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Wang F, Peng K, Zou T, Li Q, Li F, Wang X, Wang J, Zhou Z. Numerical Reconstruction of Cyclist Impact Accidents: Can Helmets Protect the Head-Neck of Cyclists? Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:456. [PMID: 37887587 PMCID: PMC10603864 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8060456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclists are vulnerable road users and often suffer head-neck injuries in car-cyclist accidents. Wearing a helmet is currently the most prevalent protection method against such injuries. Today, there is an ongoing debate about the ability of helmets to protect the cyclists' head-neck from injury. In the current study, we numerically reconstructed five real-world car-cyclist impact accidents, incorporating previously developed finite element models of four cyclist helmets to evaluate their protective performances. We made comparative head-neck injury predictions for unhelmeted and helmeted cyclists. The results show that helmets could clearly lower the risk of severe (AIS 4+) brain injury and skull fracture, as assessed by the predicted head injury criterion (HIC), while a relatively limited decrease in AIS 4+ brain injury risk can be achieved in terms of the analysis of CSDM0.25. Assessment using the maximum principal strain (MPS0.98) and head impact power (HIP) criteria suggests that helmets could lower the risk of diffuse axonal injury and subdural hematoma of the cyclist. The helmet efficacy in neck protection depends on the impact scenario. Therefore, wearing a helmet does not seem to cause a significant neck injury risk level increase to the cyclist. Our work presents important insights into the helmet's efficacy in protecting the head-neck of cyclists and motivates further optimization of protective equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- School of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China; (F.W.); (K.P.); (T.Z.); (Q.L.); (J.W.)
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Safety Design and Reliability Technology for Engineering Vehicle, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Ke Peng
- School of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China; (F.W.); (K.P.); (T.Z.); (Q.L.); (J.W.)
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Safety Design and Reliability Technology for Engineering Vehicle, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Tiefang Zou
- School of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China; (F.W.); (K.P.); (T.Z.); (Q.L.); (J.W.)
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Safety Design and Reliability Technology for Engineering Vehicle, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Qiqi Li
- School of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China; (F.W.); (K.P.); (T.Z.); (Q.L.); (J.W.)
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Safety Design and Reliability Technology for Engineering Vehicle, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China;
| | - Xinghua Wang
- School of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China; (F.W.); (K.P.); (T.Z.); (Q.L.); (J.W.)
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Safety Design and Reliability Technology for Engineering Vehicle, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Jiapeng Wang
- School of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China; (F.W.); (K.P.); (T.Z.); (Q.L.); (J.W.)
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Safety Design and Reliability Technology for Engineering Vehicle, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Division of Neuronic Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden;
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Zou D, Fan Y, Liu N, Zhang J, Liu D, Liu Q, Li Z, Wang J, Huang J. Multiobjective optimization algorithm for accurate MADYMO reconstruction of vehicle-pedestrian accidents. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1032621. [PMID: 36545682 PMCID: PMC9760744 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1032621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vehicle-pedestrian accidents, the preimpact conditions of pedestrians and vehicles are frequently uncertain. The incident data for a crash, such as vehicle deformation, injury of the victim, distance of initial position and rest position of accident participants, are useful for verification in MAthematical DYnamic MOdels (MADYMO) simulations. The purpose of this study is to explore the use of an improved optimization algorithm combined with MADYMO multibody simulations and crash data to conduct accurate reconstructions of vehicle-pedestrian accidents. The objective function of the optimization problem was defined as the Euclidean distance between the known vehicle, human and ground contact points, and multiobjective optimization algorithms were employed to obtain the local minima of the objective function. Three common multiobjective optimization algorithms-nondominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II), neighbourhood cultivation genetic algorithm (NCGA), and multiobjective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO)-were compared. The effect of the number of objective functions, the choice of different objective functions and the optimal number of iterations were also considered. The final reconstructed results were compared with the process of a real accident. Based on the results of the reconstruction of a real-world accident, the present study indicated that NSGA-II had better convergence and generated more noninferior solutions and better final solutions than NCGA and MOPSO. In addition, when all vehicle-pedestrian-ground contacts were considered, the results showed a better match in terms of kinematic response. NSGA-II converged within 100 generations. This study indicated that multibody simulations coupled with optimization algorithms can be used to accurately reconstruct vehicle-pedestrian collisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghua Zou
