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Kontodimas V, Yaman M, Greis K, Lettow M, Pagel K, Marianski M. Reinvestigation of the internal glycan rearrangement of Lewis a and blood group type H1 epitopes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14160-14170. [PMID: 38712976 PMCID: PMC11147448 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04491b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Protonated ions of fucose-containing oligosaccharides are prone to undergo internal glycan rearrangement which results in chimeric fragments that obfuscate mass-spectrometric analysis. Lack of accessible tools that would facilitate systematic analysis of glycans in the gas phase limits our understanding of this phenomenon. In this work, we use density functional theory modeling to interpret cryogenic IR spectra of Lewis a and blood group type H1 trisaccharides and to establish whether these trisaccharides undergo the rearrangement during gas-phase analysis. Structurally unconstrained search reveals that none of the parent ions constitute a thermodynamic global minimum. In contrast, predicted collision cross sections and anharmonic IR spectra provide a good match to available experimental data which allowed us to conclude that fucose migration does not occur in these antigens. By comparing the predicted structures with those obtained for Lewis x and blood group type H2 epitopes, we demonstrate that the availability of the mobile proton and a large difference in the relative stability of the parent ions and rearrangement products constitute the prerequisites for the rearrangement reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis Kontodimas
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Murat Yaman
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA.
- Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kim Greis
- Fritz-Haber-Intitut der Max Planck Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maike Lettow
- Fritz-Haber-Intitut der Max Planck Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Fritz-Haber-Intitut der Max Planck Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mateusz Marianski
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA.
- Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
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2
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Helali Y, Delporte C. Updates of the current strategies of labeling for N-glycan analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1237:124068. [PMID: 38484674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
This mini review summarizes the current methods used for screening N-glycosylation of glycoproteins, with a specific focus on therapeutic proteins and on techniques involving the release of N-glycans. With the continuous development of biopharmaceuticals, particularly monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which are N-glycosylated proteins, monitoring has gained importance in recent decades. Glycosylation of therapeutic glycoproteins is considered a critical quality attribute because it can impact the efficacy and safety of these therapeutic drugs. The protocols and instrumentation have evolved with the advancement of technologies. Nowadays, methods are becoming increasingly robust, rapid, and sensitive. For the release of N-glycans, the most commonly used method is enzymatic release using PNGase F. The latter is discussed in light of the advent of rapid release that is now possible. The strategy for separating N-glycans using either liquid chromatography (LC) with hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) chemistry or capillary electrophoresis will be discussed. The selection of the labeling agent is a crucial step in sample preparation for the analysis of released N-glycans. This review also discusses labeling agents that are compatible with and dependent on the separation and detection techniques employed. The emergence of multiplex labeling agents is also summarized. The latter enables the analysis of multiple samples in a single run, but it requires MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Helali
- RD3-Pharmacognosis, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit & Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy (APFP), Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cédric Delporte
- RD3-Pharmacognosis, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit & Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy (APFP), Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
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3
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Dong S, Chen L, Sauer A, Dittus L. LC/MS Assessment of Glycoform Clearance of A Biotherapeutic MAb in Rabbit Ocular Tissues. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2285-2291. [PMID: 37062414 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Many biotherapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) consist of various glycoforms, which can have different PK properties upon administration to animals and human. As a result, it is necessary to monitor the abundance of glycoforms and limit lot-to-lot variability during the manufacturing process. However, limited information is known about the clearance of mAb glycoforms from ocular space upon intravitreal injection. We present here an assessment of glycoform clearance of a biotherapeutic mAb (IgG1) from rabbit vitreous humor, aqueous humor and retina tissue using LC/MS. The results show that G0, G0F and G1F have similar T1/2, while mannose-5 has a longer T1/2 and is cleared slower in rabbit ocular space, which contradicted with what has been reported in the literature in which Mann5 was cleared faster systematically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Dong
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Linzhi Chen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Ridgefield, CT, USA.
| | - Achim Sauer
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG. Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Lars Dittus
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG. Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
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4
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Lettow M, Greis K, Mucha E, Lambeth TR, Yaman M, Kontodimas V, Manz C, Hoffmann W, Meijer G, Julian RR, von Helden G, Marianski M, Pagel K. Decoding the Fucose Migration Product during Mass-Spectrometric analysis of Blood Group Epitopes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202302883. [PMID: 36939315 PMCID: PMC10299593 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202302883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Fucose is a signaling carbohydrate that is attached at the end of glycan processing. It is involved in a range of processes, such as the selectin-dependent leukocyte adhesion or pathogen-receptor interactions. Mass-spectrometric techniques, which are commonly used to determine the structure of glycans, frequently show fucose-containing chimeric fragments that obfuscate the analysis. The rearrangement leading to these fragments-often referred to as fucose migration-has been known for more than 25 years, but the chemical identity of the rearrangement product remains unclear. In this work, we combine ion-mobility spectrometry, radical-directed dissociation mass spectrometry, cryogenic IR spectroscopy of ions, and density-functional theory calculations to deduce the product of the rearrangement in the model trisaccharides Lewis x and blood group H2. The structural search yields the fucose moiety attached to the galactose with an α(1→6) glycosidic bond as the most likely product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Lettow
- Fritz-Haber-Intitut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Kim Greis
- Fritz-Haber-Intitut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Eike Mucha
- Fritz-Haber-Intitut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany
| | - Tyler R Lambeth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | - Murat Yaman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, The City University of New York, USA
- The PhD Program in Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, USA
| | - Vasilis Kontodimas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, The City University of New York, USA
| | - Christian Manz
- Fritz-Haber-Intitut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Waldemar Hoffmann
- Fritz-Haber-Intitut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz-Haber-Intitut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany
| | - Ryan R Julian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | | | - Mateusz Marianski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, The City University of New York, USA
- The PhD Program in Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, USA
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Fritz-Haber-Intitut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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5
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Warrender AK, Pan J, Pudney CR, Arcus VL, Kelton W. Constant domain polymorphisms influence monoclonal antibody stability and dynamics. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4589. [PMID: 36759959 PMCID: PMC9951194 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The constant regions of clinical monoclonal antibodies are derived from a select number of allotypes found in IgG subclasses. Despite a long-term acknowledgment that this diversity may impact both antibody function and developability, there is a lack of data on the stability of variants carrying these mutations. Here, we generated a panel of IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 antibodies with 32 unique constant region alleles and performed a systematic comparison of stability using red edge excitation shift (REES). This technique exploits the fluorescent properties of tryptophan residues to measure antibody structural dynamics which predict flexibility and the propensity to unfold. Our REES measurements revealed broad stability differences between subclasses with IgG3 possessing the poorest overall stability. Further interrogation of differences between variants within each subclass enabled the high-resolution profiling of individual allotype stabilities. Crucially, these observed differences were not found to be linked to N297-linked glycan heterogeneity. Our work demonstrates diverse stabilities (and dynamics) for a range of naturally occurring constant domain alleles and the utility of REES as a method for rapid and sensitive antibody stability profiling, requiring only laboratory spectrophotometry equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annmaree K Warrender
