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High index facets-Ag nanoflower enabled efficient electrochemical detection of lead in blood serum and cosmetics. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Singh P, Pandey SK, Singh J, Srivastava S, Sachan S, Singh SK. Biomedical Perspective of Electrochemical Nanobiosensor. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2016; 8:193-203. [PMID: 30460280 PMCID: PMC6223677 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-015-0077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensor holds great promise in the biomedical area due to its enhanced specificity, sensitivity, label-free nature and cost effectiveness for rapid point-of-care detection of diseases at bedside. In this review, we are focusing on the working principle of electrochemical biosensor and how it can be employed in detecting biomarkers of fatal diseases like cancer, AIDS, hepatitis and cardiovascular diseases. Recent advances in the development of implantable biosensors and exploration of nanomaterials in fabrication of electrodes with increasing the sensitivity of biosensor for quick and easy detection of biomolecules have been elucidated in detail. Electrochemical-based detection of heavy metal ions which cause harmful effect on human health has been discussed. Key challenges associated with the electrochemical sensor and its future perspectives are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211004 India
| | - Shailendra Kumar Pandey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211004 India
| | - Jyoti Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211004 India
| | - Sameer Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211004 India
| | - Sadhana Sachan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211004 India
| | - Sunil Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211004 India
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Svarc-Gajić J, Stojanović Z. Selenium determination in biscuits and pasta: development of chronopotentiometric stripping determination by using a sulphide as an internal standard. Talanta 2013; 115:474-81. [PMID: 24054621 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Being common in chromatographic techniques internal standard method is rarely applied in electrochemical stripping determinations. One of the reasons for such rare use of this elegant quantification method is because optimal conditions of accumulation at the electrode for individual compounds producing a reproducible signal may vary significantly. These criteria are much stricter when selenium is in question due to very complex mechanism of its accumulation at mercury electrodes which implies simultaneous cathodic mercury dissolution and chemical reaction. Elements that are in the analytical step stripped cathodically from mercury electrodes are rare, further limiting the application of the internal standard method when electrochemical selenium determination is in question. In this work the possibility of using sulphide for selenium quantification by chronopotentiometric stripping analysis was investigated. Optimal experimental parameters were defined in two-component systems. Dimensionless factors defining the ratio of proportionality constants of the two elements were calculated for different selenium concentration ranges at different sulphide contents. Sulphide content that was chosen as adequate for selenium concentrations reasonably to be expected in food samples was 500 µg/dm(3). Determined detection limit of chronopotentiometric stripping determination of selenium by using a sulphide as an internal standard was 0.04 µg/dm(3) (RSD=7.6%; n=5). Defined quantification method was confirmed by analysing spiked standard solutions and standard reference material. The method was used for selenium determination in biscuit and pasta samples. Calculated contents were statistically compared with those obtained by using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslava Svarc-Gajić
- Department of Applied and Engineering Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
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Hsieh HY, Shyu CL, Liao CW, Lee RJ, Lee MR, Vickroy TW, Chou CC. Liquid chromatography incorporating ultraviolet and electrochemical analyses for dual detection of zeranol and zearalenone metabolites in mouldy grains. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:1230-1237. [PMID: 22012692 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zeranol (Z) is a semi-synthetic mycotoxin that is used in some countries as a growth-promoting agent in livestock. In view of the known oestrogenic actions by Z and certain Z analogues, significant concerns exist with regard to the presence of Z residues in human foods and the potential for untoward effects, including carcinogenicity within the reproductive system. In order to confirm that foods are free from harmful Z residues, regulators need a quick and reliable analytical method that can be used for routine confirmation of Z-positive samples identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening. In this study the authors have developed and validated a simple and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography method incorporating ultraviolet (UV) absorbance (wavelength 274 nm) and electrochemical (EC) dual-mode detection for simultaneous determination of Z-related mycotoxins produced from mouldy grain matrices, including rice, soybean and corn flakes. RESULTS Recoveries for all analytes were around 80% and the limits of detection ranged from 10 to 25 ng mL(-1) for UV and from 50 to 90 ng mL(-1) for EC detection with good accuracy and reproducibility. Differential profiles and occurrence rates of Z, β-zearalenol, β-zearalanol and α-zearalenol in naturally moulded grain matrices were observed, indicating different metabolite patterns and possibly grain-specific effects of mycotoxin exposure for humans and animals. The strength of this dual detection method lies in its selectivity characterised by a carbon screen-printed electrode such that aflatoxin interference is precluded. CONCLUSION The combined dual detection technique affords quick and reliable semi-confirmative and quantitative information on multiple types of Z analogues in mouldy grains without the necessity of using expensive mass