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Rosa M, Bech-Serra JJ, Canals F, Zajac JM, Talmont F, Arsequell G, Valencia G. Optimized Proteomic Mass Spectrometry Characterization of Recombinant Human μ-Opioid Receptor Functionally Expressed in Pichia pastoris Cell Lines. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:3162-73. [PMID: 26090583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human μ-opioid receptor (hMOR) is a class-A G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), a prime therapeutic target for the management of moderate and severe pain. A chimeric form of the receptor has been cocrystallized with an opioid antagonist and resolved by X-ray diffraction; however, further direct structural analysis is still required to identify the active form of the receptor to facilitate the rational design of hMOR-selective agonist and antagonists with therapeutic potential. Toward this goal and in spite of the intrinsic difficulties posed by the highly hydrophobic transmembrane motives of hMOR, we have comprehensively characterized by mass spectrometry (MS) analysis the primary sequence of the functional hMOR. Recombinant hMOR was overexpressed as a C-terminal c-myc and 6-his tagged protein using an optimized expression procedure in Pichia pastoris cells. After membrane solubilization and metal-affinity chromatography purification, a procedure was devised to enhance the concentration of the receptor. Subsequent combinations of in-solution and in-gel digestions using either trypsin, chymotrypsin, or proteinase K, followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight MS or nanoliquid chromatography coupled with tandem MS analyses afforded an overall sequence coverage of up to >80%, a level of description first attained for an opioid receptor and one of the six such high-coverage MS-based analyses of any GPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Rosa
- †Unit of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Spanish National Research Council (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Josep Bech-Serra
- ‡Proteomics Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, ProteoRed ISCIII, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Canals
- ‡Proteomics Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, ProteoRed ISCIII, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean Marie Zajac
- §Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Franck Talmont
- §Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Gemma Arsequell
- †Unit of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Spanish National Research Council (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gregorio Valencia
- †Unit of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Spanish National Research Council (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Milić D, Veprintsev DB. Large-scale production and protein engineering of G protein-coupled receptors for structural studies. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:66. [PMID: 25873898 PMCID: PMC4379943 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural studies of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) gave insights into molecular mechanisms of their action and contributed significantly to molecular pharmacology. This is primarily due to technical advances in protein engineering, production and crystallization of these important receptor targets. On the other hand, NMR spectroscopy of GPCRs, which can provide information about their dynamics, still remains challenging due to difficulties in preparation of isotopically labeled receptors and their low long-term stabilities. In this review, we discuss methods used for expression and purification of GPCRs for crystallographic and NMR studies. We also summarize protein engineering methods that played a crucial role in obtaining GPCR crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalibor Milić
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen Switzerland
| | - Dmitry B Veprintsev
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen Switzerland ; Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich Switzerland
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Hopper JT, Yu YTC, Li D, Raymond A, Bostock M, Liko I, Mikhailov V, Laganowsky A, Benesch JL, Caffrey M, Nietlispach D, Robinson CV. Detergent-free mass spectrometry of membrane protein complexes. Nat Methods 2013; 10:1206-8. [PMID: 24122040 PMCID: PMC3868940 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We developed a method that allows release of intact membrane protein complexes from amphipols, bicelles and nanodiscs in the gas phase for observation by mass spectrometry (MS). Current methods involve release of membrane protein complexes from detergent micelles, which reveals subunit composition and lipid binding. We demonstrated that oligomeric complexes or proteins requiring defined lipid environments are stabilized to a greater extent in the absence of detergent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T.S. Hopper
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ
| | - Yvonne Ting-Chun Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA
| | - Dianfan Li
- School of Medicine Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alison Raymond
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ
| | - Mark Bostock
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA
| | - Idlir Liko
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ
| | - Victor Mikhailov
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ
| | - Arthur Laganowsky
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ
| | - Justin L.P. Benesch
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ
| | - Martin Caffrey
- School of Medicine Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel Nietlispach
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA
| | - Carol V. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ
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Abstract
Since the publication of the first X-ray structure of a GPCR (G-protein couple receptor) in 2000, the rate at which subsequent ones have appeared has steadily increased. This has required the development of new methodology to overcome the challenges presented by instability of isolated GPCRs, combined with a systematic optimization of existing approaches for protein expression, purification and crystallization. In addition, quality control measures that are predictive of successful outcomes have been identified. Repeated attempts at solving the structures of GPCRs have highlighted experimental approaches that are most likely to lead to success, and have allowed definition of a first-pass protocol for new receptors.
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Yeager ME, Colvin KL, Everett AD, Stenmark KR, Ivy DD. Plasma proteomics of differential outcome to long-term therapy in children with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Proteomics Clin Appl 2012; 6:257-67. [PMID: 22653875 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The prognosis for children with IPAH unresponsive to therapy is poor. We investigated the plasma proteome for a molecular basis of good versus poor outcome to long-term vasodilator therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Plasma was collected at baseline or shortly after therapy initiation and following chronic vasodilator therapy, then divided into those with good outcome (n = 8), and those with a poor outcome (n = 7). To identify proteins unique to either outcome, we used differential gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Results were confirmed by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Before and after therapy, SAA-4 was 4-fold lower in those with good outcome compared to those with poor outcome, while serum paraoxonase/arylesterase-1 was increased 2-fold in those with good outcome versus poor outcome. After therapy, haptoglobin and hemopexin were 1.45- and 1.8-fold lower, respectively, in those with a good versus poor outcome. Among those with a good outcome, SAP was 1.3-fold lower prior to therapy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE SAP and SAA-4 regulate circulating mononuclear phagocytes. As such, they may contribute to the differential response to chronic vasodilator therapy in the context of inflammation in IPAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Yeager
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80045, USA.