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jolyn Pan
- Te Aka Mātuatua School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Chris R Pudney
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Vickery L Arcus
- Te Aka Mātuatua School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - William Kelton
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.,Te Aka Mātuatua School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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6
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Li XL, Han C, Luo M, Xiao S, Li J, Yu C, Cheng S, Jin Y, Han Y, Todoroki K, Shi Q, Min JZ. Relative quantitation of glycans in cetuximab using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry by Pronase E digestion. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463302. [PMID: 35820231 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycans play important roles in the activity and function of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In this study, an isotope labeling method for the relative quantitative analysis of glycans in cetuximab, a chimeric human/mouse IgG1 monoclonal antibody that specifically targets epidermal growth factor receptor, via hydrophilic interaction LC-ultra-high-performance LC-HRMS was established based on Pronase E digestion. To this aim, novel isotope MS probes, i.e., 3-benzoyl-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (d0-BOTC) and 3-(2,3,4,5,6-pentadeuterio-benzoyl)-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate acid (d5-BOTC), which include a carboxyl group to target the amino functional group in glycosylamine, were developed. The nonspecific Pronase E enzyme could simultaneously digest the peptide bound to the N- and O-glycans into glycosylamine having only one amino acid. Since the mass difference between the light- and heavy-labeled glycans was 5.0 Da, the relative abundance of their MS peaks was used to achieve the qualitative and relative quantitative analysis of glycans. Sialylglycopeptide was used as a complex glycan model to validate the accuracy of the method. The results demonstrated the good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9994) between the experimentally detected MS intensity ratios and the theoretical molar ratios of the d0-BOTC to the corresponding d5-BOTC derivatives in the dynamic range of 0.03-10 and 0.03-20 of three orders magnitude for the d5-BOTC/d0-BOTC ratios. The reproducibility was between 0.16% and 10.70%, and the limit of detection was 13 fmol. The feasibility of the relative quantification method was investigated by analyzing the glycan content in cetuximab, finding good consistency between experimental and theoretical molar ratios (5:1, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, 1:5) of d0/d5-BOTC-labeled glycans. Finally, 13 glycans were successfully identified in cetuximab by applying this method using an in-house Tracefinder database. This study provides a novel strategy for the high throughput analysis, identification, and functional study of glycans in mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Chengqiang Han
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Miao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Shuyun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Chenglong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Shengyu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Yueying Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Yu Han
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Kenichiro Todoroki
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Qing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China.
| | - Jun Zhe Min
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China.
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7
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Moran AB, Gardner RA, Wuhrer M, Lageveen-Kammeijer GSM, Spencer DIR. Sialic Acid Derivatization of Fluorescently Labeled N-Glycans Allows Linkage Differentiation by Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detection-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6639-6648. [PMID: 35482581 PMCID: PMC9096788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids have diverse biological roles, ranging from promoting up to preventing protein and cellular recognition in health and disease. The various functions of these monosaccharides are owed, in part, to linkage variants, and as a result, linkage-specific analysis of sialic acids is an important aspect of glycomic studies. This has been addressed by derivatization strategies using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MS) or sialidase digestion arrays followed by liquid chromatography (LC)-MS. Despite this, these approaches are unable to simultaneously provide unambiguous assignment of sialic acid linkages and assess further isomeric glycan features within a single measurement. Thus, for the first time, we present the combination of procainamide fluorescent labeling with sialic acid linkage-specific derivatization via ethyl esterification and amidation for the analysis of released plasma N-glycans using reversed-phase (RP)LC-fluorescence detection (FD)-MS. As a result, α2,3- and α2,6-sialylated N-glycans, with the same mass prior to derivatization, are differentiated based on retention time, precursor mass, and fragmentation spectra, and additional sialylated isomers were also separated. Furthermore, improved glycan coverage and protocol precision were found via the novel application using a combined FD-MS quantification approach. Overall, this platform achieved unambiguous assignment of N-glycan sialic acid linkages within a single RPLC-FD-MS measurement, and by improving their retention on RPLC, this technique can be used for future investigations of released N-glycans as an additional or orthogonal method to current analytical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan B. Moran
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Ludger
Ltd., Culham Science
Centre, OX14 3EB Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | | | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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8
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Liu X, Wang Q, Lauber MA. High sensitivity acidic N-glycan profiling with MS-enhancing derivatization and mixed mode chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1191:123120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Liu T, Li Y, Xu J, Guo Q, Zhang D, Song L, Li J, Qian W, Guo H, Zhou X, Hou S. N-Glycosylation and enzymatic activity of the rHuPH20 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Anal Biochem 2021; 632:114380. [PMID: 34520755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
rHuPH20, a neutral pH-active hyaluronidase that degrades glycosaminoglycans under physiologic conditions, has six potential N-glycosylation sites. In this report, the rHuPH20 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was analyzed and characterized using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Removal of the N-linked glycans from rHuPH20 with PNGase F shifted the molecular weight from 66 kDa to approximately 52 kDa, its deduced molecular weight based on sequence analysis, suggesting that most, if not all, of the potential N-glycosylation sites are linked to oligosaccharides. Then the N-linked glycans released from the rHuPH20 by PNGase F were characterized by UPLC-FLR-MS, and the six N-glycosylation sites of the rHuPH20 were identified and characterized by UPLC-MS/MS at peptide levels. Subsequently, we found that the rHuPH20 increased the dispersion of locally subcutaneous injected drugs and the in vitro and in vivo bioactivity were decreased significantly after PNGase F treatment. In particular, rHuPH20 significantly augmented the absolute bioavailability of locally subcutaneous injected large protein therapeutics, while the bioavailability decreased after being digested by PNGase F. These results demonstrated that N-glycosylation is important for the bioactivity of the rHuPH20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Oncology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200043, China; State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, 201203, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yantao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, 201203, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, 201203, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China; Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qingcheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, 201203, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China; Taizhou Mabtech Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Taizhou 225316, China
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, 201203, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | | | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Weizhu Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, 201203, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Huaizu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, 201203, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China; Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Xinli Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200043, China.
| | - Sheng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, 201203, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China.
