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Subbaraman MS, Sesline K, Kerr WC, Roberts SC. Associations between state-level general population alcohol policies and drinking outcomes among women of reproductive age: Results from 1984 to 2020 National Alcohol Surveys. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:1773-1782. [PMID: 38051149 PMCID: PMC10849058 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Policies specific to alcohol use during pregnancy have not been found to reduce risks related to alcohol use during pregnancy. In contrast, general population alcohol policies are protective for the general population. Here, we assessed whether US state-level general population alcohol policies are related to drinking outcomes among women of reproductive age. METHODS We conducted secondary analyses of 1984-2020 National Alcohol Survey data (N = 13,555 women ≤44 years old). State-level policy exposures were government control of liquor retail sales, heavy beer at gas stations, heavy beer at grocery stores, liquor at grocery stores, Sunday off-premise liquor sales, and blood alcohol concentration (BAC) driving limits (no law, 0.10 limit, 0.05-0.08 limit). Outcomes were past 12-month number of drinks, ≥5 drink days, ≥8 drink days, and any DSM-IV alcohol abuse/dependence symptoms. Regressions adjusted for individual and state-level controls, clustering by state, and included fixed effects for survey month and year. RESULTS Allowing Sunday off-premise liquor sales versus not was related to having 1.20 times as many drinks (95% CI: 1.01, 1.42), 1.41 times as many ≥5 drink days (95% CI: 1.08, 1.85), and 1.91 times as many ≥8 drink days (95% CI: 1.28, 2.83). BAC limits of 0.05-0.08 for driving versus no BAC limit was related to 0.51 times fewer drinks (95% CI: 0.27, 0.96), 0.28 times fewer days with ≥5 drinks (95% CI: 0.10, 0.75), and 0.20 times fewer days with ≥8 drinks (95% CI: 0.08, 0.47). CONCLUSIONS US state-level policies prohibiting Sunday off-premise liquor sales and BAC limits of 0.05-0.08 for driving are related to less past 12-month overall and heavy drinking among women 18-44 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi S. Subbaraman
- Behavioral Health and Recovery Studies, Public Health Institute, 555 12th St, Oakland, CA 94607 USA
| | - Katrina Sesline
- Alcohol Research Group, 6001 Shellmound Ave, Suite 450, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States
| | - William C. Kerr
- Alcohol Research Group, 6001 Shellmound Ave, Suite 450, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States
| | - Sarah C.M. Roberts
- Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health (ANSIRH), Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, University of California, San Francisco, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Oakland, CA, USA
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Sanchez-Ramirez DC, Voaklander D. The impact of policies regulating alcohol trading hours and days on specific alcohol-related harms: a systematic review. Inj Prev 2017. [PMID: 28647704 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence supports the expectation that changes in time of alcohol sales associate with changes in alcohol-related harm in both directions. However, to the best of our knowledge, no comprehensive systematic reviews had examined the effect of policies restricting time of alcohol trading on specific alcohol-related harms. OBJECTIVE To compile existing evidence related to the impact of policies regulating alcohol trading hours/days of on specific harm outcomes such as: assault/violence, motor vehicle crashes/fatalities, injury, visits to the emergency department/hospital, murder/homicides and crime. METHODS Systematic review of literature studying the impact of policies regulation alcohol trading times in alcohol-related harm, published between January 2000 and October 2016 in English language. RESULTS Results support the premise that policies regulating times of alcohol trading and consumption can contribute to reduce injuries, alcohol-related hospitalisations/emergency department visits, homicides and crime. Although the impact of alcohol trading policies in assault/violence and motor vehicle crashes/fatalities is also positive, these associations seem to be more complex and require further study. CONCLUSION Evidence suggests a potential direct effect of policies that regulate alcohol trading times in the prevention of injuries, alcohol-related hospitalisations, homicides and crime. The impact of these alcohol trading policies in assault/violence and motor vehicle crashes/fatalities is less compelling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donald Voaklander
