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Filippova TA, Masamrekh RA, Khudoklinova YY, Shumyantseva VV, Kuzikov AV. The multifaceted role of proteases and modern analytical methods for investigation of their catalytic activity. Biochimie 2024; 222:169-194. [PMID: 38494106 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
We discuss the diverse functions of proteases in the context of their biotechnological and medical significance, as well as analytical approaches used to determine the functional activity of these enzymes. An insight into modern approaches to studying the kinetics and specificity of proteases, based on spectral (absorption, fluorescence), mass spectrometric, immunological, calorimetric, and electrochemical methods of analysis is given. We also examine in detail electrochemical systems for determining the activity and specificity of proteases. Particular attention is given to exploring innovative electrochemical systems based on the detection of the electrochemical oxidation signal of amino acid residues, thereby eliminating the need for extra redox labels in the process of peptide synthesis. In the review, we highlight the main prospects for the further development of electrochemical systems for the study of biotechnologically and medically significant proteases, which will enable the miniaturization of the analytical process for determining the catalytic activity of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Filippova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 bld. 8, Pogodinskaya str., 119121, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, Moscow, 117513, Russia
| | - Rami A Masamrekh
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 bld. 8, Pogodinskaya str., 119121, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, Moscow, 117513, Russia
| | - Yulia Yu Khudoklinova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, Moscow, 117513, Russia
| | - Victoria V Shumyantseva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 bld. 8, Pogodinskaya str., 119121, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, Moscow, 117513, Russia
| | - Alexey V Kuzikov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 bld. 8, Pogodinskaya str., 119121, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, Moscow, 117513, Russia.
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Dacres H, Weihs F, Wang J, Anderson A, Trowell SC. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer biosensor for measuring activity of a protease secreted by Pseudomonas fluorescens growing in milk. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1270:341401. [PMID: 37311608 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial proteases are sporadic contributors to milk spoilage, reducing the quality of ultra-heat treated (UHT) milk and other dairy products. Current methods for measuring bacterial protease activity in milk are insensitive and too slow to be used in routine testing in dairy processing plants. We have designed a novel bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based biosensor to measure the activity of proteases secreted by bacteria in milk. The BRET-based biosensor is highly selective for bacterial protease activity compared with other proteases tested, notably including plasmin, which is abundant in milk. It incorporates a novel peptide linker that is selectively cleaved by P. fluorescens AprX proteases. The peptide linker is flanked by green fluorescent protein (GFP2) at the N-terminus and a variant Renilla luciferase (RLuc2) at the C-terminus. Complete cleavage of the linker by bacterial proteases from Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 65, leads to a 95% decrease in the BRET ratio. We applied an azocasein-based calibration method to the AprX biosensor using standard international enzyme activity units. In a 10-min assay, the detection limit for AprX protease activity in buffer was equivalent to 40 pg/mL (≈0.8 pM, 22 μU/mL) and 100 pg/mL (≈2pM, 54 μU/mL) in 50% (v/v) full fat milk. The EC50 values were 1.1 ± 0.3 ng/mL (87 μU/mL) and 6.8 ± 0.2 ng/mL (540 μU/mL), respectively. The biosensor was approximately 800x more sensitive than the established FITC-Casein method in a 2-h assay, the shortest feasible time for the latter method. The protease biosensor is sensitive and fast enough to be used in production settings. It is suitable for measuring bacterial protease activity in raw and processed milk, to inform efforts to mitigate the effects of heat-stable bacterial proteases and maximise the shelf-life of dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dacres
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Food Innovation Centre, 671 Sneydes Road, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia
| | - F Weihs
- PPB Technology Pty Ltd, PO Box 265, Erindale Centre, ACT, 2903, Australia; CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - J Wang
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - A Anderson
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - S C Trowell
- PPB Technology Pty Ltd, PO Box 265, Erindale Centre, ACT, 2903, Australia; CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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3
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Beyond luciferase-luciferin system: Modification, improved imaging and biomedical application. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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4
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Jackson C, Anderson A, Alexandrov K. The present and the future of protein biosensor engineering. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 75:102424. [PMID: 35870398 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein biosensors play increasingly important roles in cell and neurobiology and have the potential to revolutionise the way clinical and industrial analytics are performed. The gradual transition from multicomponent biosensors to fully integrated single chain allosteric biosensors has brought the field closer to commercial applications. We evaluate various approaches for converting constitutively active protein reporter domains into analyte operated switches. We discuss the paucity of the natural receptors that undergo conformational changes sufficiently large to control the activity of allosteric reporter domains. This problem can be overcome by constructing artificial versions of such receptors. The design path to such receptors involves the construction of Chemically Induced Dimerisation systems (CIDs) that can be configured to operate single and two-component biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Jackson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Alisha Anderson
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Black Mountain, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Kirill Alexandrov
- CSIRO-QUT Synthetic Biology Alliance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia; Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia.