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10
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Serum N-glycan profiles differ for various breast cancer subtypes. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:387-395. [PMID: 33877489 PMCID: PMC8116229 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-10001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women. Early detection of this disease improves survival and therefore population screenings, based on mammography, are performed. However, the sensitivity of this screening modality is not optimal and new screening methods, such as blood tests, are being explored. Most of the analyses that aim for early detection focus on proteins in the bloodstream. In this study, the biomarker potential of total serum N-glycosylation analysis was explored with regard to detection of breast cancer. In an age-matched case-control setup serum protein N-glycan profiles from 145 breast cancer patients were compared to those from 171 healthy individuals. N-glycans were enzymatically released, chemically derivatized to preserve linkage-specificity of sialic acids and characterized by high resolution mass spectrometry. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate associations of specific N-glycan structures as well as N-glycosylation traits with breast cancer. In a case-control comparison three associations were found, namely a lower level of a two triantennary glycans and a higher level of one tetraantennary glycan in cancer patients. Of note, various other N-glycomic signatures that had previously been reported were not replicated in the current cohort. It was further evaluated whether the lack of replication of breast cancer N-glycomic signatures could be partly explained by the heterogenous character of the disease since the studies performed so far were based on cohorts that included diverging subtypes in different numbers. It was found that serum N-glycan profiles differed for the various cancer subtypes that were analyzed in this study.
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11
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Habazin S, Štambuk J, Šimunović J, Keser T, Razdorov G, Novokmet M. Mass Spectrometry-Based Methods for Immunoglobulin G N-Glycosylation Analysis. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2021; 112:73-135. [PMID: 34687008 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry and its hyphenated techniques enabled by the improvements in liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, novel ionization, and fragmentation modes are truly a cornerstone of robust and reliable protein glycosylation analysis. Boost in immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycan and glycopeptide profiling demands for both applied biomedical and research applications has brought many new advances in the field in terms of technical innovations, sample preparation, improved throughput, and confidence in glycan structural characterization. This chapter summarizes mass spectrometry basics, focusing on IgG and monoclonal antibody N-glycosylation analysis on several complexity levels. Different approaches, including antibody enrichment, glycan release, labeling, and glycopeptide preparation and purification, are covered and illustrated with recent breakthroughs and examples from the literature omitting excessive theoretical frameworks. Finally, selected highly popular methodologies in IgG glycoanalytics such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization are discussed more thoroughly yet in simple terms making this text a practical starting point either for the beginner in the field or an experienced clinician trying to make sense out of the IgG glycomic or glycoproteomic dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siniša Habazin
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jerko Štambuk
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Toma Keser
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Mislav Novokmet
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia.
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12
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Separation based characterization methods for the N-glycosylation analysis of prostate-specific antigen. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 194:113797. [PMID: 33288345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer has the highest malignancy rate diagnosed in men worldwide. Albeit, the gold standard serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) assays reduced the mortality rate of the disease, the number of false positive diagnoses steeply increased. Therefore, there is an urgent need for complementary biomarkers to enhance the specificity and selectivity of current diagnostic methods. Information about PSA glycosylation can help to fulfill this gap as alterations of its carbohydrate moieties due to cancerous transformation may represent additional markers to distinguish malignant from benign tumors. However, development of suitable methods and instrumentations to investigate the N-glycosylation profile of PSA represents a challenge. In this paper, we critically review the current bioanalytical trends and strategies in the field of PSA glycobiomarker research focusing on separation based characterization methods.
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13
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Kalmar JG, Butler KE, Baker ES, Muddiman DC. Enhanced protocol for quantitative N-linked glycomics analysis using Individuality Normalization when Labeling with Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT)™. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7569-7579. [PMID: 32844281 PMCID: PMC7541788 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02892-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of N-linked glycans using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) presents significant challenges, particularly owing to their hydrophilic nature. To address these difficulties, a variety of derivatization methods have been developed to facilitate improved ionization and detection sensitivity. One such method, the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT)™ strategy for labeling glycans, has previously been utilized in the analysis of N- and O-linked glycans in biological samples. To assess the maximum sensitivity and separability of the INLIGHT™ preparation and analysis pipeline, several critical steps were investigated. First, recombinant and nonrecombinant sources of PNGase F were compared to assess variations in the released glycans. Second, modifications in the INLIGHT™ derivatization step were evaluated including temperature optimization, solvent composition changes, reaction condition length and tag concentration. Optimization of the modified method resulted in 20-100 times greater peak areas for the detected N-linked glycans in fetuin and horseradish peroxidase compared with the standard method. Furthermore, the identification of low-abundance glycans, such as (Fuc)1(Gal)2(GlcNAc)4(Man)3(NeuAc)1 and (Gal)3(GlcNAc)5(Man)3(NeuAc)3, was possible. Finally, the optimal LC setup for the INLIGHT™ derivatized N-linked glycan analyses was found to be a C18 reverse-phase (RP) column with mobile phases typical of RPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Gowen Kalmar
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Karen E Butler
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Erin S Baker
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - David C Muddiman
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- Molecular Education, Technology, and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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14
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Schreiber S, Yamamoto K, Muniz R, Iwura T. Physicochemical analysis and biological characterization of FKB327 as a biosimilar to adalimumab. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00604. [PMID: 32500668 PMCID: PMC7272391 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
FKB327 was approved by the European Medicines Agency as a biosimilar to European-authorized adalimumab (Humira® ; AbbVie Inc). Adalimumab is a monoclonal antibody, binding and inhibiting tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α with use indicated for several immune-mediated, chronic, and inflammatory disorders. The approval is based on high similarity in the physicochemical properties between FKB327 and adalimumab. The objective of this study is to assess the biological similarity, with regard to Fab- and Fc-associated functions, and describe the relationship between physicochemical and biological characterization and functional activity. State-of-the-art orthogonal techniques were implemented to assess the structure and function of FKB327. Peptide mapping with liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis-sodium dodecyl sulfate, ultraviolet circular dichroism, size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and cation exchange HPLC were the techniques used to assess structure. Functional activity was assessed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, surface plasmon resonance, and cell-based assays. The polypeptide sequence of FKB327 was identical to that of adalimumab. FKB327 also was demonstrated to have a similar secondary and tertiary structure to adalimumab. Posttranslational heterogeneities, along with size and charge variants, were not clinically meaningful. FKB327 binds to TNF-α, FcγR, the neonatal Fc receptor, and C1q, and induces apoptosis, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. The binding and activity of FKB327 were similar to that of adalimumab. FKB327 shares similar structure and activity with adalimumab. Based on characterization of physicochemical and biological properties, FKB327 is expected to have a similar safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy profile to adalimumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schreiber
- Clinic for Internal MedicineKiel CampusUniversity Hospital Schleswig‐HolsteinKielGermany
| | - Katsuhiko Yamamoto
- Analytical Development DepartmentFujifilm Kyowa Kirin Biologics Co., Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | | | - Takafumi Iwura
- Bio Process Research and Development LaboratoriesProduction DivisionKyowa Kirin Co., Ltd.TakasakiJapan
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15