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Fan
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningguo Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China
| | - Dikun Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qingfeng Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhengdong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Zhengdong Li, ; Jiang Huang, ; Jinming Wang,
| | - Jinming Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Zhengdong Li, ; Jiang Huang, ; Jinming Wang,
| | - Jiang Huang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China,*Correspondence: Zhengdong Li, ; Jiang Huang, ; Jinming Wang,
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Yang X, Shi J, Fu Q, Pu S, Lian C, Li K, Yin Z, Liu S, Wang G. Optimization of the driver’s seat belt and injury biomechanical analysis in real-world minivan small offset impact accident scenarios. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:965206. [PMID: 36338142 PMCID: PMC9631769 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.965206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To minimize injuries and protect the safety of the driver in minivan small offset collisions, an optimized pre-tensioned force-limiting seat belt was proposed herein. An accident with detailed information, such as medical reports, vehicle inspection reports, and accident scene photographs, was reconstructed using HyperMesh software. The effectiveness of both the accident model and the pre-tensioned force-limiting seat belt was evaluated. To obtain the optimal seat belt parameters for driver protection, first, force-limiting A, pre-tensioned force B, and pre-tensioned time C factors were selected in designing an orthogonal test with different factor levels. The influence laws of each factor on the injury biomechanical characteristics of the driver were analyzed via the direct analysis method. Moreover, each kind of critical injury value of the human body was synthesized, and the radial basis function surrogate model was constructed. The three seat belt parameters were optimized using the NSGA-II multi-objective genetic algorithm. The results showed that the optimal balance variable parameter of the seat belt was 4751.618 N–2451.839 N–17.554 ms (A–B–C). Finally, the optimal scheme was verified in a system simulating a minivan small offset collision. The results showed that after optimization, the skull von Mises stress was reduced by 36.9%, and the stress of the cervical vertebra cortical bone and cancellous bone decreased by 29.1% and 30.8%, respectively. In addition, the strains of the ribs and lungs decreased by 31.2% and 30.7%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuju Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingjing Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Qianying Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Shanshan Pu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunxiao Lian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Kui Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vehicle Crash/Bio-Impact and Traffic Safety, Department 4, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiyong Yin
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiyong Yin, ; Shengxiong Liu, ; Guixue Wang,
| | - Shengxiong Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiyong Yin, ; Shengxiong Liu, ; Guixue Wang,
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiyong Yin, ; Shengxiong Liu, ; Guixue Wang,
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Wang F, Huang J, Hu L, Hu S, Wang M, Yin J, Zou T, Li Q. Numerical investigation of the rider's head injury in typical single-electric self-balancing scooter accident scenarios. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220495. [PMID: 36128701 PMCID: PMC9490341 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As the use of electric self-balancing scooters (ESSs) increases, so does the number of related traffic accidents. Because of the special control method, mechanical structure and driving posture, ESSs are prone to various single-vehicle accidents, such as collisions with fixed obstacles and falls due to mechanical failures. In various ESS accident scenarios, the rider's head injury is the most frequent injury type. In this study, several typical single-ESS accident scenarios are reconstructed via computational methods, and the risk of riders' head/brain injury is assessed in depth using various injury criteria. Results showed that two types of ESSs (solo- and two-wheeler) do not have clear differences in head kinematics and head injury risks; the head kinematics (or falling posture) and ESS accident scenario exhibit a distinct effect on the head injury responses; half of the analysed ESS riders have a 50% probability of skull fracture, a few riders have a 50% risk of abbreviated injury scale (AIS) 4+ brain injury, and none has a diffuse axonal injury; the ESS speed plays an important role in producing the head/brain injury in ESS riders, and generally, higher ESS speed generates higher level of predicted head injury parameters. These findings will provide theoretical support for preventing head injury among ESS riders and data support for developing and legislating ESSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- School of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxian Huang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Hu