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5
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Green CM, Mathur D, Susumu K, Oh E, Medintz IL, Díaz SA. Polyhistidine-Tag-Enabled Conjugation of Quantum Dots and Enzymes to DNA Nanostructures. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2525:61-91. [PMID: 35836061 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2473-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanostructures self-assemble into almost any arbitrary architecture, and when combined with their capability to precisely position and orient dyes, nanoparticles, and biological moieties, the technology reaches its potential. We present a simple yet multifaceted conjugation strategy based on metal coordination by a multi-histidine peptide tag (Histag). The versatility of the Histag as a means to conjugate to DNA nanostructures is shown by using Histags to capture semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) with numerical and positional precision onto a DNA origami breadboard. Additionally, Histag-expressing enzymes, such as the bioluminescent luciferase, can also be captured to the DNA origami breadboard with similar precision. DNA nanostructure conjugation of the QDs or luciferase is confirmed through imaging and/or energy transfer to organic dyes integrated into the DNA nanostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Green
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Code 6900, Washington, DC, USA
- National Research Council, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Divita Mathur
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Code 6900, Washington, DC, USA
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Kimihiro Susumu
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5600, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
- Jacobs Corporation, Hanover, MD, USA
| | - Eunkeu Oh
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5600, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Igor L Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Code 6900, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sebastián A Díaz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Code 6900, Washington, DC, USA.
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Weihs F, Gel M, Wang J, Anderson A, Trowell S, Dacres H. Development and characterisation of a compact device for rapid real-time-on-chip detection of thrombin activity in human serum using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 158:112162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Weihs F, Peh A, Dacres H. A red-shifted Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) biosensing system for rapid measurement of plasmin activity in human plasma. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1102:99-108. [PMID: 32044001 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are key signalling molecules for many physiological processes and their dysregulation is implicated in the progression of a range of diseases. Sensitive methods to measure protease activities in complex biological samples are critical for rapid disease diagnoses. The proteolytic activity of plasmin reflects the fibrinolysis state of blood and its deregulation can indicate pathologies such as bleeding events. While Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) is a powerful and sensitive method for the detection of protease activity, the commonly applied blue-shifted BRET2 system, consisting of the Renilla luciferase Rluc2 and the large-stokes shift fluorescent protein GFP2, suffers from light absorption and light scattering in human plasma samples. To address this challenge, we developed a red-shifted BRET-based plasmin sensor by substituting BRET2 with the BRET6 system. BRET6 is composed of the red-shifted RLuc8.6 luciferase linked to the red light emitting fluorescent protein TurboFP635. The BRET6 biosensor exhibited 3-fold less light absorption in plasma samples compared to the BRET2 sensor leading to an up to a 5-fold increase in sensitivity for plasmin detection in plasma. The limits of detection for plasmin were determined to be 11.90 nM in 7.5% (v/v) plasma with a 10 min assay which enables biologically relevant plasmin activities of thrombolytic therapies to be detected. While a colorigenic plasmin activity assay achieved a similar detection limit of 10.91 nM in 7.5% (v/v) human plasma, it required a 2 h incubation period. The BRET6 sensor described here is faster and more specific than the colorigenic assay as it did not respond to unspiked human plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Weihs
- CSIRO, Food Innovation Centre, 671 Sneydes Road, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia.
| | - Alex Peh
- CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, ACTON, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia; Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Helen Dacres
- CSIRO, Food Innovation Centre, 671 Sneydes Road, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia
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8
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Red-shifted bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer: Improved tools and materials for analytical in vivo approaches. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Zlobovskaya OA, Shirmanova MV, Kovaleva TF, Sarkisyan KS, Zagaynova EV, Lukyanov KA. Sensors for Caspase Activities. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162018060109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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den Hamer A, Dierickx P, Arts R, de Vries JSPM, Brunsveld L, Merkx M. Bright Bioluminescent BRET Sensor Proteins for Measuring Intracellular Caspase Activity. ACS Sens 2017; 2:729-734. [PMID: 28670623 PMCID: PMC5485374 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
![]()
FRET-based
caspase activity probes have become important tools
to monitor apoptotic cell signaling. However, their dependence on
external illumination is incompatible with light sensitive cells and
hampers applications that suffer from autofluorescence and light scattering.