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Ohyama Y, Nakajima K, Renfrow MB, Novak J, Takahashi K. Mass spectrometry for the identification and analysis of highly complex glycosylation of therapeutic or pathogenic proteins. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:275-296. [PMID: 32406805 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1769479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein glycosylation influences characteristics such as folding, stability, protein interactions, and solubility. Therefore, glycan moieties of therapeutic proteins and proteins that are likely associated with disease pathogenesis should be analyzed in-depth, including glycan heterogeneity and modification sites. Recent advances in analytical methods and instrumentation have enabled comprehensive characterization of highly complex glycosylated proteins. AREA COVERED The following aspects should be considered when analyzing glycosylated proteins: sample preparation, chromatographic separation, mass spectrometry (MS) and fragmentation methods, and bioinformatics, such as software solutions for data analyses. Notably, analysis of glycoproteins with heavily sialylated glycans or multiple glycosylation sites requires special considerations. Here, we discuss recent methodological advances in MS that provide detailed characterization of heterogeneous glycoproteins. EXPERT OPINION As characterization of complex glycosylated proteins is still analytically challenging, the function or pathophysiological significance of these proteins is not fully understood. To reproducibly produce desired forms of therapeutic glycoproteins or to fully elucidate disease-specific patterns of protein glycosylation, a highly reproducible and robust analytical platform(s) should be established. In addition to advances in MS instrumentation, optimization of analytical and bioinformatics methods and utilization of glycoprotein/glycopeptide standards is desirable. Ultimately, we envision that an automated high-throughput MS analysis will provide additional power to clinical studies and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Ohyama
- Department of Nephrology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine , Toyoake, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medicine , Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakajima
- Center for Research Promotion and Support, Fujita Health University , Toyoake, Japan
| | - Matthew B Renfrow
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jan Novak
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kazuo Takahashi
- Department of Nephrology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine , Toyoake, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medicine , Toyoake, Japan.,Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, USA
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16
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Wang D, Nowak C, Mason B, Katiyar A, Liu H. Analytical artifacts in characterization of recombinant monoclonal antibody therapeutics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 183:113131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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17
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Rebello OD, Nicolardi S, Lageveen-Kammeijer GSM, Nouta J, Gardner RA, Mesker WE, Tollenaar RAEM, Spencer DIR, Wuhrer M, Falck D. A Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Assay for the Relative Quantitation of Antennary Fucosylated N-Glycans in Human Plasma. Front Chem 2020; 8:138. [PMID: 32185163 PMCID: PMC7059190 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the abundance of antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) have been associated with several diseases ranging from diabetes to various forms of cancer. However, it is challenging to address this important part of the human glycome. Most commonly, time-consuming chromatographic separations are performed to differentially quantify core and antenna fucosylation. Obtaining sufficient resolution for larger, more complex glycans can be challenging. We introduce a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization—mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) assay for the relative quantitation of antennary fucosylation in TPNG. N-linked glycans are released from plasma by PNGase F and further treated with a core fucosidase before performing a linkage-informative sialic acid derivatization. The core fucosylated glycans are thus depleted while the remaining antennary fucosylated glycans are quantitated. Simultaneous quantitation of α2,3-linked sialic acids and antennary fucosylation allows an estimation of the sialyl-Lewis x motif. The approach is feasible using either ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry or time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The assay was used to investigate changes of antennary fucosylation as clinically relevant marker in 14 colorectal cancer patients. In accordance with a previous report, we found elevated levels of antennary fucosylation pre-surgery which decreased after tumor resection. The assay has the potential for revealing antennary fucosylation signatures in various conditions including diabetes and different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmond D Rebello
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Ludger Ltd, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Nicolardi
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Jan Nouta
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Wilma E Mesker
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Rob A E M Tollenaar
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - David Falck
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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18
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Chang MM, Gaidukov L, Jung G, Tseng WA, Scarcelli JJ, Cornell R, Marshall JK, Lyles JL, Sakorafas P, Chu AHA, Cote K, Tzvetkova B, Dolatshahi S, Sumit M, Mulukutla BC, Lauffenburger DA, Figueroa B, Summers NM, Lu TK, Weiss R. Small-molecule control of antibody N-glycosylation in engineered mammalian cells. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:730-736. [PMID: 31110306 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation in monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is crucial for structural and functional properties of mAb therapeutics, including stability, pharmacokinetics, safety and clinical efficacy. The biopharmaceutical industry currently lacks tools to precisely control N-glycosylation levels during mAb production. In this study, we engineered Chinese hamster ovary cells with synthetic genetic circuits to tune N-glycosylation of a stably expressed IgG. We knocked out two key glycosyltransferase genes, α-1,6-fucosyltransferase (FUT8) and β-1,4-galactosyltransferase (β4GALT1), genomically integrated circuits expressing synthetic glycosyltransferase genes under constitutive or inducible promoters and generated antibodies with concurrently desired fucosylation (0-97%) and galactosylation (0-87%) levels. Simultaneous and independent control of FUT8 and β4GALT1 expression was achieved using orthogonal small molecule inducers. Effector function studies confirmed that glycosylation profile changes affected antibody binding to a cell surface receptor. Precise and rational modification of N-glycosylation will allow new recombinant protein therapeutics with tailored in vitro and in vivo effects for various biotechnological and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Chang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Leonid Gaidukov
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Giyoung Jung
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wen Allen Tseng
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John J Scarcelli
- Cell Line Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Richard Cornell
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Marshall
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan L Lyles
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul Sakorafas
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - An-Hsiang Adam Chu
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Kaffa Cote
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Boriana Tzvetkova
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Sepideh Dolatshahi
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Madhuresh Sumit
- Culture Process Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Bhanu Chandra Mulukutla
- Culture Process Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bruno Figueroa
- Culture Process Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Nevin M Summers
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Timothy K Lu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ron Weiss
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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19
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Yang X, Bartlett MG. Glycan analysis for protein therapeutics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1120:29-40. [PMID: 31063953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation can be a critical quality attribute for protein therapeutics due to its extensive impact on product safety and efficacy. Glycan characterization is important in the process of protein drug development, from early stage candidate selection to late stage regulatory submission. It is also an indispensable part in the evaluation of biosimilarity. This review discusses the effects of glycosylation on the stability and activity of protein therapeutics, regulatory considerations corresponding to manufacturing and structural characterization of glycosylated protein therapeutics, and focuses on mass spectrometry compatible separation methods for glycan characterization of protein therapeutics. These approaches include hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, reversed-phase liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, porous graphitic carbon liquid chromatography and two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Advances and novelties in each separation method, as well as associated challenges and limitations, are discussed at the released glycan, glycopeptide, glycoprotein subunit and intact glycoprotein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, United States of America
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, United States of America.
