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Abdulwahid SN, Mahmoud MA, Zaidan BB, Alamoodi AH, Garfan S, Talal M, Zaidan AA. A Comprehensive Review on the Behaviour of Motorcyclists: Motivations, Issues, Challenges, Substantial Analysis and Recommendations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:3552. [PMID: 35329238 PMCID: PMC8950571 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the continuous emergence of new technologies and the adaptation of smart systems in transportation, motorcyclist driving behaviour plays an important role in the transition towards intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Studying motorcyclist driving behaviour requires accurate models with accurate and complete datasets for better road safety and traffic management. As accuracy is needed in modelling, motorcyclist driving behaviour analyses can be performed using sensors that collect driving behaviour characteristics during real-time experiments. This review article systematically investigates the literature on motorcyclist driving behaviour to present many findings related to the issues, problems, challenges, and research gaps that have existed over the last 10 years (2011-2021). A number of digital databases (i.e., IEEE Xplore®, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched and explored to collect reliable peer-reviewed articles. Out of the 2214 collected articles, only 174 articles formed the final set of articles used in the analysis of the motorcyclist research area. The filtration process consisted of two stages that were implemented on the collected articles. Inclusion criteria were the core of the first stage of the filtration process keeping articles only if they were a study or review written in English or were articles that mainly incorporated the driving style of motorcyclists. The second phase of the filtration process is based on more rules for article inclusion. The criteria of inclusion for the second phase of filtration examined the deployment of motorcyclist driver behaviour characterisation procedures using a real-time-based data acquisition system (DAS) or a questionnaire. The final number of articles was divided into three main groups: reviews (7/174), experimental studies (41/174), and social studies-based articles (126/174). This taxonomy of the literature was developed to group the literature into articles with similar types of experimental conditions. Recommendation topics are also presented to enable and enhance the pace of the development in this research area. Research gaps are presented by implementing a substantial analysis of the previously proposed methodologies. The analysis mainly identified the gaps in the development of data acquisition systems, model accuracy, and data types incorporated in the proposed models. Finally, research directions towards ITS are provided by exploring key topics necessary in the advancement of this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moamin A. Mahmoud
- Institute of Informatics and Computing in Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
| | - Bilal Bahaa Zaidan
- Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu 64002, Taiwan
| | - Abdullah Hussein Alamoodi
- Department of Computing, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim 35900, Malaysia; (A.H.A.); (S.G.); (A.A.Z.)
| | - Salem Garfan
- Department of Computing, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim 35900, Malaysia; (A.H.A.); (S.G.); (A.A.Z.)
| | - Mohammed Talal
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat 86400, Malaysia;
| | - Aws Alaa Zaidan
- Department of Computing, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim 35900, Malaysia; (A.H.A.); (S.G.); (A.A.Z.)
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Robbins CJ, Rogers J, Walton S, Allen HA, Chapman P. The effect of a secondary task on drivers' gap acceptance and situational awareness at junctions. ERGONOMICS 2021; 64:184-198. [PMID: 33016818 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2020.1822548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The current studies explored the roles of the visuospatial and phonological working memory subsystems on drivers' gap acceptance and memory for approaching vehicles at junctions. Drivers' behaviour was measured in a high-fidelity driving simulator when at a junction, with, and without a visuospatial or phonological load. When asked to judge when to advance across the junction, gap acceptance thresholds, memory for vehicles and eye movements were not different when there was a secondary task compared to control. However, drivers' secondary task performance was more impaired in the visuospatial than phonological domain. These findings suggest that drivers were able to accept impairment in the secondary task while maintaining appropriate safety margins and situational awareness. These findings can inform the development of in-car technologies, improving the safety of road users at junctions. Practitioner summary: Despite research indicating that concurrent performance on working memory tasks impairs driving, a matched visuospatial or phonological memory load did not change drivers' gap acceptance or situational awareness at junctions. Drivers displayed appropriate compensatory behaviour by prioritising the driving task over the visuospatial secondary task. Abbreviations: ROW: right of way; RIG: random time interval generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Robbins
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- School of Architecture, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - James Rogers
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Walton
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet A Allen