Here we report the development of three caspase sensor proteins based
on Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) that retain the
advantages of genetically encoded, ratiometric optical probes but
do not require external illumination. These sensors consist of the
bright and stable luciferase NanoLuc and the fluorescent protein mNeonGreen,
fused together via a linker containing a recognition site for caspase-3,
-8, or -9. In vitro characterization showed that
each caspase sensor displayed a robust 10-fold decrease in BRET ratio
upon linker cleavage, with modest caspase specificity. Importantly,
whereas scattering and background fluorescence precluded FRET-based
detection of intracellular caspase activity in plate-reader assays,
such measurements could be easily performed using our caspase BRET
sensors in a high throughput format. The brightness of the BRET sensors
also enabled long-term single-cell imaging, allowing BRET-based recording
of cell heterogeneity in caspase activity in a heterogenic cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniek den Hamer
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pieterjan Dierickx
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division
of Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Arts
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joost S. P. M de Vries
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Merkx
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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11
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Cahill K, Suttmiller R, Oehrle M, Sabelhaus A, Gemene KL. Pulsed Chronopotentiometric Detection of Thrombin Activity Using Reversible Polyion Selective Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Cahill
- Department of Chemistry; Northern Kentucky University; Nunn Drive Highland Height, KY 41099
| | - Rebecca Suttmiller
- Department of Chemistry; Northern Kentucky University; Nunn Drive Highland Height, KY 41099
| | - Melissa Oehrle
- Department of Chemistry; Northern Kentucky University; Nunn Drive Highland Height, KY 41099
| | - Andrew Sabelhaus
- Department of Chemistry; Northern Kentucky University; Nunn Drive Highland Height, KY 41099
| | - Kebede L. Gemene
- Department of Chemistry; Northern Kentucky University; Nunn Drive Highland Height, KY 41099
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12
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De Niz M, Stanway RR, Wacker R, Keller D, Heussler VT. An ultrasensitive NanoLuc-based luminescence system for monitoring Plasmodium berghei throughout its life cycle. Malar J 2016; 15:232. [PMID: 27102897 PMCID: PMC4840902 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bioluminescence imaging is widely used for cell-based assays and animal imaging studies, both in biomedical research and drug development. Its main advantages include its high-throughput applicability, affordability, high sensitivity, operational simplicity, and quantitative outputs. In malaria research, bioluminescence has been used for drug discovery in vivo and in vitro, exploring host-pathogen interactions, and studying multiple aspects of Plasmodium biology. While the number of fluorescent proteins available for imaging has undergone a great expansion over the last two decades, enabling simultaneous visualization of multiple molecular and cellular events, expansion of available luciferases has lagged behind. The most widely used bioluminescent probe in malaria research is the Photinus pyralis firefly luciferase, followed by the more recently introduced Click-beetle and Renilla luciferases. Ultra-sensitive imaging of Plasmodium at low parasite densities has not been previously achieved. With the purpose of overcoming these challenges, a Plasmodium berghei line expressing the novel ultra-bright luciferase enzyme NanoLuc, called PbNLuc has been generated, and is presented in this work. Results NanoLuc shows at least 150 times brighter signal than firefly luciferase in vitro, allowing single parasite detection in mosquito, liver, and sexual and asexual blood stages. As a proof-of-concept, the PbNLuc parasites were used to image parasite development in the mosquito, liver and blood stages of infection, and to specifically explore parasite liver stage egress, and pre-patency period in vivo. Conclusions PbNLuc is a suitable parasite line for sensitive imaging of the entire Plasmodium life cycle. Its sensitivity makes it a promising line to be used as a reference for drug candidate testing, as well as the characterization of mutant parasites to explore the function of parasite proteins, host-parasite interactions, and the better understanding of Plasmodium biology. Since the substrate requirements of NanoLuc are different from those of firefly luciferase, dual bioluminescence imaging for the simultaneous characterization of two lines, or two separate biological processes, is possible, as demonstrated in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana De Niz
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Rebecca R Stanway
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rahel Wacker
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Derya Keller
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Volker T Heussler
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Chen L, Bao Y, Denstedt J, Zhang J. Nanostructured bioluminescent sensor for rapidly detecting thrombin. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 77:83-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Ng SM, Koneswaran M, Narayanaswamy R. A review on fluorescent inorganic nanoparticles for optical sensing applications. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24987b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent inorganic nanoparticles are immerging novel materials that can be adopted for a large number of optical bioassays and chemical sensing probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing Muk Ng
- Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science
- Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus
- Kuching
- Malaysia
| | | | - Ramaier Narayanaswamy
- School of Chemical Engineering & Analytical Science
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
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15
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Target engagement and drug residence time can be observed in living cells with BRET. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10091. [PMID: 26631872 PMCID: PMC4686764 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic action of drugs is predicated on their physical engagement with cellular targets. Here we describe a broadly applicable method using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) to reveal the binding characteristics of a drug with selected targets within intact cells. Cell-permeable fluorescent tracers are used in a competitive binding format to quantify drug engagement with the target proteins fused to Nanoluc luciferase. The approach enabled us to profile isozyme-specific engagement and binding kinetics for a panel of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Our analysis was directed particularly to the clinically approved prodrug FK228 (Istodax/Romidepsin) because of its unique and largely unexplained mechanism of sustained intracellular action. Analysis of the binding kinetics by BRET revealed remarkably long intracellular residence times for FK228 at HDAC1, explaining the protracted intracellular behaviour of this prodrug. Our results demonstrate a novel application of BRET for assessing target engagement within the complex milieu of the intracellular environment.