- Injury Prevention Centre, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Morrison C, Gruenewald PJ, Ponicki WR. Race, Ethnicity, and Exposure to Alcohol Outlets. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2016; 77:68-76. [PMID: 26751356 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2016.77.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prior studies suggest that Black and Hispanic minority populations are exposed to greater concentrations of alcohol outlets, potentially contributing to health disparities between these populations and the White majority. We tested the alternative hypothesis that urban economic systems cause outlets to concentrate in low-income areas and, controlling for these effects, lower demand among minority populations leads to fewer outlets. METHOD Market potential for alcohol sales, a surrogate for demand, was estimated from survey and census data across census block groups for 50 California cities. Hierarchical Bayesian conditional autoregressive Poisson models then estimated relationships between observed geographic distributions of outlets and the market potential for alcohol, income, population size, and racial and ethnic composition. RESULTS Market potentials were significantly smaller among lower income Black, Hispanic, and Asian populations. Block groups with greater market potential and lower income had greater concentrations of outlets. When we controlled for these effects, the racial and ethnic group composition of block groups was mostly unrelated to outlet concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Health disparities related to exposure to alcohol outlets are primarily driven by distributions of income and population density across neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Morrison
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, California
| | - Paul J Gruenewald
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, California
| | - William R Ponicki
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, California
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Morrison C, Gruenewald PJ, Ponicki WR. Socioeconomic determinants of exposure to alcohol outlets. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2016; 76:439-46. [PMID: 25978830 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2015.76.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcohol outlets tend to be located in lower income areas, exposing lower income populations to excess risks associated with alcohol sales through these establishments. The objective of this study was to test two hypotheses about the etiology of these differential exposures based on theories of the economic geography of retail markets: (a) outlets will locate within or near areas of high alcohol demand, and (b) outlets will be excluded from areas with high land and structure rents. METHOD Data from the 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey were used to develop a surrogate for alcohol demand (i.e., market potential) at two census geographies for the city of Melbourne, Australia. Bayesian conditional autoregressive Poisson models estimated multilevel spatial relationships between counts of bars, restaurants, and off-premise outlets and market potential, income, and zoning ordinances (Level 1: n = 8,914). RESULTS Market potentials were greatest in areas with larger older age, male, English-speaking, high-income populations. Independent of zoning characteristics, greater numbers of outlets appeared in areas with greater market potentials and the immediately surrounding areas. Greater income excluded outlets in local and surrounding areas. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that alcohol outlets are located in areas with high demand and are excluded from high-income areas. These processes appear to take place at relatively small geographic scales, encourage the concentration of outlets in specific low-income areas, and represent a very general economic process likely to take place in communities throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Morrison
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, California
| | - Paul J Gruenewald
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, California
| | - William R Ponicki
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, California
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Fitterer JL, Nelson TA. A Review of the Statistical and Quantitative Methods Used to Study Alcohol-Attributable Crime. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139344. [PMID: 26418016 PMCID: PMC4587911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Modelling the relationship between alcohol consumption and crime generates new knowledge for crime prevention strategies. Advances in data, particularly data with spatial and temporal attributes, have led to a growing suite of applied methods for modelling. In support of alcohol and crime researchers we synthesized and critiqued existing methods of spatially and quantitatively modelling the effects of alcohol exposure on crime to aid method selection, and identify new opportunities for analysis strategies. We searched the alcohol-crime literature from 1950 to January 2014. Analyses that statistically evaluated or mapped the association between alcohol and crime were included. For modelling purposes, crime data were most often derived from generalized police reports, aggregated to large spatial units such as census tracts or postal codes, and standardized by residential population data. Sixty-eight of the 90 selected studies included geospatial data of which 48 used cross-sectional datasets. Regression was the prominent modelling choice (n = 78) though dependent on data many variations existed. There are opportunities to improve information for alcohol-attributable crime prevention by using alternative population data to standardize crime rates, sourcing crime information from non-traditional platforms (social media), increasing the number of panel studies, and conducting analysis at the local level (neighbourhood, block, or point). Due to the spatio-temporal advances in crime data, we expect a continued uptake of flexible Bayesian hierarchical modelling, a greater inclusion of spatial-temporal point pattern analysis, and shift toward prospective (forecast) modelling over small areas (e.g., blocks).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Fitterer