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Bell C, Smith GT, Sweredoski MJ, Hess S. Characterization of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Proteome by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry-based Proteomics Techniques: A Comprehensive Resource for Tuberculosis Research. J Proteome Res 2011; 11:119-30. [DOI: 10.1021/pr2007939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Bell
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Geoffrey T. Smith
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Michael J. Sweredoski
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Sonja Hess
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Proteomic Profiling of the Mesenteric Lymph After Hemorrhagic Shock: Differential Gel Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Clin Proteomics 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12014-010-9061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Zurawel A, Moore EE, Peltz ED, Jordan JR, Damle S, Dzieciatkowska M, Banerjee A, Hansen KC. Proteomic profiling of the mesenteric lymph after hemorrhagic shock: Differential gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis. Clin Proteomics 2010; 8:1. [PMID: 21906351 PMCID: PMC3167200 DOI: 10.1186/1559-0275-8-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments show that upon traumatic injury the composition of mesenteric lymph changes such that it initiates an immune response that can ultimately result in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). To identify candidate protein mediators of this process we carried out a quantitative proteomic study on mesenteric lymph from a well characterized rat shock model. We analyzed three animals using analytical 2D differential gel electrophoresis. Intra-animal variation for the majority of protein spots was minor. Functional clustering of proteins revealed changes arising from several global classes that give novel insight into fundamental mechanisms of MODS. Mass spectrometry based proteomic analysis of proteins in mesenteric lymph can effectively be used to identify candidate mediators and loss of protective agents in shock models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Zurawel
- Proteomics Facility, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA.
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Zvonok N, Xu W, Williams J, Janero DR, Krishnan SC, Makriyannis A. Mass spectrometry-based GPCR proteomics: comprehensive characterization of the human cannabinoid 1 receptor. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:1746-53. [PMID: 20131867 DOI: 10.1021/pr900870p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human cannabinoid 1 receptor (hCB1), a ubiquitous G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), transmits cannabinergic signals that participate in diverse (patho)physiological processes. Pharmacotherapeutic hCB1 targeting is considered a tractable approach for treating such prevalent diseases as obesity, mood disorders, and drug addiction. The hydrophobic nature of the transmembrane helices of hCB1 presents a formidable difficulty to its direct structural analysis. Comprehensive experimental characterization of functional hCB1 by mass spectrometry (MS) is essential to the targeting of affinity probes that can be used to define directly hCB1 binding domains using a ligand-assisted experimental approach. Such information would greatly facilitate the rational design of hCB1-selective agonists/antagonists with therapeutic potential. We report the first high-coverage MS analysis of the primary sequence of the functional hCB1 receptor, one of the few such comprehensive MS-based analyses of any GPCR. Recombinant C-terminal hexa-histidine-tagged hCB1 (His6-hCB1) was expressed in cultured insect (Spodoptera frugiperda) cells, solubilized by a procedure devised to enhance receptor purity following metal-affinity chromatography, desalted by buffer exchange, and digested in solution with (chymo)trypsin. "Bottom-up" nanoLC-MS/MS of the (chymo)tryptic digests afforded a degree of overall hCB1 coverage (>94%) thus far reported for only two other GPCRs. This MS-compatible procedure devised for His6-hCB1 sample preparation, incorporating in-solution (chymo)trypsin digestion in the presence of a low concentration of CYMAL-5 detergent, may be applicable to the MS-based proteomic characterization of other GPCRs. This work should help enable future ligand-assisted structural characterization of hCB1 binding motifs at the amino-acid level using rationally designed and targeted covalent cannabinergic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Zvonok
- Northeastern University, Center for Drug Discovery, 116 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Berger C, Ho JTC, Kimura T, Hess S, Gawrisch K, Yeliseev A. Preparation of stable isotope-labeled peripheral cannabinoid receptor CB2 by bacterial fermentation. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 70:236-47. [PMID: 20044006 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We developed a bacterial fermentation protocol for production of a stable isotope-labeled cannabinoid receptor CB2 for subsequent structural studies of this protein by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The human peripheral cannabinoid receptor was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion with maltose binding protein and two affinity tags. The fermentation was performed in defined media comprised of mineral salts, glucose and (15)N(2)-L-tryptophan to afford incorporation of the labeled amino acid into the protein. Medium, growth and expression conditions were optimized so that the fermentation process produced about 2mg of purified, labeled CB2/L of culture medium. By performing a mass spectroscopic characterization of the purified CB2, we determined that one of the two (15)N atoms in tryptophan was incorporated into the recombinant protein. NMR analysis of (15)N chemical shifts strongly suggests that the (15)N atoms are located in Trp-indole rings. Importantly, analysis of the peptides derived from the CNBr cleavage of the purified protein confirmed a minimum of 95% incorporation of the labeled tryptophan into the CB2 sequence. The labeled CB2, purified and reconstituted into liposomes at a protein-to-lipid molar ratio of 1:500, was functional as confirmed by activation of cognate G proteins in an in vitro coupled assay. To our knowledge, this is the first reported production of a biologically active, stable isotope-labeled G protein-coupled receptor by bacterial fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Berger
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str., 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
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