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Le NCH, Gel M, Zhu Y, Dacres H, Anderson A, Trowell SC. Real-time, continuous detection of maltose using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) on a microfluidic system. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 62:177-81. [PMID: 24999995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that a genetically encoded bioluminescent resonance energy transfer (BRET) biosensor, comprising maltose binding protein (MBP) flanked by a green fluorescent protein (GFP(2)) at the N-terminus and a variant of Renilla luciferase (RLuc2) at the C-terminus, has superior sensitivity and limits of detection for maltose, compared with an equivalent fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor. Here, we demonstrate that the same MBP biosensor can be combined with a microfluidic system for detection of maltose in water or beer. Using the BRET-based biosensor, maltose in water was detected on a microfluidic chip, either following a pre-incubation step or in real-time with similar sensitivity and dynamic range to those obtained using a commercial 96-well plate luminometer. The half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50) were 2.4×10(-7)M and 1.3×10(-7) M for maltose detected in pre-incubated and real-time reactions, respectively. To demonstrate real-time detection of maltose in a complex medium, we used it to estimate maltose concentration in a commercial beer sample in a real-time, continuous flow format. Our system demonstrates a promising approach to in-line monitoring for applications such as food and beverage processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Cao Hoai Le
- Microfluidics Laboratory, CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering and CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, Clayton South MDC, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Murat Gel
- Microfluidics Laboratory, CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering and CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, Clayton South MDC, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Yonggang Zhu
- Microfluidics Laboratory, CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering and CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, Clayton South MDC, Victoria 3169, Australia; Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Helen Dacres
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences and CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, GPO Box, 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Alisha Anderson
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences and CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, GPO Box, 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Stephen C Trowell
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences and CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, GPO Box, 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Wu N, Dacres H, Anderson A, Trowell SC, Zhu Y. Comparison of static and microfluidic protease assays using modified bioluminescence resonance energy transfer chemistry. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88399. [PMID: 24551097 PMCID: PMC3925127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fluorescence and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (F/BRET) are two forms of Förster resonance energy transfer, which can be used for optical transduction of biosensors. BRET has several advantages over fluorescence-based technologies because it does not require an external light source. There would be benefits in combining BRET transduction with microfluidics but the low luminance of BRET has made this challenging until now. Methodology We used a thrombin bioprobe based on a form of BRET (BRETH), which uses the BRET1 substrate, native coelenterazine, with the typical BRET2 donor and acceptor proteins linked by a thrombin target peptide. The microfluidic assay was carried out in a Y-shaped microfluidic network. The dependence of the BRETH ratio on the measurement location, flow rate and bioprobe concentration was quantified. Results were compared with the same bioprobe in a static microwell plate assay. Principal Findings The BRETH thrombin bioprobe has a lower limit of detection (LOD) than previously reported for the equivalent BRET1–based version but it is substantially brighter than the BRET2 version. The normalised BRETH ratio of the bioprobe changed 32% following complete cleavage by thrombin and 31% in the microfluidic format. The LOD for thrombin in the microfluidic format was 27 pM, compared with an LOD of 310 pM, using the same bioprobe in a static microwell assay, and two orders of magnitude lower than reported for other microfluidic chip-based protease assays. Conclusions These data demonstrate that BRET based microfluidic assays are feasible and that BRETH provides a useful test bed for optimising BRET-based microfluidics. This approach may be convenient for a wide range of applications requiring sensitive detection and/or quantification of chemical or biological analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering and Food Futures Flagship, Clayton South, Australia
| | - Helen Dacres
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences and Food Futures Flagship, Canberra, Australia
| | - Alisha Anderson
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences and Food Futures Flagship, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Yonggang Zhu
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences and Food Futures Flagship, Canberra, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Li F, Yu J, Zhang Z, Cui Z, Wang D, Wei H, Zhang XE. Use of hGluc/tdTomato pair for sensitive BRET sensing of protease with high solution media tolerance. Talanta 2013; 109:141-6. [PMID: 23618151 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to the complicated media, monitoring proteases in real physiological environments is still a big challenge. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) is one of the promising techniques but its application is limited by the susceptibility to buffer composition, which might cause serious errors for the assay. Herein we report a novel combination of BRET pair with humanized Gaussia luciferase (hGluc) and highly bright red fluorescence protein tdTomato for sensitive and robust protease activity determination. As a result, the hGluc/tdTomato BRET pair showed much better tolerance to buffer composition, pH and sample matrices, and wide spectral separation (Δλ:~110 nm). With the protease sensor built with this pair, the detection limit for enterokinase reached 2.1 pM in pure buffer and 3.3 pM in 3% serum. The proposed pair would find broad use in both in vitro and in vivo assays, especially for samples with complicated matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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19
