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Strayer RJ, Friedman BW, Haroz R, Ketcham E, Klein L, LaPietra AM, Motov S, Repanshek Z, Taylor S, Weiner SG, Nelson LS. Emergency Department Management of Patients With Alcohol Intoxication, Alcohol Withdrawal, and Alcohol Use Disorder: A White Paper Prepared for the American Academy of Emergency Medicine. J Emerg Med 2023; 64:517-540. [PMID: 36997435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reuben J Strayer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
| | - Benjamin W Friedman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Rachel Haroz
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Healthcare, Camden, New Jersey
| | - Eric Ketcham
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Department of Behavioral Health, Addiction Medicine, Presbyterian Healthcare System, Santa Fe & Española, New Mexico
| | - Lauren Klein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital, West Islip, New York
| | - Alexis M LaPietra
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Saint Joseph's Regional Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey
| | - Sergey Motov
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Zachary Repanshek
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott Taylor
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Scott G Weiner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lewis S Nelson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
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Hamann CJ, Wendt L, Davis J, Peek-Asa C, Jansson S, Cavanaugh JE. Should we throw the book at 'em? Charge combinations and conviction rates among alcohol-influenced drivers involved in motorcycle crashes. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2022; 83:294-301. [PMID: 36481020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Motorcycle fatality rates are increasing, and impaired driving is a major contributing factor. Impaired driving laws are a main component of state efforts to reduce drunk driving, but motorcycle crash charge and conviction outcomes have yet to be studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate driver charge and conviction outcomes following alcohol-related motorcycle crashes. METHODS Data for this study were drawn from Iowa crash, charge, and conviction data from 2011 to 2018. The study sample included 480 alcohol-influenced drivers (428 motorcyclists and 52 other vehicle drivers) involved in motorcycle crashes. Driver crash-related charges were categorized by type: Alcohol, Moving Violations, and Administrative/Miscellaneous. Factors associated with convictions were determined and estimated with multivariable logistic regression models. The main factor of interest was charge combination. RESULTS Over three-quarters (78.5%) of the 480 alcohol-influenced drivers in crashes received any charge type and 68.1% received an alcohol-related charge. Among drivers with any charge, 88.6% were convicted, and among drivers with alcohol charges, 87.2% were convicted on an alcohol charge. After adjusting for BAC, drivers with a combination of Alcohol, Administrative, and Moving Violation charges had more than three times the odds of conviction of any charge compared to drivers with alcohol only charges (OR = 3.21, 95% CI = 1.00-10.26). However, charge combinations had little impact on alcohol-related convictions. CONCLUSIONS Convictions were more likely when the impaired driver was charged with multiple types of offenses than with a single offense. An increased variety of charges was not associated with greater rates of conviction on alcohol-specific charges, which had high conviction rates overall. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Law enforcement officers should be informed that lesser infractions impact driver conviction outcomes in alcohol-related crashes and procedures for issuing charges should be evaluated to assure equitable enforcement and to hold drivers accountable for unsafe driving behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara J Hamann
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of Iowa, 145 N Riverside Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145 N Riverside Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
| | - Linder Wendt
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of Iowa, 145 N Riverside Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States(1)
| | - Jonathan Davis
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of Iowa, 145 N Riverside Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145 N Riverside Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Corinne Peek-Asa
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of Iowa, 145 N Riverside Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of California, San Diego, School of Public Health, 3100 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States(1)
| | - Stephanie Jansson
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of Iowa, 145 N Riverside Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145 N Riverside Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Joseph E Cavanaugh
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of Iowa, 145 N Riverside Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145 N Riverside Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