- Spatial Pattern Analysis and Research Lab, Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Trisalyn A. Nelson
- Spatial Pattern Analysis and Research Lab, Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Morrison C, Gruenewald PJ, Freisthler B, Ponicki WR, Remer LG. The economic geography of medical cannabis dispensaries in California. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2014; 25:508-15. [PMID: 24439710 PMCID: PMC4162636 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The introduction of laws that permit the use of cannabis for medical purposes has led to the emergence of a medical cannabis industry in some US states. This study assessed the spatial distribution of medical cannabis dispensaries according to estimated cannabis demand, socioeconomic indicators, alcohol outlets and other socio-demographic factors. METHODS Telephone survey data from 5940 residents of 39 California cities were used to estimate social and demographic correlates of cannabis consumption. These individual-level estimates were then used to calculate aggregate cannabis demand (i.e. market potential) for 7538 census block groups. Locations of actively operating cannabis dispensaries were then related to the measure of demand and the socio-demographic characteristics of census block groups using multilevel Bayesian conditional autoregressive logit models. RESULTS Cannabis dispensaries were located in block groups with greater cannabis demand, higher rates of poverty, alcohol outlets, and in areas just outside city boundaries. For the sampled block groups, a 10% increase in demand within a block group was associated with 2.4% greater likelihood of having a dispensary, and a 10% increase in the city-wide demand was associated with a 6.7% greater likelihood of having a dispensary. CONCLUSION High demand for cannabis within individual block groups and within cities is related to the location of cannabis dispensaries at a block-group level. The relationship to low income, alcohol outlets and unincorporated areas indicates that dispensaries may open in areas that lack the resources to resist their establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Morrison
- Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, CA, United States; Monash University, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | - Bridget Freisthler
- Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, CA, United States; UCLA, Department of Social Welfare, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Han D, Shipp EM, Gorman DM. Evaluating the effects of a large increase in off-sale alcohol outlets on motor vehicle crashes: a time-series analysis. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2014; 22:320-7. [PMID: 24754515 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2014.908223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects on motor vehicle crashes of a policy change that led to the introduction of a very large number of off-sale alcohol outlets in Lubbock, Texas. Times-series analysis of total crashes and single-vehicle nighttime (SVN) crashes was used to compare the periods before and after the policy change in Lubbock and in a comparison area. The results of the analysis revealed some weak effects on total crashes, but no statistically significant effects were found for SVN crashes. Possible reasons for the essentially null findings of the current study regarding the effects of the policy change on motor vehicle crashes are discussed. These include the fact that there were a small number of off-sale outlets already present in the community and that motor vehicle travel immediately following alcohol consumption is less likely to occur with alcohol purchased from an off-sale outlet compared to an on-sale outlet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daikwon Han
- a Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health , Texas A&M University , TAMU 1266, College Station , TX 77843 , USA
| | - Eva M Shipp
- a Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health , Texas A&M University , TAMU 1266, College Station , TX 77843 , USA
| | - Dennis M Gorman
- a Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health , Texas A&M University , TAMU 1266, College Station , TX 77843 , USA
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Yörük BK. Legalization of Sunday alcohol sales and alcohol consumption in the United States. Addiction 2014; 109:55-61. [PMID: 24103041 PMCID: PMC3947002 DOI: 10.1111/add.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the relationship between legalization of Sunday alcohol sales and alcohol consumption in the United States. DESIGN State-level per capita consumption of beer, wine and spirits was analyzed using difference-in-differences econometric methods. SETTING United States. PARTICIPANTS Five treatment states that repealed their laws restricting Sunday alcohol sales during 1990-2007 and 12 control states that retained their Sunday alcohol laws during the same period. MEASUREMENTS Outcome measures are state-level per capita consumption of overall alcohol, beer, wine and spirits. FINDINGS Among the states that legalized Sunday sales of alcoholic beverages, Delaware, Pennsylvania and New Mexico experienced significant increases in overall alcohol consumption (P < 0.05). However, the effect of the legalization of Sunday alcohol sales in Massachusetts and Rhode Island on per capita alcohol consumption was insignificant (P = 0.964 and P = 0.367). CONCLUSIONS Three out of five states in the United States that repealed their laws restricting Sunday sale of alcoholic beverages during 1990-2007 experienced significant increases in per capita alcohol consumption. This finding implies that increased alcohol availability leads to an increase in alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barış K. Yörük