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Maroui MA, Kheddache-Atmane S, El Asmi F, Dianoux L, Aubry M, Chelbi-Alix MK. Requirement of PML SUMO interacting motif for RNF4- or arsenic trioxide-induced degradation of nuclear PML isoforms. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44949. [PMID: 23028697 PMCID: PMC3445614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PML, the organizer of nuclear bodies (NBs), is expressed in several isoforms designated PMLI to VII which differ in their C-terminal region due to alternative splicing of a single gene. This variability is important for the function of the different PML isoforms. PML NB formation requires the covalent linkage of SUMO to PML. Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) enhances PML SUMOylation leading to an increase in PML NB size and promotes its interaction with RNF4, a poly-SUMO-dependent ubiquitin E3 ligase responsible for proteasome-mediated PML degradation. Furthermore, the presence of a bona fide SUMO Interacting Motif (SIM) within the C-terminal region of PML seems to be required for recruitment of other SUMOylated proteins within PML NBs. This motif is present in all PML isoforms, except in the nuclear PMLVI and in the cytoplasmic PMLVII. Using a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay in living cells, we found that As2O3 enhanced the SUMOylation and interaction with RNF4 of nuclear PML isoforms (I to VI). In addition, among the nuclear PML isoforms, only the one lacking the SIM sequence, PMLVI, was resistant to As2O3-induced PML degradation. Similarly, mutation of the SIM in PMLIII abrogated its sensitivity to As2O3-induced degradation. PMLVI and PMLIII-SIM mutant still interacted with RNF4. However, their resistance to the degradation process was due to their inability to be polyubiquitinated and to recruit efficiently the 20S core and the β regulatory subunit of the 11S complex of the proteasome in PML NBs. Such resistance of PMLVI to As2O3-induced degradation was alleviated by overexpression of RNF4. Our results demonstrate that the SIM of PML is dispensable for PML SUMOylation and interaction with RNF4 but is required for efficient PML ubiquitination, recruitment of proteasome components within NBs and proteasome-dependent degradation of PML in response to As2O3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Faten El Asmi
- CNRS, FRE 3235, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | - Muriel Aubry
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- * E-mail: (MKC); (MA)
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20
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Dacres H, Michie M, Anderson A, Trowell SC. Advantages of substituting bioluminescence for fluorescence in a resonance energy transfer-based periplasmic binding protein biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 41:459-64. [PMID: 23083905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A genetically encoded maltose biosensor was constructed, comprising maltose binding protein (MBP) flanked by a green fluorescent protein (GFP(2)) at the N-terminus and a Renilla luciferase variant (RLuc2) at the C-terminus. This Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer(2) (BRET(2)) system showed a 30% increase in the BRET ratio upon maltose binding, compared with a 10% increase with an equivalent fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor. BRET(2) provides a better matched Förster distance to the known separation of the N and C termini of MBP than FRET. The sensor responded to maltose and maltotriose and the response was completely abolished by introduction of a single point mutation in the BRET(2) tagged MBP protein. The half maximal effective concentration (EC(50)) was 0.37 μM for maltose and the response was linear over almost three log units ranging from 10nM to 3.16 μM maltose for the BRET(2) system compared to an EC(50) of 2.3 μM and a linear response ranging from 0.3 μM to 21.1 μM for the equivalent FRET-based biosensor. The biosensor's estimate of maltose in beer matched that of a commercial enzyme-linked assay but was quicker and more precise, demonstrating its applicability to real-world samples. A similar BRET(2)-based transduction scheme approach would likely be applicable to other binding proteins that have a "venus-fly-trap" mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Dacres
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship & Ecosystem Sciences, Australia, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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21
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Dacres H, Michie M, Wang J, Pfleger KDG, Trowell SC. Effect of enhanced Renilla luciferase and fluorescent protein variants on the Förster distance of Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 425:625-9. [PMID: 22877756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.07.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) is an important tool for monitoring macromolecular interactions and is useful as a transduction technique for biosensor development. Förster distance (R(0)), the intermolecular separation characterized by 50% of the maximum possible energy transfer, is a critical BRET parameter. R(0) provides a means of linking measured changes in BRET ratio to a physical dimension scale and allows estimation of the range of distances that can be measured by any donor-acceptor pair. The sensitivity of BRET assays has recently been improved by introduction of new BRET components, RLuc2, RLuc8 and Venus with improved quantum yields, stability and brightness. We determined R(0) for BRET(1) systems incorporating novel RLuc variants RLuc2 or RLuc8, in combination with Venus, as 5.68 or 5.55 nm respectively. These values were approximately 25% higher than the R(0) of the original BRET(1) system. R(0) for BRET(2) systems combining green fluorescent proteins (GFP(2)) with RLuc2 or RLuc8 variants was 7.67 or 8.15 nm, i.e. only 2-9% greater than the original BRET(2) system despite being ~30-fold brighter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Dacres
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship & Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra, Australia.