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Sturm R, Haag F, Janicova A, Xu B, Vollrath JT, Bundkirchen K, Dunay IR, Neunaber C, Marzi I, Relja B. Acute alcohol consumption increases systemic endotoxin bioactivity for days in healthy volunteers-with reduced intestinal barrier loss in female. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2022; 48:1569-1577. [PMID: 33839799 PMCID: PMC9192383 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-021-01666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Trauma is the most common cause of death among young adults. Alcohol intoxication plays a significant role as a cause of accidents and as a potent immunomodulator of the post-traumatic response to tissue injury. Polytraumatized patients are frequently at risk to developing infectious complications, which may be aggravated by alcohol-induced immunosuppression. Systemic levels of integral proteins of the gastrointestinal tract such as syndecan-1 or intestinal fatty acid binding proteins (FABP-I) reflect the intestinal barrier function. The exact impact of acute alcohol intoxication on the barrier function and endotoxin bioactivity have not been clarified yet. METHODS 22 healthy volunteers received a precisely defined amount of alcohol (whiskey-cola) every 20 min over a period of 4 h to reach the calculated blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 1‰. Blood samples were taken before alcohol drinking as a control, and after 2, 4, 6, 24 and 48 h after beginning with alcohol consumption. In addition, urine samples were collected. Intestinal permeability was determined by serum and urine values of FABP-I, syndecan-1, and soluble (s)CD14 as a marker for the endotoxin translocation via the intestinal barrier by ELISA. BAC was determined. RESULTS Systemic FABP-I was significantly reduced 2 h after the onset of alcohol drinking, and remained decreased after 4 h. However, at 6 h, FABP-I significantly elevated compared to previous measurements as well as to controls (p < 0.05). Systemic sCD14 was significantly elevated after 6, 24 and 48 h after the onset of alcohol consumption (p < 0.05). Systemic FABP-I at 2 h after drinking significantly correlated with the sCD14 concentration after 24 h indicating an enhanced systemic LPS bioactivity. Women showed significantly lower levels of syndecan-1 in serum and urine and urine for all time points until 6 h and lower FABP-I in the serum after 2 h. CONCLUSIONS Even relative low amounts of alcohol affect the immune system of healthy volunteers, although these changes appear minor in women. A potential damage to the intestinal barrier and presumed enhanced systemic endotoxin bioactivity after acute alcohol consumption is proposed, which represents a continuous immunological challenge for the organism and should be considered for the following days after drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Sturm
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Florian Haag
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Janicova
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Baolin Xu
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jan Tilmann Vollrath
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Ildiko Rita Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Ingo Marzi
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Borna Relja
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Huang CY, Chou SE, Su WT, Liu HT, Hsieh TM, Hsu SY, Hsieh HY, Hsieh CH. Effect of Lowering the Blood Alcohol Concentration Limit to 0.03 Among Hospitalized Trauma Patients in Southern Taiwan: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2020; 13:571-581. [PMID: 32607025 PMCID: PMC7305841 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s250734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In June 2013, the legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit for driving was lowered from 0.05 to 0.03 mg/mL in Taiwan. Thus, this study aimed to assess the epidemiological changes in terms of drinking among drivers in southern Taiwan before and after the law was imposed. Methods Only patients who had undergone the BAC test at the emergency room were included in the study. The patients during the study period before (n = 2735) and after (n = 2413) the implementation of the law were selected for comparison. Drunk patients were defined as those who had a BAC ≥0.005 and were considered as driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol. Meanwhile, driving while intoxicated (DWI) was defined as a BAC ≥0.05, which was the level adopted in the new law. Results Since the BAC limit lowered to 0.03, the number of DUI patients significantly decreased from 340 (12.4%) to 171 (7.1%), and that of DWI patients significantly reduced from 273 (10.0%) to 146 (6.1%) based on the alcohol test. In addition, after the implementation of the law, the number of associated injuries did not significantly decrease from that before the law was implemented in patients involved in alcohol-related crashes. Conclusion After lowering the legal BAC limit from 0.05 to 0.03, responsiveness to the change in law was observed among the studied population. However, such responsiveness may not be observed in some citizens who may need special interventions to help reduce their behavior of drinking and driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ying Huang
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University and College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-En Chou
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University and College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ti Su
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University and College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Hang-Tsung Liu
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University and College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Min Hsieh