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20
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High-selectivity profiling of released and labeled N-glycans via polar-embedded reversed-phase chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:735-743. [PMID: 30478517 PMCID: PMC6338698 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1495-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
N-Glycosylation is the most complex post-translational modification of proteins and involved in many physiological processes and is therefore of major interest in academic research and in the biopharmaceutical industry. Reliable, robust, reproducible, and selective analysis of N-glycans is essential to understand the multitude of biological roles of N-glycosylation. So far, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography analysis of 2-AB or 2-AA derivatized N-glycans has been the standard method. In this work, the superiority of reversed-phase chromatography for complex N-glycosylation analysis is demonstrated. Separation of N-glycans derivatized with anthranilic acid on polar-embedded stationary alkyl phases with sub-2-μm particles results in outstanding selectivity and resolution. In combination with the highly mass spectrometry–compatible mobile phase, even very complex glycan mixtures can be separated, identified, and quantified precisely and accurately. The presented methodology can be applied broadly from basic research to analytical control and release testing of biological drug products and can be implemented in analytical laboratories with minimal effort. ᅟ ![]()
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21
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Comparative Glycopeptide Analysis for Protein Glycosylation by Liquid Chromatography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Variation in Glycosylation Patterns of Site-Directed Mutagenized Glycoprotein. Int J Anal Chem 2018; 2018:8605021. [PMID: 30245723 PMCID: PMC6139207 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8605021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most important posttranslational modifications for proteins, including therapeutic antibodies, and greatly influences protein physiochemical properties. In this study, glycopeptide mapping of a reference and biosimilar recombinant antibodies (rAbs) was performed using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) and an automated Glycoproteome Analyzer (GPA) algorithm. The tandem mass analyses for the reference and biosimilar samples indicate that this approach proves to be highly efficient in reproducing consistent analytical results and discovering the implications of different rAb production methods on glycosylation patterns. Furthermore, the comparative analysis of a mutagenized rAb glycoprotein proved that a single amino acid mutation in the Fc portion of the antibody molecule caused increased variations in glycosylation patterns. These variations were also detected by the mass spectrometry method efficiently. This mapping method, focusing on precise glycopeptide identification and comparison for the identified glycoforms, can be useful in differentiating aberrant glycosylation in biosimilar rAb products.
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22
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Advanced LC-MS Methods for N-Glycan Characterization. ADVANCES IN THE USE OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROMETRY (LC-MS) - INSTRUMENTATION DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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23
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Huang Y, Orlando R. Kinetics of N-Glycan Release from Human Immunoglobulin G (IgG) by PNGase F: All Glycans Are Not Created Equal. J Biomol Tech 2017; 28:150-157. [PMID: 29042829 DOI: 10.7171/jbt.17-2804-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The biologic activity of IgG molecules is modulated by its crystallizable fragment N-glycosylation, and thus, the analysis of IgG glycosylation is critical. A standard approach to analyze glycosylation of IgGs involves the release of the N-glycans by the enzyme peptide N-glycosidase F, which cleaves the linkage between the asparagine residue and innermost N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) of all N-glycans except those containing a 3-linked fucose attached to the reducing terminal GlcNAc residue. The importance of obtaining complete glycan release for accurate quantitation led us to investigate the kinetics of this de-glycosylation reaction for IgG glycopeptides and to determine the effect of glycan structure and amino acid sequence on the rate of glycan release from glycopeptides of IgGs. This study revealed that the slight differences in amino acid sequences did not lead to a statistically different deglycosylation rate. However, statistically significant differences in the deglycosylation rate constants were observed between glycopeptides differing only in glycan structure (i.e., nonfucosylated, fucosylated, bisecting-GlcNAc, sialylated, etc.). For example, a single sialic acid residue was found to decrease the rate by a factor of 3. Similar reductions in rate were associated with the presence of a bisecting-GlcNAc. We predict the differences in release kinetics can lead to significant quantitative variations of the glycosylation study of IgGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Huang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Ron Orlando
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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24
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Furuki K, Toyo'oka T. Retention of glycopeptides analyzed using hydrophilic interaction chromatography is influenced by charge and carbon chain length of ion-pairing reagent for mobile phase. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Furuki
- Process Lab II, Biotechnology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc; Ibaraki Japan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Toshimasa Toyo'oka
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka Japan
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25
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Wang T, Chu L, Li W, Lawson K, Apostol I, Eris T. Application of a Quantitative LC–MS Multiattribute Method for Monitoring Site-Specific Glycan Heterogeneity on a Monoclonal Antibody Containing Two N-Linked Glycosylation Sites. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3562-3567. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Lily Chu
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Wenzhou Li
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Ken Lawson
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Izydor Apostol
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Tamer Eris
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
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26
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Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most common and essential protein modifications. Glycans conjugated to biomolecules modulate the function of such molecules through both direct recognition of glycan structures and indirect mechanisms that involve the control of protein turnover rates, stability, and conformation. The biological attributes of glycans in numerous biological processes and implications in a number of diseases highlight the necessity for comprehensive characterization of protein glycosylation. This chapter reviews cutting-edge methods and tools developed to facilitate quantitative glycomics. This chapter highlights the different methods employed for the release and purification of glycans from biological samples. The most effective labeling methods developed for sensitive quantitative glycomics are also described and discussed. The chromatographic approaches that have been used effectively in glycomics are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Veillon
- Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - S Zhou
- Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Y Mechref
- Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States.