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22
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Abstract
Bioluminescence imaging of live cells has recently been recognized as an important alternative to fluorescence imaging. Fluorescent probes are much brighter than bioluminescent probes (luciferase enzymes) and, therefore, provide much better spatial and temporal resolution and much better contrast for delineating cell structure. However, with bioluminescence imaging there is virtually no background or toxicity. As a result, bioluminescence can be superior to fluorescence for detecting and quantifying molecules and their interactions in living cells, particularly in long-term studies. Structurally diverse luciferases from beetle and marine species have been used for a wide variety of applications, including tracking cells in vivo, detecting protein-protein interactions, measuring levels of calcium and other signaling molecules, detecting protease activity, and reporting circadian clock gene expression. Such applications can be optimized by the use of brighter and variously colored luciferases, brighter microscope optics, and ultrasensitive, low-noise cameras. This article presents a review of how bioluminescence differs from fluorescence, its applications to cellular imaging, and available probes, optics, and detectors. It also gives practical suggestions for optimal bioluminescence imaging of single cells.
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Denis C, Saulière A, Galandrin S, Sénard JM, Galés C. Probing heterotrimeric G protein activation: applications to biased ligands. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:128-44. [PMID: 22229559 DOI: 10.2174/138161212799040466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) drive numerous signaling pathways involved in the regulation of a broad range of physiologic processes. Today, they represent the largest target for modern drugs development with potential application in all clinical fields. Recently, the concept of "ligand-directed trafficking" has led to a conceptual revolution in pharmacological theory, thus opening new avenues for drug discovery. Accordingly, GPCRs do not function as simple on-off switch but rather as filters capable of selecting the activation of specific signals and thus generating texture responses to ligands, a phenomenon often referred to as ligand-biased signaling. Also, one challenging task today remains optimization of pharmacological assays with increased sensitivity so to better appreciate the inherent texture of ligands. However, considering that a single receptor has pleiotropic signaling properties and that each signal can crosstalk at different levels, biased activity remains thus difficult to evaluate. One strategy to overcome these limitations would be examining the initial steps following receptor activation. Even, if some G protein independent functions have been recently described, heterotrimeric G protein activation remains a general hallmark for all GPCRs families and the first cellular event subsequent to agonist binding to the receptor. Herein, we review the different methodologies classically used or recently developed to monitor G protein activation and discussed them in the context of G protein biased-ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette Denis
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France.
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Buffer enhanced bioluminescence resonance energy transfer sensor based on Gaussia luciferase for in vitro detection of protease. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 724:104-10. [PMID: 22483217 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) has gained favors in recent years as a detection technology for protease activity due to its extreme reliability, high sensitivity and low intrinsic backgrounds. Because of the sensitivity of the donors, substrates and the acceptors, it is expected that BRET systems are sensitive to buffer environments. However, no systematic study has been reported on how buffer components would affect the BRET ratio, and thus affect the determination of protease activity based on BRET. We present here that several environmental factors, including buffer agents, pH and divalent metal ions, influenced BRET ratio significantly, when humanized Gaussia luciferase (hGluc) was utilized as the donor and enhanced yellow fluorescence protein (EYFP) as the acceptor. Based on these findings, an enhancing solution was optimized to improve the performance of the BRET sensor for analysis of enterokinase activity in vitro, resulting in 10-fold and 7-fold improvement of the sensitivity and the detection limit, respectively. We anticipate the system will be applicable for improving performance of other in vitro BRET protease sensors, especially when the optimal conditions for protease activity would severely affect the BRET signal.