spectrometry. The method is considered a superior supplement to ELISA, which only screens total Z immunoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yun Hsieh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Liao CW, Chen YR, Chang JL, Zen JM. Single-run electrochemical determination of melamine in dairy products and pet foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:9782-9787. [PMID: 21846142 DOI: 10.1021/jf201989f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A simple electrochemical approach, which does not require any expensive and complex instruments, is established for the selective and quantitative recognition of melamine in diary products and pet foods. During a preconcentration step (at 1.8 V versus Ag/AgCl), the formation of a polymer film from melamine on a preanodized screen-printed carbon electrode was identified by SEM and XPS. The as-formed polymer was found to be electroactive with a reversible redox peak, and hence square-wave voltammetry was applied to further increase the detection sensitivity to meet the detection limit for application in real sample analysis. Simply with a medium exchange procedure, melamine was selectively detected with a detection limit (S/N=3) of 0.8 μM (i.e., 98.3 ppb) by square-wave voltammetry. Lower than 1 ppm of melamine in real samples can be easily detected with good recoveries of 98.7-100.9% by the proposed approach. The recovery tests established for external calibration and standard addition techniques verified that the analysis can be done in a single-run measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Wei Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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The role of oxygen functionalities at carbon electrode to the electrogenerated chemiluminescence of Ru(bpy)32+. Electrochem commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Shiri S, Delpisheh A, Haeri A, Poornajaf A, Golzadeh B, Shiri S. Determination of Trace Amounts of Lead Using the Flotation-spectrophotometric method. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2011. [DOI: 10.4137/aci.s5948b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes a simple and highly selective method for separation, preconcentration and spectrophotometric determination of extremely low concentrations of lead. It is based on flotation of a complex of Pb2+ ions and Alizarin yellow between aqueous and n-hexane interface at pH = 6. The proposed procedure is also applied for determination of lead in both tap water and prepared sea water samples. Beer's Law was obeyed over the concentration range of 3.86 × 10-8 To 8.20 × 10-7 molL-1 (8-170 ngmL-1) with an apparent molar absorptivity of 1.33 × 106 molL-1 cm-1 for a 100 mL aliquot of the water sample. The detection limit (n = 10) was 8.7 × 10-9 molL-1 (1.0 ngmL-1) and the Relative standard deviation (R.S.D), (n = 10) for 7.2 × 10-7 molL-1 (150 ngmL-1) of Pb (II) was 4.36%. A notable advantage of the method is that the determination of Pb (II) is free from the interference of almost all cations and ions found in the environment and waste water samples. The determination of Pb (II) in tap and synthetic seawater samples was also carried out by the present method. The results were satisfactorily comparable so that the applicability of the proposed method was confirmed to the real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Shiri
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University of Ilam, Iran
| | - Ali Delpisheh
- Department of Epidemiology, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
| | - Ali Haeri
- Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Babak Golzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University of Amol, Iran
| | - Sina Shiri
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University of Ilam, Iran
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Chen PY, Ji YM, Luo CH, Chen YS, Shih Y. Quantification of ellagic acid in cosmetic products by using a partially preanodized screen-printed carbon electrode coupled with flow injection analysis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2011; 3:205-209. [PMID: 32938132 DOI: 10.1039/c0ay00592d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A partially preanodized screen-printed carbon electrode (PSPCE*) coupled with flow injection analysis (FIA) was developed to raise the selectivity of ellagic acid (EA). To confirm the effectiveness of partial preanodization, two pretreated screen-printed carbon electrodes were electrochemically compared. One was a PSPCE* fabricated by potential cycling (-1.0 - +1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl) to make the electrode surface partially preanodized and the other was a SPCE* fabricated by a high treatment potential (+2.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl). Cyclic voltammograms showed that the catalytic current of EA was observed at both the PSPCE* and SPCE*. No catalytic current of ascorbic acid 2-glucoside (AA2G) and magnesium ascorbyl phosphate (MAP) was observed at the PSPCE*. The PSPCE* selectively detected EA. The factors, which influence the EA response current, have previously been discussed. At the detection limit (0.012 ppm, S/N = 3), the linear calibration plot (R2 = 0.998) was attained for 0.1-50 ppm of EA solutions. A relative standard deviation of 4.37 and 3.90% was conducted for consecutive injections (n = 10) of 1 and 50 ppm EA, respectively. Finally, a practical application of the proposed method was demonstrated by the quantitative analysis of EA in skin whitening creams, and good recovery was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yen Chen
- Department of Cosmetic Science Providence University, 200 Chungchi Rd., Taichung, 43301, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Ming Ji
- Department of Cosmetic Science Providence University, 200 Chungchi Rd., Taichung, 43301, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Hsiang Luo
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, 34 Chungchi Rd., Taichung, 43302, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shyan Chen
- Department of Cosmetic Science Providence University, 200 Chungchi Rd., Taichung, 43301, Taiwan.
| | - Ying Shih
- Department of Cosmetic Science Providence University, 200 Chungchi Rd., Taichung, 43301, Taiwan.