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27
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Zhang SR, Yu YL, Xu CS, Jin D, Lee YI. Determination of N -glycans in glycoproteins using chemoenzymatic labeling with Endo-M N175Q. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Reversed-phase separation methods for glycan analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:359-378. [PMID: 27888305 PMCID: PMC5203856 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reversed-phase chromatography is a method that is often used for glycan separation. For this, glycans are often derivatized with a hydrophobic tag to achieve retention on hydrophobic stationary phases. The separation and elution order of glycans in reversed-phase chromatography is highly dependent on the hydrophobicity of the tag and the contribution of the glycan itself to the retention. The contribution of the different monosaccharides to the retention strongly depends on the position and linkage, and isomer separation may be achieved. The influence of sialic acids and fucoses on the retention of glycans is still incompletely understood and deserves further study. Analysis of complex samples may come with incomplete separation of glycan species, thereby complicating reversed-phase chromatography with fluorescence or UV detection, whereas coupling with mass spectrometry detection allows the resolution of complex mixtures. Depending on the column properties, eluents, and run time, separation of isomeric and isobaric structures can be accomplished with reversed-phase chromatography. Alternatively, porous graphitized carbon chromatography and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography are also able to separate isomeric and isobaric structures, generally without the necessity of glycan labeling. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, porous graphitized carbon chromatography, and reversed-phase chromatography all serve different research purposes and thus can be used for different research questions. A great advantage of reversed-phase chromatography is its broad distribution as it is used in virtually every bioanalytical research laboratory, making it an attracting platform for glycan analysis. Glycan isomer separation by reversed phase liquid chromatography ![]()
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Sethi MK, Hancock WS, Fanayan S. Identifying N-Glycan Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer by Mass Spectrometry. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2099-2106. [PMID: 27653471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. Delineating biological markers (biomarkers) for early detection, when treatment is most effective, is key to prevention and long-term survival of patients. Development of reliable biomarkers requires an increased understanding of the CRC biology and the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of the disease. With recent advances in new technologies and approaches, tremendous efforts have been put in proteomics and genomics fields to deliver detailed analysis of the two major biomolecules, genes and proteins, to gain a more complete understanding of cellular systems at both genomic and proteomic levels, allowing a mechanistic understanding of the human diseases, including cancer, and opening avenues for identification of novel gene and protein based prognostic and therapeutic markers. Although the importance of glycosylation in modulating protein function has long been appreciated, glycan analysis has been complicated by the diversity of the glycan structures and the large number of potential glycosylation combinations. Driven by recent technological advances, LC-MS/MS based glycomics is gaining momentum in cancer research and holds considerable potential to deliver new glycan-based markers. In our laboratory, we investigated alterations in N-glycosylation associated with CRC malignancy in a panel of CRC cell lines and CRC patient tissues. In an initial study, LC-MS/MS-based N-glycomics were utilized to map the N-glycome landscape associated with a panel of CRC cell lines (LIM1215, LIM1899, and LIM2405). These studies were subsequently extended to paired tumor and nontumorigenic CRC tissues to validate the findings in the cell line. Our studies in both CRC cell lines and tissues identified a strong representation of high mannose and α2,6-linked sialylated complex N-glycans, which corroborate findings from previous studies in CRC and other cancers. In addition, certain unique glycan determinants such as bisecting β1,4-GlcNAcylation and α2,3-sialylation, identified in the metastatic (LIM1215) and aggressive (LIM2405) CRC cell lines, respectively, were shown to be associated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression status. In this Account, we will describe the mass spectrometry based N-glycomics approach utilized in our laboratory to accurately profile the cell- and tissue-specific N-glycomes associated with CRC. We will highlight altered N-glycosylation observed by our studies, consistent with findings from other cancer studies, and discuss how the observed alterations can provide insights into CRC pathogenesis, opening new avenues to identify novel disease-associated glycan markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manveen K. Sethi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - William S. Hancock
- Barnett
Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Susan Fanayan
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
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30
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Huang Y, Nie Y, Boyes B, Orlando R. Resolving Isomeric Glycopeptide Glycoforms with Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography (HILIC). J Biomol Tech 2016; 27:98-104. [PMID: 27582638 DOI: 10.7171/jbt.16-2703-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to resolve glycans while attached to tryptic peptides would greatly facilitate glycoproteomics, as this would enable site-specific glycan characterization. Peptide/glycopeptide separations are typically performed using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), where retention is driven by hydrophobic interaction. As the hydrophilic glycans do not interact significantly with the RPLC stationary phase, it is difficult to resolve glycopeptides that differ only in their glycan structure, even when these differences are large. Alternatively, glycans interact extensively with the stationary phases used in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), and consequently, differences in glycan structure have profound chromatographic shifts in this chromatographic mode. Here, we evaluate HILIC for the separation of isomeric glycopeptide mixtures that have the same peptide backbone but isomeric glycans. Hydrophilic functional groups on both the peptide and the glycan interact with the HILIC stationary phase, and thus, changes to either of these moieties can alter the chromatographic behavior of a glycopeptide. The interactive processes permit glycopeptides to be resolved from each other based on differences in their amino acid sequences and/or their attached glycans. The separations of glycans in HILIC are sufficient to permit resolution of isomeric N-glycan structures, such as sialylated N-glycan isomers differing in α2-3 and α2-6 linkages, while these glycans remain attached to peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Huang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Yongxin Nie
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, P.R. China; and
| | - Barry Boyes
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA;; Advanced Materials Technology, Incorporated, Wilmington, Delaware 19810, USA
| | - Ron Orlando
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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31
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Yamamoto S, Kinoshita M, Suzuki S. Current landscape of protein glycosylation analysis and recent progress toward a novel paradigm of glycoscience research. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:273-300. [PMID: 27461579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the basics and some applications of methodologies for the analysis of glycoprotein glycans. Analytical techniques used for glycoprotein glycans, including liquid chromatography (LC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), mass spectrometry (MS), and high-throughput analytical methods based on microfluidics, were described to supply the essentials about biopharmaceutical and biomarker glycoproteins. We will also describe the MS analysis of glycoproteins and glycopeptides as well as the chemical and enzymatic releasing methods of glycans from glycoproteins and the chemical reactions used for the derivatization of glycans. We hope the techniques have accommodated most of the requests from glycoproteomics researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachio Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Kinoshita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeo Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
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32
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Zhao J, Li S, Li C, Wu SL, Xu W, Chen Y, Shameem M, Richardson D, Li H. Identification of Low Abundant Isomeric N-Glycan Structures in Biological Therapeutics by LC/MS. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7049-59. [PMID: 27291648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An effective LC-MS based method for online characterization of low abundant structural isomers of N-linked glycans in biological therapeutics was developed. N-linked glycans of a recombinant monoclonal antibody were released by PNGase F and labeled with 2-aminobenzamide (2-AB) fluorescent tag. The labeled glycans were analyzed by online ultraperformance liquid chromatography-hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (UPLC-HILIC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). The glycan structure was characterized by MS(n) fragmentation in negative ion mode followed by identification of the signature D ions. The assignment included monosaccharide sequence and linkage information. The developed method successfully characterized structural isomers of A1G1F (assigned as terminal sialic acid attached in the 1,6 branch at 2,3 position), and A1G1F' (assigned as terminal sialic acid attached in the 1,3 branch at 2,3 position). Moreover, using the same approach, previously unknown low abundant species were identified unambiguously. One such structural isomer at low level, terminal GlcNAc of G1F+GlcNAc, was identified to be linked at the 1,6 branch. Additionally, another low level structural isomer, previously assigned as Man8 glycan, was found to be Man7+Glc glycan as its 1,3 branch containing three mannoses and one terminal glucose. The identification was further confirmed by a purified α-1,2-endomannosidase enzyme to generate the cleavage of α-1,3 linked terminal disaccharides (Man+glucose). Using this approach, different lots or different CHO produced mAbs was thoroughly examined and found that the newly identified "Man8" (Man7+Glc) was also present in different batches and in some commercially available therapeutic mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siyang Li