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Chapman
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Abdul Khalid MS, Khamis NK, Abu Mansor MR, Hamzah A. Motorcycle Conspicuity Issues and Intervention: A Systematic Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 50:24-34. [PMID: 34178761 PMCID: PMC8213631 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v50i1.5069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Conspicuity has been one of the key factors in motorcycle road crashes around the world. The inability and difficulty of other road users in detecting motorcycles either at day or at night have contributed to conspicuity related motorcycle crashes. This literature review attempts to understand the motorcycle conspicuity issues in road traffic. The review also analyses relevant types of conspicuity intervention in terms of its effectiveness in enhancing motorcycle conspicuity that had been discussed in past studies. Methods Using specific keywords and search terms, relevant articles were screened, identified and analyzed systematically using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results Twenty-seven final articles were reviewed and found that almost every part of motorcycle and motorcyclist's conspicuity intervention have been covered in past studies. In terms of conspicuity aids, the majority of past studies discussed conspicuity enhancement in the frontal area, particularly on motorcycle daytime running headlight (DRH) color and configurations. Few other studies have discussed in other areas, particularly on rear running and brake light and motorcycle color. There were also numerous studies looking at motorcyclists' appearances in terms of their attire and helmet color. Conclusion Motorcycle and motorcyclist's appearances are highly associated with the risk of motorcycle crashes. The most important part of enhancing motorcycle conspicuity is to ensure motorcycle appearance is always in contrast with the road traffic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Syukri Abdul Khalid
- Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.,Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS), Jalan TKS 1, Taman Kajang Sentral, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Kamaliana Khamis
- Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Radzi Abu Mansor
- Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azhar Hamzah
- Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS), Jalan TKS 1, Taman Kajang Sentral, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the influences of dynamic conspicuity on object recognition and to evaluate the real-world implications of these processes. BACKGROUND Conspicuity is the major influence on persons' abilities to recognize the presence of entities within their environment. Shortfalls in sensory and cognitive conspicuity are implicated in many, if not most, real-world systemic failures. METHOD The present observations derive from an overview of relevant empirical research allied to a synthetic integration. From these foundations, I articulate a proposed taxonomy through which to parse the essential dimensions of conspicuity. RESULTS The taxonomy features three axes related to (a) modality (e.g., visual vs. auditory, etc.), (b) processing directionality (e.g., top-down vs. bottom-up information flow), and finally (c) temporality (i.e., the differences between static vs. dynamic presentations). CONCLUSION Existing conspicuity studies have primarily featured static, sensory comparisons. Exploration of the other quadrants of the proposed taxonomy can serve to frame future conspicuity research. This taxonomic description also provides the basis from which to understand failure etiology in a wide spectrum of human-machine systems. APPLICATION Improvements in the understanding of conspicuity can help in all domains of HF/E and can serve to reduce failure in a wide variety of operational contexts.
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Robbins CJ, Allen HA, Chapman P. Comparing car drivers' and motorcyclists' opinions about junction crashes. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2018; 117:304-317. [PMID: 29753219 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Motorcyclists are involved in a disproportionate number of crashes given the distance they travel, with a high proportion of these crashes occurring at junctions. Despite car drivers being solely responsible for many road crashes involving a motorcycle, previous research has mostly focussed on understanding motorcyclists' attitudes towards their own safety. We compared car drivers' (n = 102) and motorcyclists' (n = 579) opinions about junction crashes using a web-based questionnaire. Motorcyclists and car drivers were recruited in similar ways so that responses could be directly compared, accessing respondents through driver/rider forums and on social media. Car drivers' and motorcyclists' opinions were compared in relation to who they believe to be blameworthy in situations which varied in specificity, ranging from what road user they believe is most likely to cause a motorcyclist to have a road crash, to what road user is at fault in four specific scenarios involving a car and motorcycle at a junction. Two of these scenarios represented typical 'Right of way' (ROW) crashes with a motorcycle approaching from the left and right, and two scenarios involved a motorcycle overtaking another vehicle at the junction, known as 'Motorcycle Manoeuvrability Accidents' (MMA). Qualitative responses were analysed using LIWC software to detect objective differences in car drivers' and motorcyclists' language. Car drivers' and motorcyclists' opinions about the blameworthiness of accidents changed