1
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Hu J, Yan X, Chris Le X. Label-free detection of biomolecules using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:2625-2640. [PMID: 38175283 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Bioassays using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) have gained increasing attention because of the high sensitivity of ICP-MS and the various strategies of labeling biomolecules with detectable metal tags. The classic strategy to tag the target biomolecules is through direct antibody-antigen interaction and DNA hybridization, and requires the separation of the bound from the unbound tags. Label-free ICP-MS techniques for biomolecular assays do not require direct labeling: they generate detectable metal ions indirectly from specific biomolecular reactions, such as enzymatic cleavage. Here, we highlight the development of three main strategies of label-free ICP-MS assays for biomolecules: (1) enzymatic cleavage of metal-labeled substrates, (2) release of immobilized metal ions from the DNA backbone, and (3) nucleic acid amplification-assisted aggregation and release of metal tags to achieve amplified detection. We briefly describe the fundamental basis of these label-free ICP-MS assays and discuss the benefits and drawbacks of various designs. Future research is needed to reduce non-specific adsorption and minimize background and interference. Analytical innovations are also required to confront challenges faced by in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Hu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Xiaowen Yan
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - X Chris Le
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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2
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Suresh V, Byers K, Rajesh UC, Caiazza F, Zhu G, Craik CS, Kirkwood K, Davisson VJ, Sheik DA. Translation of a Protease Turnover Assay for Clinical Discrimination of Mucinous Pancreatic Cysts. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12061343. [PMID: 35741154 PMCID: PMC9222202 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12061343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The classification of pancreatic cyst fluids can provide a basis for the early detection of pancreatic cancer while eliminating unnecessary procedures. A candidate biomarker, gastricsin (pepsin C), was found to be present in potentially malignant mucinous pancreatic cyst fluids. A gastricsin activity assay using a magnetic bead-based platform has been developed using immobilized peptide substrates selective for gastricsin bearing a dimeric rhodamine dye. The unique dye structure allows quantitation of enzyme-cleaved product by both fluorescence and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The performance of this assay was compared with ELISA assays of pepsinogen C and the standard of care, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), in the same clinical sample cohort. A retrospective cohort of mucinous (n = 40) and non-mucinous (n = 29) classes of pancreatic cyst fluid samples were analyzed using the new protease activity assay. For both assay detection modes, successful differentiation of mucinous and non-mucinous cyst fluid was achieved using 1 µL clinical samples. The activity-based assays in combination with CEA exhibit optimal sensitivity and specificity of 87% and 93%, respectively. The use of this gastricsin activity assay requires a minimal volume of clinical specimen, offers a rapid assay time, and shows improvements in the differentiation of mucinous and non-mucinous cysts using an accurate standardized readout of product formation, all without interfering with the clinical standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vallabh Suresh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (V.S.); (V.J.D.)
| | - Kaleb Byers
- Amplified Sciences, Inc., West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; (K.B.); (U.C.R.)
| | | | - Francesco Caiazza
- Alaunus Biosciences, Inc., San Francisco, CA 94107, USA;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Gina Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (G.Z.); (K.K.)
| | - Charles S. Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Kimberly Kirkwood
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (G.Z.); (K.K.)
| | - Vincent Jo Davisson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (V.S.); (V.J.D.)
- Amplified Sciences, Inc., West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; (K.B.); (U.C.R.)
| | - Daniel A. Sheik
- Amplified Sciences, Inc., West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; (K.B.); (U.C.R.)