- School of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Shenghui Hu
- School of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliang Wang
- School of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajie Yin
- School of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Tiefang Zou
- School of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Qiqi Li
- School of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan People's Republic of China
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The Real-World Effects of Route Familiarity on Drivers’ Eye Fixations at Urban Intersections in Changsha, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159529. [PMID: 35954888 PMCID: PMC9368713 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
A crucial factor, route familiarity, can affect traffic safety. Nevertheless, focus on the influence of route familiarity on drivers’ eye fixations at urban intersections has received less attention. Identifying the real-world effect of route familiarity on drivers’ eye fixations at urban intersections in Changsha, China, was the objective of this study. Their visual fixation indicators were recorded while unfamiliar drivers and familiar drivers drove a 9 km-long route with nine intersections in an urban environment, but their effectiveness was indicated by the data collected 150 m before the lane stop and 50 m after the lane stop at these intersections. From the analysis of the extracted data, the results indicated that route familiarity could influence drivers’ processing times in the left window (LW) and other areas (OT). Compared with familiar drivers, unfamiliar drivers had longer processing times and higher mental workloads for the right front (RF). For the vehicle’s front (RF, FL, FR), the sampling rates and mental workloads of unfamiliar drivers were higher than those of familiar drivers, but it was the opposite for the driver’s sides (LW, RW) and rear (LM, RM, ReM). It was also indicated that the phenomenon said to increase familiarity with the route and make drivers more likely to be distracted in urban intersections had not been found. From the present findings, the effect of route familiarity on drivers’ eye fixations at urban intersections was confirmed. The high accident risk of familiar drivers could be partly explained by the decrement in drivers’ eye fixation strategies. However, the strategies could not account for the phenomenon that more familiar drivers are involved in rear-end accidents. Therefore, the reason can be investigated based on drivers’ visual scanning strategies, their physiological signals and driving behavior in the future.
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Evaluation of Urban Traffic Accidents Based on Pedestrian Landing Injury Risks. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12126040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In comparison with vehicle-to-pedestrian collision, pedestrian-to-ground contact usually results in more unpredictable injuries (e.g., intracranial, neck, and abdominal injuries). Although there are many studies for different applications of such methods, this paper conducts an in-depth analysis of urban traffic pedestrian accidents. The effects of pedestrian rotation angle (PRA) and pedestrian facing orientation (PFO) on head and neck injury risk in a ground contact are investigated by the finite element numerical models and different probabilistic analyses. It goes without saying that this study provides a theoretical basis for the prediction and protection study of pedestrian ground contact injury risk. In our experiments, 24 pedestrian-to-ground simulations are carried out by the THUMS v4.0.2 model considering eight PRAs (0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, 315°, 360°) and three PFOs (x+, x−, y+). Each test was simulated with loading the average linear and rotational velocities that obtained from real-world pedestrian accidents at the pedestrian’s center of gravity. The results show that both PRAs and PFOs have significant impacts on head and neck injuries. Head HIC value caused by PRA 0–135° is much higher than that caused by PRA 180–315°. Neck injury risk caused by PRA 180° is the greatest one in comparison with other PRAs. The PRAs 90° and 270° usually induce a relatively lower neck injury risk. For PFO, the risk of head and neck injury was lower than PFOy+ and PFOx+ or PFOx−, which means PFOy+ was a safer landing orientation for both head and neck. The potential risk of head and neck injuries caused by the ground contact was strongly associated with the symmetry/asymmetric features of human anatomy.
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