depending on how specific the situation was that was being presented. When respondents were asked about the cause of motorcycle crashes in a general abstract sense, car drivers' and motorcyclists' responses significantly differed, with motorcyclists more likely to blame car drivers, demonstrating an in-group bias. However, this in-group favouritism was reduced when asked about specific scenarios, especially in MMA situations which involve motorcyclists manoeuvring their motorcycles around cars at a junction. In the four specific scenarios, car drivers were more likely to blame the car driver, and motorcyclists were more likely to blame the motorcyclist. In the typical ROW scenarios, the responses given by both road users, as analysed by the LIWC, show that the law is taken into account, as well as a large emphasis on the lack of observation given around junctions, especially from car drivers. It is concluded that the perception of blameworthiness in crashes is very much dependent on the details of the crash, with a more specific situation eliciting a fairer evaluation by both car drivers and motorcyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Robbins
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Harriet A Allen
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Chapman
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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Pammer K, Sabadas S, Lentern S. Allocating Attention to Detect Motorcycles: The Role of Inattentional Blindness. HUMAN FACTORS 2018; 60:5-19. [PMID: 28982011 DOI: 10.1177/0018720817733901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether inattentional blindness (IB) can be used to understand the psychological mechanisms around looked-but-failed-to-see (LBFTS) crashes involving motorcycles Background: IB occurs when an observer looks directly at an object yet fails to see it, thus LBFTS crashes may be a real-world example of IB. The study tests a perceptual cycle model in which motorcycles are detected less frequently because they fall lower on the attentional hierarchy for driving. METHOD A driving-related IB task with photographs of driving situations investigated whether an additional stimulus, a taxi or motorcycle, would be more likely to be missed by participants. In Experiments 2 and 3, the "threat value" of objects in the scene were varied to determine the degree to which this influences participants' tendency to notice motorcycles. RESULTS Participants were twice as likely to miss a motorcycle compared with a taxi. Moreover, participants reported that they would expect to miss a motorcycle on the road. In Experiments 2 and 3, participants modulated their attention to accommodate motorcycles when necessary, suggesting that motorcycles are afforded the lowest level of attentional bandwidth. CONCLUSION Inattentional blindness forms a good psychological framework for understanding LBFTS crashes, particularly in the context of attentional set, such that LBFTS crashes occur because motorcycles do not feature strongly in a typical driver's attentional set for driving. APPLICATION The findings here are important because LBFTS crashes can be reduced if we can change the expectations of road users around the presence of motorcycles on the road.
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Savino G, Pierini M, Thompson J, Fitzharris M, Lenné MG. Exploratory field trial of motorcycle autonomous emergency braking (MAEB): Considerations on the acceptability of unexpected automatic decelerations. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2016; 17:855-862. [PMID: 27028899 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2016.1155210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autonomous emergency braking (AEB) acts to slow down a vehicle when an unavoidable impending collision is detected. In addition to documented benefits when applied to passenger cars, AEB has also shown potential when applied to motorcycles (MAEB). However, the feasibility of MAEB as practically applied to motorcycles in the real world is not well understood. METHODS In this study we performed a field trial involving 16 riders on a test motorcycle subjected to automatic decelerations, thus simulating MAEB activation. The tests were conducted along a rectilinear path at nominal speed of 40 km/h and with mean deceleration of 0.15 g (15% of full braking) deployed at random times. Riders were also exposed to one final undeclared brake activation with the aim of providing genuinely unexpected automatic braking events. RESULTS Participants were consistently able to manage automatic decelerations of the vehicle with minor to moderate effort. Results of undeclared activations were consistent with those of standard runs. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the feasibility of a moderate automatic deceleration in a scenario of motorcycle travelling in a straight path, supporting the notion that the application of AEB on motorcycles is practicable. Furthermore, the proposed field trial can be used as a reference for future regulation or consumer tests in order to address safety and acceptability of unexpected automatic decelerations on a motorcycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Savino
- a Department of Industrial Engineering , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
- b Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University , Clayton Campus, Victoria , Australia
| | - Marco Pierini
- a Department of Industrial Engineering , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Jason Thompson
- b Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University , Clayton Campus, Victoria , Australia