- Correspondence:
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3
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Poreba M, Groborz KM, Rut W, Pore M, Snipas SJ, Vizovisek M, Turk B, Kuhn P, Drag M, Salvesen GS. Multiplexed Probing of Proteolytic Enzymes Using Mass Cytometry-Compatible Activity-Based Probes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16704-16715. [PMID: 32870676 PMCID: PMC7595764 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The subset of the proteome that contains enzymes in their catalytically active form can be interrogated by using probes targeted toward individual specific enzymes. A subset of such enzymes are proteases that are frequently studied with activity-based probes, small inhibitors equipped with a detectable tag, commonly a fluorophore. Due to the spectral overlap of these commonly used fluorophores, multiplex analysis becomes limited. To overcome this, we developed a series of protease-selective lanthanide-labeled probes compatible with mass cytometry giving us the ability to monitor the activity of multiple proteases in parallel. Using these probes, we were able to identify the distribution of four proteases with different active site geometries in three cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This provides a framework for the use of mass cytometry for multiplexed enzyme activity detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Poreba
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna M. Groborz
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wioletta Rut
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Milind Pore
- University of Southern California, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Scott J. Snipas
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Boris Turk
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Kuhn
- University of Southern California, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marcin Drag
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Guy S. Salvesen
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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4
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Liu H, Yin H, Dong Y, Ding H, Chu X. Electrochemiluminescence resonance energy transfer between luminol and black phosphorus nanosheets for the detection of trypsin via the “off–on–off” switch mode. Analyst 2020; 145:2204-2211. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00156b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the electrochemiluminescence behavior of a luminol–H2O2 system was studied on a black phosphorus nanosheet modified electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion and High Valued Utilization
- Hexian Development Institute of Chemical Industry
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
| | - Hao Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion and High Valued Utilization
- Hexian Development Institute of Chemical Industry
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
| | - YongPing Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion and High Valued Utilization
- Hexian Development Institute of Chemical Industry
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
| | - HouCheng Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion and High Valued Utilization
- Hexian Development Institute of Chemical Industry
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
| | - XiangFeng Chu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion and High Valued Utilization
- Hexian Development Institute of Chemical Industry
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
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5
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Zhang S, Chen C, Qin X, Zhang Q, Liu J, Zhu J, Gao Y, Li L, Huang W. Ultrasensitive detection of trypsin activity and inhibitor screening based on the electron transfer between phosphorescence copper nanocluster and cytochrome c. Talanta 2018; 189:92-99. [PMID: 30086981 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Trypsin, as one of important proteases, is specific for catalyzing the hydrolysis of peptide and ester bonds containing lysine and arginine residues at the C-terminus. The level of trypsin in biological fluids can serve as a reliable and specific diagnostic biomarker for pancreatic function and its pathological changes. Herein, we demonstrate the application of phosphorescent Cu NCs for trypsin detection for the first time depending on the electron transfer between Cu NCs and cyt c. Cyt c and Cu NCs were selected as the quencher and the fluorophore, respectively. Cu NCs could bind to the positively charged cyt c through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, and the phosphorescence of Cu NCs was efficiently quenched by the metal-containing heme of cyt c. In the presence of trypsin, cyt c was digested, thus phosphorescence of Cu NCs remained. Therefore, a new and continuous phosphorescence assay for the detection of trypsin activity and its inhibitor screening was established. The plot of relative fluorescence versus trypsin concentration obtains a good linear detection range from 0 to 20 ng/mL (R2 = 0.9657), and a detection limit of 2 ng/mL, which is much lower than 20 ng/mL of the sensor in buffer solution because of urine amplifying the phosphorescence signal of Cu NCs based on the FRET strategy. This assay still has been successfully applied to trypsin inhibitor screening, demonstrating its potential application in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Can Chen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiaofei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Qianchen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Jixin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yongqian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China; Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
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6
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Wu L, Yang SH, Xiong H, Yang JQ, Guo J, Yang WC, Yang GF. Nonpeptide-Based Small-Molecule Probe for Fluorogenic and Chromogenic Detection of Chymotrypsin. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3687-3693. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b05115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Hou Yang