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Dacres H, Michie M, Trowell SC. Comparison of enhanced bioluminescence energy transfer donors for protease biosensors. Anal Biochem 2012; 424:206-10. [PMID: 22387387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bioluminescence energy transfer (BRET) is a powerful tool for the study of protein-protein interactions and conformational changes within proteins. We directly compared two recently developed variants of Renilla luciferase (RLuc), RLuc2 and RLuc8, as BRET donors using an in vitro thrombin assay. The comparison was carried out by placing a thrombin-specific cleavage sequence between the donor luciferase and a green fluorescent protein (GFP(2)) acceptor. Substitution of native RLuc with the RLuc mutants, RLuc2 and 8, in a BRET(2) fusion protein increased the light output by a factor of ~10. Substitution of native RLuc with either of the RLuc mutants resulted in a decrease in BRET(2) ratio by a factor of ~2 when BRET(2) components were separated by the thrombin cleavage sequence. BRET(2) ratios changed by factors of 18.8±1.2 and 18.2±0.4 for GFP(2)-RG-RLuc2 and GFP(2)-RG-RLuc8 fusion proteins, respectively, on thrombin cleavage compared to 28.8±0.20 for GFP(2)-RG-RLuc. The detection limits for thrombin were 0.23 and 0.26 nM for RLuc2 and RLuc8 BRET(2) systems, respectively, and 15 pM for GFP(2)-RG-RLuc. However, overall, the mutant BRET systems remain more sensitive than FRET and brighter than standard BRET(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Dacres
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship & CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Australia, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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26
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Drinovec L, Kubale V, Nøhr Larsen J, Vrecl M. Mathematical models for quantitative assessment of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer: application to seven transmembrane receptors oligomerization. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:104. [PMID: 22973259 PMCID: PMC3428587 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea that seven transmembrane receptors (7TMRs; also designated G-protein coupled receptors, GPCRs) might form dimers or higher order oligomeric complexes was formulated more than 20 years ago and has been intensively studied since then. In the last decade, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) has been one of the most frequently used biophysical methods for studying 7TMRs oligomerization. This technique enables monitoring physical interactions between protein partners in living cells fused to donor and acceptor moieties. It relies on non-radiative transfer of energy between donor and acceptor, depending on their intermolecular distance (1-10 nm) and relative orientation. Results derived from BRET-based techniques are very persuasive; however, they need appropriate controls and critical interpretation. To overcome concerns about the specificity of BRET-derived results, a set of experiments has been proposed, including negative control with a non-interacting receptor or protein, BRET dilution, saturation, and competition assays. This article presents the theoretical background behind BRET assays, then outlines mathematical models for quantitative interpretation of BRET saturation and competition assay results, gives examples of their utilization and discusses the possibilities of quantitative analysis of data generated with other RET-based techniques.
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27
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Couturier C, Deprez B. Setting Up a Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer High throughput Screening Assay to Search for Protein/Protein Interaction Inhibitors in Mammalian Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:100. [PMID: 22973258 PMCID: PMC3438444 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Each step of the cell life and its response or adaptation to its environment are mediated by a network of protein/protein interactions termed "interactome." Our knowledge of this network keeps growing due to the development of sensitive techniques devoted to study these interactions. The bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) technique was primarily developed to allow the dynamic monitoring of protein/protein interactions (PPI) in living cells, and has widely been used to study receptor activation by intra- or extra-molecular conformational changes within receptors and activated complexes in mammal cells. Some interactions are described as crucial in human pathological processes, and a new class of drugs targeting them has recently emerged. The BRET method is well suited to identify inhibitors of PPI and here is described why and how to set up and optimize a high throughput screening assay based on BRET to search for such inhibitory compounds. The different parameters to take into account when developing such BRET assays in mammal cells are reviewed to give general guidelines: considerations on the targeted interaction, choice of BRET version, inducibility of the interaction, kinetic of the monitored interaction, and of the BRET reading, influence of substrate concentration, number of cells and medium composition used on the Z' factor, and expected interferences from colored or fluorescent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Couturier
- Univ Lille Nord de FranceLille, France
- INSERM U761, Biostructures and Drug DiscoveryLille, France
- Université du Droit et de la Santé de LilleLille, France
- Institut Pasteur LilleLille, France
- Pôle de Recherche Interdisciplinaire sur le MédicamentLille, France
- *Correspondence: Cyril Couturier, UMR 761, Biostructure and Drug Discovery, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille 2, 1 rue du Pr Calmette, 59000 Lille, France. e-mail:
| | - Benoit Deprez
- Univ Lille Nord de FranceLille, France
- INSERM U761, Biostructures and Drug DiscoveryLille, France
- Université du Droit et de la Santé de LilleLille, France
- Institut Pasteur LilleLille, France
- Pôle de Recherche Interdisciplinaire sur le MédicamentLille, France
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28
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Dacres H, Wang J, Leitch V, Horne I, Anderson AR, Trowell SC. Greatly enhanced detection of a volatile ligand at femtomolar levels using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 29:119-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Oka T, Takagi H, Tohya Y, Murakami K, Takeda N, Wakita T, Katayama K. Bioluminescence technologies to detect calicivirus protease activity in cell-free system and in infected cells. Antiviral Res 2011; 90:9-16. [PMID: 21316392 PMCID: PMC7127765 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is an important veterinary pathogen and causes respiratory disease in cats. Because it grows well in cell culture, FCV is often used as a model virus of non-culturable caliciviruses. In this study, a cell-free and two cell culture-based biosensor assay systems were established to detect FCV protease activity. The assays utilize luciferase sensor technology or second-generation bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET2). A luciferase sensor was designed to contain an FCV protease cleavage motif within the permutated luciferase (GloSensor). The BRET2-based probe contained the same cleavage motif flanked by a renilla luciferase and a