- c Melbourne School of Design, University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Michael Fitzharris
- b Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University , Clayton Campus, Victoria , Australia
| | - Michael G Lenné
- b Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University , Clayton Campus, Victoria , Australia
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Young W, Sobhani A, Lenné MG, Sarvi M. Simulation of safety: a review of the state of the art in road safety simulation modelling. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2014; 66:89-103. [PMID: 24531111 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent decades have seen considerable growth in computer capabilities, data collection technology and communication mediums. This growth has had considerable impact on our ability to replicate driver behaviour and understand the processes involved in failures in the traffic system. From time to time it is necessary to assess the level of development as a basis of determining how far we have come. This paper sets out to assess the state of the art in the use of computer models to simulate and assess the level of safety in existing and future traffic systems. It reviews developments in the area of road safety simulation models. In particular, it reviews computer models of driver and vehicle behaviour within a road context. It focuses on stochastic numerical models of traffic behaviour and how reliable these are in estimating levels of safety on the traffic network. Models of this type are commonly used in the assessment of traffic systems for capacity, delay and general performance. Adding safety to this assessment regime may allow more comprehensive assessment of future traffic systems. To date the models have focused primarily on vehicular traffic that is, cars and heavy vehicles. It has been shown that these models have potential in measuring the level of conflict on parts of the network and the measure of conflict correlated well with crash statistics. Interest in the prediction of crashes and crash severity is growing and new models are focusing on the continuum of general traffic conditions, conflict, severe conflict, crash and severe crashes. The paper also explores the general data types used to develop, calibrate and validate these models. Recent technological development in in-vehicle data collection, driver simulators and machine learning offers considerable potential for improving the behavioural base, rigour and application of road safety simulation models. The paper closes with some indication of areas of future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Young
- Institute of Transport Studies, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Amir Sobhani
- Institute of Transport Studies, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Michael G Lenné
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Majid Sarvi
- Institute of Transport Studies, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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de Craen S, Doumen MJA, van Norden Y. A different perspective on conspicuity related motorcycle crashes. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2014; 63:133-137. [PMID: 24291070 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The most common type of conflict in which a motorcyclist is injured or killed is a collision between a motorcycle and a car, often in priority situations. Many studies on motorcycle safety focus on the question why car drivers fail to give priority and on the poor conspicuity of motorcycles. The concept of 'looked-but-failed-to-see' crashes is a recurring item. On the other hand, it is not entirely unexpected that motorcycles have many conflicts with cars; there simply are so many cars on the road. This paper tries to unravel whether - acknowledging the differences in exposure - car drivers indeed fail to yield for motorcycles more often than for other cars. For this purpose we compared the causes of crashes on intersections (e.g. failing to give priority, speeding, etc.) between different crash types (car-motorcycle or car-car). In addition, we compared the crash causes of dual drivers (i.e. car drivers who also have their motorcycle licence) with regular car drivers. Our crash analysis suggests that car drivers do not fail to give priority to motorcycles relatively more often than to another car when this car/motorcycle approaches from a perpendicular angle. There is only one priority situation where motorcycles seem to be at a disadvantage compared to cars. This is when a car makes a left turn, and fails to give priority to an oncoming motorcycle. This specific crash scenario occurs more often when the oncoming vehicle is a motorcycle than when it is a car. We did not find a significant difference between dual drivers and regular car drivers in how often they give priority to motorcycles compared to cars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia de Craen
- SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, Anticipatory Research, PO Box 93113, 2509 AC Den Haag, The Netherlands.
| | - Michelle J A Doumen
- SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, Anticipatory Research, PO Box 93113, 2509 AC Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Norden
- SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, Anticipatory Research, PO Box 93113, 2509 AC Den Haag, The Netherlands
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Safety in numbers: Target prevalence affects the detection of vehicles during simulated driving. Atten Percept Psychophys 2014; 76:805-13. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-013-0603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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