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Hao Xiong
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Qian Yang
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Chao Yang
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science
and Engineering, Tianjin 30071, P.R. China
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7
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Cahill K, Suttmiller R, Oehrle M, Sabelhaus A, Gemene KL. Pulsed Chronopotentiometric Detection of Thrombin Activity Using Reversible Polyion Selective Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Cahill
- Department of Chemistry; Northern Kentucky University; Nunn Drive Highland Height, KY 41099
| | - Rebecca Suttmiller
- Department of Chemistry; Northern Kentucky University; Nunn Drive Highland Height, KY 41099
| | - Melissa Oehrle
- Department of Chemistry; Northern Kentucky University; Nunn Drive Highland Height, KY 41099
| | - Andrew Sabelhaus
- Department of Chemistry; Northern Kentucky University; Nunn Drive Highland Height, KY 41099
| | - Kebede L. Gemene
- Department of Chemistry; Northern Kentucky University; Nunn Drive Highland Height, KY 41099
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8
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Li S, Fu Y, Ma X, Zhang Y. Label-free fluorometric detection of chymotrypsin activity using graphene oxide/nucleic-acid-stabilized silver nanoclusters hybrid materials. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 88:210-216. [PMID: 27561443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic function tests are used to determine the presence of chronic pancreatitis, particularly in the early stage of the disease. Chymotrypsin is an indicator of pancreatic function and is thus related to pancreatic diseases. A new fluorescent biosensing method for assay of chymotrypsin activity was developed using DNA (dC12)-templated silver nanoclusters and graphene oxide (GO). A peptide probe was also designed using chymotrypsin-cleavable amino acid sequence and a cysteine terminus. The peptide probe formed Ag-S bond to dC12-AgNCs to enhance the fluorescence of dC12-AgNCs. After the addition of GO, the peptide was adsorbed to the negative GO surface and the fluorescence of dC12-AgNCs was quenched by FRET. The peptide was then degraded into amino acid fragments upon addition of chymotrypsin; these fragments were released from the GO surface, and the FRET was terminated. The developed label-free method features lower cost and higher sensitivity to chymotrypsin activity assay compared with conventional fluorescence analysis. The method can be used to analyze chymotrypsin (as low as 3ng/mL, signal/noise =3) across a dynamic range of 0.0-50.0ng/mL. The proposed biosensing strategy can also be extended to other proteases by using different peptide substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062 PR China; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062 PR China
| | - Yuewei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062 PR China; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062 PR China
| | - Xuejuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062 PR China; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062 PR China
| | - Yaodong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062 PR China; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062 PR China.
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9
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Poreba M, Szalek A, Kasperkiewicz P, Rut W, Salvesen GS, Drag M. Small Molecule Active Site Directed Tools for Studying Human Caspases. Chem Rev 2015; 115:12546-629. [PMID: 26551511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Caspases are proteases of clan CD and were described for the first time more than two decades ago. They play critical roles in the control of regulated cell death pathways including apoptosis and inflammation. Due to their involvement in the development of various diseases like cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, or autoimmune disorders, caspases have been intensively investigated as potential drug targets, both in academic and industrial laboratories. This review presents a thorough, deep, and systematic assessment of all technologies developed over the years for the investigation of caspase activity and specificity using substrates and inhibitors, as well as activity based probes, which in recent years have attracted considerable interest due to their usefulness in the investigation of biological functions of this family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Poreba
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szalek
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Kasperkiewicz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wioletta Rut
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Guy S Salvesen
- Program in Cell Death and Survival Networks, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Marcin Drag
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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10
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Guo X, Liu W, Bai X, He X, Zhang B. Speciation of chromium in chromium yeast. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:3245-50. [PMID: 25269546 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1751-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography was used to separate Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in samples with detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS). The separation was achieved on a weak anion exchange column. The mobile phase was pH 7.0 ammonium nitrate solution. The redox reaction between Cr(III) and Cr(VI) was avoided during separation and determination. This separation method could be used to separate the samples with large concentration differences between Cr(III) and Cr(VI). The alkaline digestion was used to extract chromium in solid sample, which had no effect on the retention time and the peak area of the Cr(VI). However, the conversion of Cr(VI) from Cr(III) was observed during alkaline digestion, which displayed positive relation with the ratio of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in samples. Both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) contents of chromium yeasts cultured in media with different chromium additions were determined. The spike recoveries of Cr(VI) for chromium yeasts were in the range of 95-108 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuena Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