variant of green fluorescent protein. To confirm the specificity of these assay systems, GloSensor or a BRET2-based probe containing a mutation in the cleavage motif was also constructed. In a cell-free assay, GloSensor showed increased luminescence in proportion to the amount of FCV protease, while no signal change was observed when the construct harboring the mutant cleavage motif was used. A feline cell line stably expressing GloSensor or the BRET2-based probe was established. Increased levels of GloSensor luminescence, and decreased levels of BRET2 signals were observed according to input FCV titers. In contrast, no significant signal change was observed in the cells stably expressing the mutant cleavage motif. GloSensor and the BRET2-based probe were capable of detecting the inhibitory activity of ribavirin in FCV-infected cells. Our results demonstrate that these biosensors are useful to detect FCV protease activity induced in infected cells, and well worth consideration for screening of anti-FCV protease compounds in cell-free system as well as anti-FCV compounds in cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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Biswas KH, Visweswariah SS. Distinct allostery induced in the cyclic GMP-binding, cyclic GMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE5) by cyclic GMP, sildenafil, and metal ions. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:8545-8554. [PMID: 21193396 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.193185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of many proteins orchestrating different biological processes is regulated by allostery, where ligand binding at one site alters the function of another site. Allosteric changes can be brought about by either a change in the dynamics of a protein, or alteration in its mean structure. We have investigated the mechanisms of allostery induced by chemically distinct ligands in the cGMP-binding, cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase, PDE5. PDE5 is the target for catalytic site inhibitors, such as sildenafil, that are used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. PDE5 is a multidomain protein and contains two N-terminal cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase, bacterial adenylyl cyclase, FhLA transcriptional regulator (GAF) domains, and a C-terminal catalytic domain. Cyclic GMP binding to the GAFa domain and sildenafil binding to the catalytic domain result in conformational changes, which to date have been studied either with individual domains or with purified enzyme. Employing intramolecular bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, which can monitor conformational changes both in vitro and in intact cells, we show that binding of cGMP and sildenafil to PDE5 results in distinct conformations of the protein. Metal ions bound to the catalytic site also allosterically modulated cGMP- and sildenafil-induced conformational changes. The sildenafil-induced conformational change was temperature-sensitive, whereas cGMP-induced conformational change was independent of temperature. This indicates that different allosteric ligands can regulate the conformation of a multidomain protein by distinct mechanisms. Importantly, this novel PDE5 sensor has general physiological and clinical relevance because it allows the identification of regulators that can modulate PDE5 conformation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir H Biswas
- From the Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development, and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sandhya S Visweswariah
- From the Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development, and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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Saito K, Hatsugai N, Horikawa K, Kobayashi K, Matsu-ura T, Mikoshiba K, Nagai T. Auto-luminescent genetically-encoded ratiometric indicator for real-time Ca2+ imaging at the single cell level. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9935. [PMID: 20376337 PMCID: PMC2848576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efficient bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) from a bioluminescent protein to a fluorescent protein with high fluorescent quantum yield has been utilized to enhance luminescence intensity, allowing single-cell imaging in near real time without external light illumination. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We applied BRET to develop an autoluminescent Ca(2+) indicator, BRAC, which is composed of Ca(2+)-binding protein, calmodulin, and its target peptide, M13, sandwiched between a yellow fluorescent protein variant, Venus, and an enhanced Renilla luciferase, RLuc8. Adjusting the relative dipole orientation of the luminescent protein's chromophores improved the dynamic range of BRET signal change in BRAC up to 60%, which is the largest dynamic range among BRET-based indicators reported so far. Using BRAC, we demonstrated successful visualization of Ca(2+) dynamics at the single-cell level with temporal resolution at 1 Hz. Moreover, BRAC signals were acquired by ratiometric imaging capable of canceling out Ca(2+)-independent signal drifts due to change in cell shape, focus shift, etc. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The brightness and large dynamic range of BRAC should facilitate high-sensitive Ca(2+) imaging not only in single live cells but also in small living subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Saito
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-20, Nishi-10 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Hatsugai
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-20, Nishi-10 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Research Center for Cooperative Projects, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuki Horikawa
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-20, Nishi-10 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-20, Nishi-10 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toru Matsu-ura
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Mikoshiba
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-20, Nishi-10 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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Dacres H, Wang J, Dumancic MM, Trowell SC. Experimental determination of the Förster distance for two commonly used bioluminescent resonance energy transfer pairs. Anal Chem 2010; 82:432-5. [PMID: 19957970 DOI: 10.1021/ac9022956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Förster resonance energy transfer (RET) is the nonradiative transfer of energy from a donor to an acceptor fluorophore. The Förster distance (R(0)), being the fluorophore separation corresponding to 50% of the maximum RET efficiency (E(RET)), is a critical parameter for optimization of RET biosensors. Sensitive RET-based monitoring of molecular rearrangements requires that the separation of the donor and acceptor RET pair is matched to their Förster distance. Here, for the first time, we experimentally determine the Förster distance for BRET(1), R(0) = 4.4 nm, and for BRET(2), R(0) = 7.5 nm. The latter is the largest reported value for a genetically encoded RET pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dacres
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship & Division of Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australia, ACT 2601.
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