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University and College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Shiun-Yuan Hsu
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University and College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Hsieh
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University and College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Hsieh
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University and College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
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Redelmeier DA, Manzoor F. Life-threatening alcohol-related traffic crashes in adverse weather: a double-matched case-control analysis from Canada. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e024415. [PMID: 30872544 PMCID: PMC6429889 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Drunk driving is a major cause of death in North America, yet physicians rarely counsel patients on the risks of drinking and driving. OBJECTIVE To test whether the risks of a life-threatening alcohol-related traffic crash were further accentuated by adverse weather. DESIGN Double matched case-control analysis of hospitalised patients. SETTING Canada's largest trauma centre between 1 January 1995 and 1 January 2015. PARTICIPANTS Patients hospitalised due to a life-threatening alcohol-related traffic crash. EXPOSURE Relative risk of a crash associated with adverse weather estimated by evaluating the weather at the place and time of the crash (cases) compared with the weather at the same place and time a week earlier and a week later (controls). RESULTS A total of 2088 patients were included, of whom the majority were drivers injured at night. Adverse weather prevailed among 312 alcohol-related crashes and was significantly more frequent compared with control circumstances. The relative risk of a life-threatening alcohol-related traffic crash was 19% higher during adverse weather compared with normal weather (95% CI: 5 to 35, p=0.006). The absolute increase in risk amounted to 43 additional crashes, extended to diverse groups of patients, applied during night-time and daytime, contributed to about 793 additional patient-days in hospital and was distinct from the risks for drivers who were negative for alcohol. CONCLUSIONS Adverse weather was associated with an increased risk of a life-threatening alcohol-related traffic crash. An awareness of this risk might inform warnings to patients about traffic safety and counselling alternatives to drinking and driving.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fizza Manzoor
- Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Nunn J, Erdogan M, Green RS. The prevalence of alcohol-related trauma recidivism: A systematic review. Injury 2016; 47:551-8. [PMID: 26830122 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recurrent admission to a hospital or trauma centre for separate incidents of traumatic injury is known as trauma recidivism. Although use of alcohol is a known risk factor for injury and associated with trauma recidivism, the scale of alcohol-related trauma recidivism has not been well described. The purpose of this review was to search the published literature for studies that evaluated the prevalence of alcohol use among trauma recidivists. Our primary objective was to determine the proportion of trauma recidivism related to alcohol use. The association between alcohol and trauma recidivism was evaluated as a secondary objective. METHODS Four electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science) were searched from inception until December 2015 for all articles that might provide evidence on the proportion of trauma recidivism related to use of alcohol. After removal of duplicates, the search strategy yielded 2470 records for screening. Only primary studies that reported on repeated admissions to a hospital or trauma centre for traumatic injuries specifically related to alcohol use were included. Descriptive statistics were used to assess study characteristics and the prevalence of trauma recidivism related to alcohol use. An aggregate weighted estimate of alcohol-related trauma recidivism was calculated. RESULTS A total of 12 studies met all inclusion criteria. Studies were published between 1989 and 2014. Overall, there were 3386 trauma recidivists among included studies. The proportion of trauma recidivists with evidence of alcohol use on admission ranged from 26.7% to 76.9% (median 46.4%). The aggregated sample produced a weighted estimate of 41.0% (1388/3386) for alcohol-related trauma recidivism. In four studies, the association between alcohol and trauma recidivism was examined; all four found a positive association between alcohol use and repeated admission for traumatic injury. Studies varied considerably in design, trauma populations, periods for evaluating recidivism, definitions for positive alcohol on admission, and methods used to determine alcohol use. CONCLUSION Evidence from current literature suggests that 41.0% of trauma recidivism is related to use of alcohol. Due to methodological limitations among the studies included for review, this may underestimate the actual prevalence of alcohol-related trauma recidivism.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Nunn
- Dalhousie University Medical School, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mete Erdogan
- Trauma Nova Scotia, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robert S Green
- Trauma Nova Scotia, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Critical Care, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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