- BioAnalytix, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chen Li
- BioAnalytix, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shiaw-Lin Wu
- BioAnalytix, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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33
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Zhou S, Hu Y, Mechref Y. High-temperature LC-MS/MS of permethylated glycans derived from glycoproteins. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1506-13. [PMID: 26914157 PMCID: PMC4962687 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Various glycomic analysis methods have been developed due to the essential roles of glycans in biological processes as well as the potential application of glycomics in biomarker discovery in many diseases. Permethylation is currently considered to be one of the most common derivatization methods in MS-based glycomic analysis. Permethylation not only improves ionization efficiency and stability of sialylated glycans in positive mode but also allows for enhanced separation performance on reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). Recently, RPLC-MS analysis of permethylated glycans exhibited excellent performance in sensitivity and reproducibility and became a widely-applied comprehensive strategy in glycomics. However, separating permethylated glycans by RPLC always suffers from peak broadening for high-molecular-weight branched glycans, which probably due to the low exchange rate between the stationary phase and mobile phase limited by intermolecular interactions of the methyl groups associated with the branching of the glycan structures. In this study, we employed high separation temperature conditions for RPLC of permethylated glycans, thus achieving enhanced peak capacity, improving peak shape, and enhancing separation efficiency. Additionally, partial isomeric separation were observed in RPLC of permethylated glycans at high-temperature. Mathematical processing of the correlation between retention time and molecular weight also revealed the advantage of high-temperature LC method for both manual and automatic glycan identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyue Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - Yunli Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
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34
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Liu YD, Flynn GC. Effect of high mannose glycan pairing on IgG antibody clearance. Biologicals 2016; 44:163-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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35
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Aich U, Lakbub J, Liu A. State-of-the-art technologies for rapid and high-throughput sample preparation and analysis ofN-glycans from antibodies. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1468-88. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Udayanath Aich
- Biopharmaceutical Analytical Sciences; Biopharmaceutical Development, GlaxoSmithKline; King of Prussia PA USA
| | - Jude Lakbub
- Biopharmaceutical Analytical Sciences; Biopharmaceutical Development, GlaxoSmithKline; King of Prussia PA USA
| | - Aston Liu
- Biopharmaceutical Analytical Sciences; Biopharmaceutical Development, GlaxoSmithKline; King of Prussia PA USA
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36
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Aich U, Liu A, Lakbub J, Mozdzanowski J, Byrne M, Shah N, Galosy S, Patel P, Bam N. An Integrated Solution-Based Rapid Sample Preparation Procedure for the Analysis of N-Glycans From Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1221-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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37
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N-glycosylation heterogeneity and the influence on structure, function and pharmacokinetics of monoclonal antibodies and Fc fusion proteins. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 100:94-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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38
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Sethi MK, Fanayan S. Mass Spectrometry-Based N-Glycomics of Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29278-304. [PMID: 26690136 PMCID: PMC4691109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. An increased molecular understanding of the CRC pathology is warranted to gain insights into the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of the disease. Altered protein glycosylation patterns are associated with most diseases including malignant transformation. Recent advances in mass spectrometry and bioinformatics have accelerated glycomics research and present a new paradigm for cancer biomarker discovery. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based glycoproteomics and glycomics, therefore, hold considerable promise to improve the discovery of novel biomarkers with utility in disease diagnosis and therapy. This review focuses on the emerging field of glycomics to present a comprehensive review of advances in technologies and their application in studies aimed at discovering novel glycan-based biomarkers. We will also discuss some of the challenges associated with using glycans as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manveen K Sethi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Susan Fanayan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
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39
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Orthogonal Technologies for NISTmAb N-Glycan Structure Elucidation and Quantitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2015-1201.ch004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
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40
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Microfluidic Chip-LC/MS-based Glycomic Analysis Revealed Distinct N-glycan Profile of Rat Serum. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12844. [PMID: 26248949 PMCID: PMC4650694 DOI: 10.1038/srep12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat is an important alternative for studying human pathology owing to certain similarities to humans. Glycomic studies on rat serum have revealed that variations in the N-glycans of glycoproteins correlated with disease progression, which is consistent with the findings in human serum. Therefore, we comprehensively characterized the rat serum N-glycome using microfluidic chip-LC-ESI-QTOF MS and MS/MS techniques. In total, 282 N-glycans, including isomers, were identified. This study is the first to present comprehensive profiling of N-glycans containing O-acetylated sialic acid, among which 27 N-glycans are novel. In addition, the co-existence of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) in a single N-glycan ('mixed' N-glycan) was detected and represents a new type of N-glycan in rat serum. The existence of O-acetylated sialic acid is the characteristic feature of rat serum that distinguishes it from mouse and human sera. Comparisons between the rat, mouse, and human serum glycomes revealed that the rat glycome is more similar to that of human sera than to that of mouse sera. Our findings highlight the similarities between the glycomic profile of rat and human sera and provided important selection criteria for choosing an appropriate animal model for pathological and pharmacological studies.
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41
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Schiel JE, Rogstad SM, Boyne MT. Comparison of Traditional 2-AB Fluorescence LC-MS/MS and Automated LC-MS for the Comparative Glycan Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2464-72. [PMID: 26053232 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody therapeutics are a heterogeneous mixture of glycoforms. Multiple methods exist for defining the glycan composition and relative abundance of species present. In the current report, two MS-based methods were compared for their ability to both identify glycans and monitor differences in the glycoprofile. Gross changes in the glycoprofile can be identified either by visual inspection of fluorescence profiles and correlated to glycan identities when coupled with online MS/MS (LC-F-MS/MS) or through extracted ion chromatograms using LC-MS. In the present study, both an LC-F-MS/MS method and an automated LC-MS label free approach were able to identify minor differences in low abundance glycoforms, and data indicate a disparity in glycosylation between the analyzed batches of US and foreign-sourced mAb X. Thus, either method may be useful in characterizing monoclonal antibody therapeutics products and could serve as a potential screening test for understanding process, comparability, similarity, and possibly detecting counterfeit agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Schiel
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biomolecular Measurement Division, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899
| | - Sarah M Rogstad
- Division of Pharmaceutical Research, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993
| | - Michael T Boyne
- Division of Pharmaceutical Research, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993
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42
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Liu L. Antibody Glycosylation and Its Impact on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Monoclonal Antibodies and Fc-Fusion Proteins. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:1866-1884. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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43
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Gautier V, Boumeester AJ, Lössl P, Heck AJR. Lysine conjugation properties in human IgGs studied by integrating high-resolution native mass spectrometry and bottom-up proteomics. Proteomics 2015; 15:2756-65. [PMID: 25641908 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a novel class of biopharmaceuticals several of which are now being investigated in clinical studies. In ADCs, potent cytotoxic drugs are coupled via a linker to reactive residues in IgG monoclonal antibodies. Linkage to lysine residues in the IgGs, using N-hydroxysuccinimide ester based chemistry, is one of the possible options. To control drug load and specificity, proper knowledge is required about which lysine residues are most accessible and reactive. Here, we combine native MS and bottom-up proteomics to monitor the overall drug load and site-specific lysine reactivity, using N-hydroxysuccinimide-based tandem mass tags. High-resolution Orbitrap native MS enables us to monitor and quantify, due to the achieved baseline resolution, the sequential incorporation of up to 69 tandem mass tag molecules into human IgGs. Complementary, bottom-up proteomics facilitates the identification of some very reactive "hot-spot" conjugation sites. However, we also identify lysine residues that are highly resistant to chemical labeling. Our integrated approach gives insight into the conjugation properties of IgGs at both the intact protein and residue levels, providing fundamental information for controlling drug load and specificity in lysine-linked ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violette Gautier