- University at Albany, State University of New York, Department of Economics, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222,
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Middleton JC, Hahn RA, Kuzara JL, Elder R, Brewer R, Chattopadhyay S, Fielding J, Naimi TS, Toomey T, Lawrence B. Effectiveness of policies maintaining or restricting days of alcohol sales on excessive alcohol consumption and related harms. Am J Prev Med 2010; 39:575-89. [PMID: 21084079 PMCID: PMC3712507 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Local, state, and national laws and policies that limit the days of the week on which alcoholic beverages may be sold may be a means of reducing excessive alcohol consumption and related harms. The methods of the Guide to Community Preventive Services were used to synthesize scientific evidence on the effectiveness for preventing excessive alcohol consumption and related harms of laws and policies maintaining or reducing the days when alcoholic beverages may be sold. Outcomes assessed in 14 studies that met qualifying criteria were excessive alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harms, including motor vehicle injuries and deaths, violence-related and other injuries, and health conditions. Qualifying studies assessed the effects of changes in days of sale in both on-premises settings (at which alcoholic beverages are consumed where purchased) and off-premises settings (at which alcoholic beverages may not be consumed where purchased). Eleven studies assessed the effects of adding days of sale, and three studies assessed the effects of imposing a ban on sales on a given weekend day. The evidence from these studies indicated that increasing days of sale leads to increases in excessive alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harms and that reducing the number of days that alcoholic beverages are sold generally decreases alcohol-related harms. Based on these findings, when the expansion of days of sale is being considered, laws and policies maintaining the number of days of the week that alcoholic beverages are sold at on- and off-premises outlets in local, state, and national jurisdictions are effective public health strategies for preventing excessive alcohol consumption and related harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Cook Middleton
- Community Guide Branch, Epidemiology and Analysis Program Office, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Popova S, Giesbrecht N, Bekmuradov D, Patra J. Hours and Days of Sale and Density of Alcohol Outlets: Impacts on Alcohol Consumption and Damage: A Systematic Review. Alcohol Alcohol 2009; 44:500-16. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agp054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Sudakin D, Power LE. Regional and temporal variation in methamphetamine-related incidents: applications of spatial and temporal scan statistics. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 47:243-7. [PMID: 19225949 DOI: 10.1080/15563650802516160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This investigation utilized spatial scan statistics, geographic information systems, and multiple data sources to assess spatial clustering of statewide methamphetamine-related incidents. Temporal and spatial associations with regulatory interventions to reduce access to precursor chemicals (pseudoephedrine) were also explored. METHODS Four statewide data sources were utilized including regional poison control center statistics, fatality incidents, methamphetamine laboratory seizures, and hazardous substance releases involving methamphetamine laboratories. Spatial clustering of methamphetamine incidents was assessed using SaTScan. SaTScan was also utilized to assess space-time clustering of methamphetamine laboratory incidents, in relation to the enactment of regulations to reduce access to pseudoephedrine. RESULTS Five counties with a significantly higher relative risk of methamphetamine-related incidents were identified. The county identified as the most likely cluster had a significantly elevated relative risk of methamphetamine laboratories (RR = 11.5), hazardous substance releases (RR = 8.3), and fatalities relating to methamphetamine (RR = 1.4). A significant increase in relative risk of methamphetamine laboratory incidents was apparent in this same geographic area (RR = 20.7) during the time period when regulations were enacted in 2004 and 2005, restricting access to pseudoephedrine. Subsequent to the enactment of these regulations, a significantly lower rate of incidents (RR = 0.111, p = 0.0001) was observed over a large geographic area of the state, including regions that previously had significantly higher rates. CONCLUSIONS Spatial and temporal scan statistics can be effectively applied to multiple data sources to assess regional variation in methamphetamine-related incidents, and explore the impact of preventive regulatory interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sudakin
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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