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A Sensitive Electrochemical Approach for Melamine Detection Using a Disposable Screen Printed Carbon Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Shiri S, Delpisheh A, Haeri A, Poornajaf A, Golzadeh B, Shiri S. Determination of Trace Amounts of Lead Using the Flotation-spectrophotometric method. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2010; 5:47-52. [PMID: 21234287 PMCID: PMC3018889 DOI: 10.4137/aci.s5948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes a simple and highly selective method for separation, preconcentration and spectrophotometric determination of extremely low concentrations of lead. It is based on flotation of a complex of Pb(2+) ions and Alizarin yellow between aqueous and n-hexane interface at pH = 6. The proposed procedure is also applied for determination of lead in both tap water and prepared sea water samples. Beer's Law was obeyed over the concentration range of 3.86 × 10(-8) To 8.20 × 10(-7) molL(-1) (8-170 ngmL(-1)) with an apparent molar absorptivity of 1.33 × 10(6) molL(-1) cm(-1) for a 100 mL aliquot of the water sample. The detection limit (n = 10) was 8.7 × 10(-9) molL(-1) (1.0 ngmL(-1)) and the Relative standard deviation (R.S.D), (n = 10) for 7.2 × 10(-7) molL(-1) (150 ngmL(-1)) of Pb (II) was 4.36%. A notable advantage of the method is that the determination of Pb (II) is free from the interference of almost all cations and ions found in the environment and waste water samples. The determination of Pb (II) in tap and synthetic seawater samples was also carried out by the present method. The results were satisfactorily comparable so that the applicability of the proposed method was confirmed to the real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Shiri
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University of Ilam, Iran
| | - Ali Delpisheh
- Department of Epidemiology, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
| | - Ali Haeri
- Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Babak Golzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University of Amol, Iran
| | - Sina Shiri
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University of Ilam, Iran
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Improved voltammetric peak separation and sensitivity of uric acid and ascorbic acid at nanoplatelets of graphitic oxide. Electrochem commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Chiu MH, Yang HH, Liu CH, Zen JM. Determination of lincomycin in urine and some foodstuffs by flow injection analysis coupled with liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection with a preanodized screen-printed carbon electrode. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:991-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Stripping voltammetry using sequential standard addition calibration with the analytes themselves acting as internal standards. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 635:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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An electrochemically preanodized screen-printed carbon electrode for achieving direct electron transfer to glucose oxidase. Electrochem commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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The role of oxygen functionalities and edge plane sites on screen-printed carbon electrodes for simultaneous determination of dopamine, uric acid and ascorbic acid. Electrochem commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Yantasee W, Hongsirikarn K, Warner CL, Choi D, Sangvanich T, Toloczko MB, Warner MG, Fryxell GE, Addleman RS, Timchalk C. Direct detection of Pb in urine and Cd, Pb, Cu, and Ag in natural waters using electrochemical sensors immobilized with DMSA functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. Analyst 2008; 133:348-55. [DOI: 10.1039/b711199a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yantasee W, Lin Y, Hongsirikarn K, Fryxell GE, Addleman R, Timchalk C. Electrochemical sensors for the detection of lead and other toxic heavy metals: the next generation of personal exposure biomonitors. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:1683-90. [PMID: 18087583 PMCID: PMC2137133 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To support the development and implementation of biological monitoring programs, we need quantitative technologies for measuring xenobiotic exposure. Microanalytical based sensors that work with complex biomatrices such as blood, urine, or saliva are being developed and validated and will improve our ability to make definitive associations between chemical exposures and disease. Among toxic metals, lead continues to be one of the most problematic. Despite considerable efforts to identify and eliminate Pb exposure sources, this metal remains a significant health concern, particularly for young children. Ongoing research focuses on the development of portable metal analyzers that have many advantages over current available technologies, thus potentially representing the next generation of toxic metal analyzers. In this article, we highlight the development and validation of two classes of metal analyzers for the voltammetric detection of Pb, including: a) an analyzer based on flow injection analysis and anodic stripping voltammetry at a mercury-film electrode, and b) Hg-free metal analyzers employing adsorptive stripping voltammetry and novel nanostructure materials that include the self-assembled monolayers on mesoporous supports and carbon nanotubes. These sensors have been optimized to detect Pb in urine, blood, and saliva as accurately as the state-of-the-art inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with high reproducibility, and sensitivity allows. These improved and portable analytical sensor platforms will facilitate our ability to conduct biological monitoring programs to understand the relationship between chemical exposure assessment and disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassana Yantasee