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anja J Boumeester
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,AbLab, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Lössl
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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44
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Ponniah G, Nowak C, Gonzalez N, Miano D, Liu H. Detection and Quantitation of Low Abundance Oligosaccharides in Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2718-26. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504738c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gomathinayagam Ponniah
- Product
Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut 06410, United States
| | - Christine Nowak
- Product
Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut 06410, United States
| | - Nidia Gonzalez
- Product
Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut 06410, United States
| | - Dino Miano
- Product
Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut 06410, United States
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Product
Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut 06410, United States
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45
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Liu H, Ponniah G, Zhang HM, Nowak C, Neill A, Gonzalez-Lopez N, Patel R, Cheng G, Kita AZ, Andrien B. In vitro and in vivo modifications of recombinant and human IgG antibodies. MAbs 2014; 6:1145-54. [PMID: 25517300 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tremendous knowledge has been gained in the understanding of various modifications of IgG antibodies, driven mainly by the fact that antibodies are one of the most important groups of therapeutic molecules and because of the development of advanced analytical techniques. Recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics expressed in mammalian cell lines and endogenous IgG molecules secreted by B cells in the human body share some modifications, but each have some unique modifications. Modifications that are common to recombinant mAb and endogenous IgG molecules are considered to pose a lower risk of immunogenicity. On the other hand, modifications that are unique to recombinant mAbs could potentially pose higher risk. The focus of this review is the comparison of frequently observed modifications of recombinant monoclonal antibodies to those of endogenous IgG molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Liu
- a Protein Characterization; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc .; Cheshire , CT USA
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46
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Shah B, Jiang XG, Chen L, Zhang Z. LC-MS/MS peptide mapping with automated data processing for routine profiling of N-glycans in immunoglobulins. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:999-1011. [PMID: 24664809 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0858-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein N-Glycan analysis is traditionally performed by high pH anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) on fluorescence-labeled glycans enzymatically released from the glycoprotein. These methods require time-consuming sample preparations and do not provide site-specific glycosylation information. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) peptide mapping is frequently used for protein structural characterization and, as a bonus, can potentially provide glycan profile on each individual glycosylation site. In this work, a recently developed glycopeptide fragmentation model was used for automated identification, based on their MS/MS, of N-glycopeptides from proteolytic digestion of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Experimental conditions were optimized to achieve accurate profiling of glycoforms. Glycan profiles obtained from LC-MS/MS peptide mapping were compared with those obtained from HPAEC, RPLC, and HILIC analyses of released glycans for several mAb molecules. Accuracy, reproducibility, and linearity of the LC-MS/MS peptide mapping method for glycan profiling were evaluated. The LC-MS/MS peptide mapping method with fully automated data analysis requires less sample preparation, provides site-specific information, and may serve as an alternative method for routine profiling of N-glycans on immunoglobulins as well as other glycoproteins with simple N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Shah
- Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
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47
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Higel F, Seidl A, Demelbauer U, Sörgel F, Frieß W. Small scale affinity purification and high sensitivity reversed phase nanoLC-MS N-glycan characterization of mAbs and fusion proteins. MAbs 2014; 6:894-903. [PMID: 24848368 PMCID: PMC4171024 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation is a complex post-translational modification with potential effects on the efficacy and safety of therapeutic proteins and known influence on the effector function of biopharmaceutical monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Comprehensive characterization of N-glycosylation is therefore important in biopharmaceutical development. In early development, e.g. during pool or clone selection, however, only minute protein amounts of multiple samples are available for analytics. High sensitivity and high throughput methods are thus needed. An approach based on 96-well plate sample preparation and nanoLC-MS of 2- anthranilic acid or 2-aminobenzoic acid (AA) labeled N-glycans for the characterization of biopharmaceuticals in early development is reported here. With this approach, 192 samples can be processed simultaneously from complex matrices (e.g., cell culture supernatant) to purified 2-AA glycans, which are then analyzed by reversed phase nanoLC-MS. Attomolar sensitivity has been achieved by use of nanoelectrospray ionization, resulting in detailed glycan maps of mAbs and fusion proteins that are exemplarily shown in this work. Reproducibility, robustness and linearity of the approach are demonstrated, making use in a routine manner during pool or clone selection possible. Other potential fields of application, such as glycan biomarker discovery from serum samples, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Higel
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals; HEXAL AG; Oberhaching, Germany
| | - Andreas Seidl
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals; HEXAL AG; Oberhaching, Germany
| | - Uwe Demelbauer
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals; HEXAL AG; Oberhaching, Germany
| | - Fritz Sörgel
- IBMP; Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research; Nuernberg-Heroldsberg, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology; Faculty of Medicine; University Duisburg-Essen; Essen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frieß
- Department of Pharmacy; Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics; Ludwig Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen; Munich, Germany
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Sandra K, Vandenheede I, Sandra P. Modern chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques for protein biopharmaceutical characterization. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:81-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Adamczyk B, Tharmalingam-Jaikaran T, Schomberg M, Szekrényes Á, Kelly RM, Karlsson NG, Guttman A, Rudd PM. Comparison of separation techniques for the elucidation of IgG N-glycans pooled from healthy mammalian species. Carbohydr Res 2014; 389:174-85. [PMID: 24680513 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The IgG N-glycome provides sufficient complexity and information content to serve as an excellent source for biomarker discovery in mammalian health. Since oligosaccharides play a significant role in many biological processes it is very important to understand their structure. The glycosylation is cell type specific as well as highly variable depending on the species producing the IgG. We evaluated the variation of N-linked glycosylation of human, bovine, ovine, equine, canine and feline IgG using three orthogonal glycan separation techniques: hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-UPLC, reversed phase (RP)-UPLC and capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF). The separation of the glycans by these high resolution methods yielded different profiles due to diverse chemistries. However, the % abundance of structures obtained by CE-LIF and HILIC-UPLC were similar, whereas the analysis by RP-UPLC was difficult to compare as the structures were separated by classes of glycans (highly mannosylated, fucosylated, bisected, fucosylated and bisected) resulting in the co-elution of many structures. The IgGs from various species were selected due to the complexity and variation in their N-glycan composition thereby highlighting the complementarity of these separation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Adamczyk
- GlycoScience Group, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland; Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tharmala Tharmalingam-Jaikaran
- GlycoScience Group, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Schomberg
- GlycoScience Group, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ákos Szekrényes
- Horváth Laboratory for Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ronan M Kelly
- GlycoScience Group, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Andràs Guttman
- Horváth Laboratory for Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-TKI Translational Glycomics Research Group, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- GlycoScience Group, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland.
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50
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Hanneman AJ, Strand J, Huang CT. Profiling and Characterization of Sialylated N-glycans by 2D-HPLC (HIAX/PGC) with Online Orbitrap MS/MS and Offline MSn. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:400-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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