anti-muscarinic drugs; secondly, in intra-vesical injection of botulinum toxin. However, with time, all the patients become insensitive to the drugs and decide for cystoplastic surgery. With the aim to get deeper in both NDO and drug's efficacy lack pathogenesis, we investigated the innervation, muscular and connective changes in NDO bladders after surgery by using morphological and quantitative methodologies. Bladder innervation showed a significant global loss associated with an increase in the nerve endings located in the upper LP where a neurogenic inflammation was also present. Smooth muscle cells (SMC) anomalies and fibrosis were found in the detrusor. The increased innervation in the ULP is suggestive for a sprouting and could condition NDO evolution and drug efficacy length. Denervation might cause the SMC anomalies responsible for the detrusor altered contractile activity and intra-cellular traffic and favour the appearance of fibrosis. Inflammation might accelerate these damages. From the clinical point of view, an early anti-inflammatory treatment could positively influence the disease fate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Traini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Histology and Embryology Research Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulio Del Popolo
- Department of Neuro-Urology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Guasti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Histology and Embryology Research Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Catarinicchia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Histology and Embryology Research Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Giuliana Vannucchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Histology and Embryology Research Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|