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Yuehe Lin
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Kitiya Hongsirikarn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Glen E. Fryxell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Raymond Addleman
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Charles Timchalk
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
- Address correspondence to C. Timchalk, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MSIN: P7-59, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, WA 99352 USA. Telephone: (509) 376-0434. Fax: (509) 376-9064. E-mail:
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Hart JP, Crew A, Crouch E, Honeychurch KC, Pemberton RM. Chapter 23 Screen-printed electrochemical (bio)sensors in biomedical, environmental and industrial applications. ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSOR ANALYSIS 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(06)49023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Yantasee W, Timchalk C, Lin Y. Microanalyzer for biomonitoring lead (Pb) in blood and urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 387:335-41. [PMID: 17119936 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0940-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biomonitoring of lead (Pb) in blood and urine enables quantitative evaluation of human occupational and environmental exposures to Pb. State-of-the-art ICP-MS instruments can only analyze metals in laboratories, resulting in lengthy turnaround times, and they are expensive. In response to the growing need for a metal analyzer capable of on-site, real-time monitoring of trace toxic metals in individuals, we developed a portable microanalyzer based on flow-injection/stripping voltammetry (ASV), and validated the system using rat blood and urine spiked with known amounts of Pb. Fouling of electrodes by proteins often prevents the effective use of electrochemical sensors in biological matrices. Minimization of such fouling was accomplished with suitable sample pretreatment and by establishing turbulent flow of blood and urine containing Pb onto the electrode inside the microanalyzer, which resulted in no apparent electrode fouling even when the samples contained 50% urine or 10% blood by volume. No matrix effect was observed for the voltammetric Pb signals, even when the samples contained 10% blood or 10% urine. The microanalyzer offered linear concentration ranges relevant to Pb exposure levels in humans (0-20 ppb in 10% blood samples, 0-50 ppb in 50% urine samples). The device showed excellent sensitivity and reproducibility; Pb detection limits were 0.44 ppb and 0.46 ppb, and % R.S.D. was 4.9 and 2.4 in 50% urine and 10% blood samples, respectively. It gave similar Pb concentrations in blood and urine to those measured by ICP-MS. It offered high throughput (3 min per sample) and economical use of samples (60 microL per measurement) as well as low reagent consumption (1 microg of Hg per measurement), thus minimizing environmental concerns associated with mercury use. Since it is miniaturized, the microanalyzer is portable and field-deployable. Thus, it shows much promise as the next-generation analyzer for the biomonitoring of toxic metals.
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Weston MC, Anderson EC, Arumugam PU, Narasimhan PY, Fritsch I. Redox magnetohydrodynamic enhancement of stripping voltammetry: toward portable analysis using disposable electrodes, permanent magnets, and small volumes. Analyst 2006; 131:1322-31. [PMID: 17124540 DOI: 10.1039/b605139a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of redox magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) to enhance the anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) response of heavy metals has been investigated, with respect to achieving portability: disposable electrodes consisting of screen-printed carbon (SPC) on a low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) substrate, small volumes, and permanent magnets. The analytes tested (Cd(2+), Cu(2+), and Pb(2+)) were codeposited on SPC with Hg(2+) to form a Hg thin film electrode. High concentrations of Fe(3+) were used to produce a high cathodic current which generates a significant Lorentz force in the presence of a magnetic field. This Lorentz force induces solution convection during the deposition step, enhancing the mass transport of analytes to the electrode and increasing their preconcentrated quantity in the mercury thin film. Therefore, larger ASV peaks and improved sensitivities are obtained, compared to analyses performed without a magnet. The effects on ASV signal of varying Hg(2+) concentration (0.10 and 1.0 mM), deposition time (10-600 s), and electrode surface roughness were investigated. In addition, analyses were performed using a real lake water matrix. By using the disposable LTCC-SPC working electrodes in small volumes (150 microL) and with small permanent magnets (0.78 T), peak areas were increased by 75% when compared to the signal obtained in the absence of a magnetic field. A limit of detection of 25 nM for Cd(2+) was observed with only a 1 min preconcentration time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Weston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Yantasee W, Deibler LA, Fryxell GE, Timchalk C, Lin Y. Screen-printed electrodes modified with functionalized mesoporous silica for voltammetric analysis of toxic metal ions. Electrochem commun 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2005.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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