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11
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Liu R, Wu P, Yang L, Hou X, Lv Y. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry-based immunoassay: a review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2014; 33:373-393. [PMID: 24272753 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The last 10 years witnessed the emerging and growing up of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS)-based immunoassay. Its high sensitivity and multiplex potential have made ICPMS a revolutionary technique for bioanalyte quantification after element-tagged immunoassay. This review focuses on the major developments and the applications of ICPMS-based immunoassay, with emphasis on methodological innovations. The ICPMS-based immunoassay with elemental tags of metal ions, nanoparticles, and metal containing polymers was discussed in detail. The recent development of multiplex assay, mass cytometry, suspension array, and surface analysis demonstrated the versatility and great potential of this technique. ICPMS-based immunoassay has become one of the key methods in bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P.R. China; Mineral Resources Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Higher Education Institutions, College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610059, P.R. China
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12
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Liang RP, Tian XC, Qiu P, Qiu JD. Multiplexed electrochemical detection of trypsin and chymotrypsin based on distinguishable signal nanoprobes. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9256-63. [PMID: 25145572 DOI: 10.1021/ac502318x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we developed a novel multisignal output for simultaneous detection of multiple proteases by using nanoprobes labeled with distinguishable electrochemical probes. First, biotinylated peptide1 (S1) and biotinylated peptide2 (S2) were associated with biotinylated DNA1 and DNA2 via biotin-streptavidin interaction, forming DNA1-S1 and DNA2-S2, respectively. Two distinguishable signal nanoprobes (DNA1'-Au NPs-Thi and DNA2'-Au NPs-Fc) were prepared by initial assembling DNA1' and DNA2' on the Au NPs surface, respectively, and then carrying corresponding thionine (Thi) and 6-(Ferrocenyl)hexanethiol (Fc). Then, the peptide substrates (DNA1-S1 and DNA2-S2) were immobilized on gold electrode surface through Au-S bonds, and the DNA1'-Au NPs-Thi and DNA2'-Au NPs-Fc were assembled to the peptide-DNA-modified electrode surface via DNA hybridization. The targets of trypsin and chymotrypsin can specifically recognize and cleave peptides with different sequences, releasing DNA1'-Au NPs-Thi and DNA2'-Au NPs-Fc from the electrode surface into solution, thus decreasing the current of Thi and Fc. The decrease in the electrochemical currents of the two signal nanoprobes enables us to simultaneously and quantitatively determine the targets trypsin and chymotrypsin. More importantly, this strategy can be extended easily by designing various proteases-specific peptide substrates and utilizing corresponding electrochemical detectable elements for simultaneous multiplex protease assay in various biosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Ping Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University , Nanchang 330031 People's Republic of China
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13
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Liao D, Li Y, Chen J, Yu C. A fluorescence turn-on method for real-time monitoring of protease activity based on the electron transfer between a fluorophore labeled oligonucleotide and cytochrome c. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 784:72-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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14
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Gregorius B, Jakoby T, Schaumlöffel D, Tholey A. Monitoring of Protease Catalyzed Reactions by Quantitative MALDI MS Using Metal Labeling. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5184-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4005452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gregorius
- Institute for Experimental Medicine − Div. Systematic Proteome Research, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Jakoby
- Institute for Experimental Medicine − Div. Systematic Proteome Research, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dirk Schaumlöffel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement/IPREM, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour/CNRS UMR 5254, Helioparc, 2, av. Pr. Angot, 64053 Pau, France
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Institute for Experimental Medicine − Div. Systematic Proteome Research, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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15
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Detection and quantification of proteins and cells by use of elemental mass spectrometry: progress and challenges. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5663-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Sanz-Medel A, Montes-Bayón M, Bettmer J, Luisa Fernández-Sanchez M, Ruiz Encinar J. ICP-MS for absolute quantification of proteins for heteroatom-tagged, targeted proteomics. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Gul S, Gribbon P. Exemplification of the challenges associated with utilising fluorescence intensity based assays in discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 5:681-90. [PMID: 22823207 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2010.495748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Despite the advances in the understanding of biological processes, significant challenges still face those engaged in small molecule drug discovery. To complicate matters further, researchers are often overwhelmed with a range of off-the-shelf as well as bespoke assay formats to choose from when initiating a drug discovery programme. Although fluorescence intensity based assays have traditionally been adopted in drug discovery programmes for a wide range of target classes, it is essential to fully validate the chosen readouts to confirm that they accurately reflect the underlying biological mechanism under investigation. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review exemplifies the challenges that are often encountered with fluorescence intensity based assays and particular attention is paid to compound interference, the protease, deacetylating enzyme and kinase enzyme target classes. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Designing a critical path in early stage drug discovery, which combines several diverse and minimally overlapping readout modes, will maximise the chance that compound activities will translate between the primary assay (utilised in the initial screening campaign) and secondary assay (utilised to evaluate the confirmed hits identified in the primary assay, usually a cell based assay) formats in a meaningful way. However, this is not always the case as is amply demonstrated across both academia and the pharmaceutical industry. Paying insufficient attention to these points can lead to the early termination of drug discovery programmes, not for want of resources or confidence in the rationale underlying the target, but instead because decision making has been driven by assay data originating from a different biological mechanism than the one under investigation. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Although fluorescence intensity based assays are likely to remain popular for many target classes in drug discovery, in particular in small molecule screening campaigns, it is essential that at the outset they are sufficiently well validated so that compounds are likely to exhibit profiles that are confirmed in subsequent assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheraz Gul
- European ScreeningPort GmbH, Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
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18
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Chang CC, Lin S, Lee CH, Chuang TL, Hsueh PR, Lai HC, Lin CW. Amplified surface plasmon resonance immunosensor for interferon-gamma based on a streptavidin-incorporated aptamer. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 37:68-74. [PMID: 22626829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis, which is a major public health problem worldwide. Although significant progress has been made with regard to the design of enzyme immunoassays for IFN-γ, this assay is still labor-intensive and time-consuming. We therefore designed a DNA aptamer hairpin structure for the detection of IFN-γ with high sensitivity and selectivity. A streptavidin DNA aptamer was incorporated into the IFN-γ binding aptamer probe for the amplified detection of the target molecules. Initially, the probe remained in the inactive configuration. The addition of IFN-γ induced the rearrangement of the aptamer structure, allowing the self-assembly of the active streptavidin aptamer conformation for the streptavidin molecular recognition. Under optimized conditions, the detection limit was determined to be 33 pM, with a dynamic range from 0.3 to 333 nM, both of which were superior to those of corresponding optical sensors. Because combined aptamers are composed of nucleic acids, this optical aptasensor provided the advantages of high sensitivity, simplicity, reusability, and no further labeling or sample pre-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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19
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van den Berg BHJ, Tholey A. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics strategies for protease cleavage site identification. Proteomics 2012; 12:516-29. [PMID: 22246699 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Protease-catalyzed hydrolysis of peptide bonds is one of the most pivotal post-translational modifications fulfilling manifold functions in the regulation of cellular processes. Therefore, dysregulation of proteolytic reactions plays a central role in many pathophysiological events. For this reason, understanding the molecular mechanisms in proteolytic reactions, in particular the knowledge of proteases involved in complex processes, expression levels and activity of protease and knowledge of the targeted substrates are an indispensable prerequisite for targeted drug development. The present review focuses on mass spectrometry-based proteomic methods for the analysis of protease cleavage sites, including the identification of the hydrolyzed bonds as well as of the surrounding sequence. Peptide- and protein-centric approaches and bioinformatic tools for experimental data interpretation will be presented and the major advantages and drawbacks of the different approaches will be addressed. The recent applications of these approaches for the analysis of biological function of different protease classes and potential future directions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart H J van den Berg
- AG Systematische Proteomforschung, Institut für Experimentelle Medizin, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany.
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20
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Gemene KL, Meyerhoff ME. Detection of protease activities by flash chronopotentiometry using a reversible polycation-sensitive polymeric membrane electrode. Anal Biochem 2011; 416:67-73. [PMID: 21601559 PMCID: PMC3125491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical method, termed flash chronopotentiometry (FCP), is used to develop a rapid and sensitive method for detecting protease activities. In this method, an appropriate current pulse is applied across a polycation-selective polymer membrane to induce a strong flux of the polycationic peptides from the sample phase into the organic membrane of the electrode. During this current pulse, the cell potential (EMF) is monitored continuously, and is a function of the polypeptide concentration. The imposed current causes a local depletion of the polypeptide at the sample/membrane interface, which yields a drastic potential change in the observed chronopotentiogram at a characteristic time, called the transition time (τ). For a given magnitude of current, the square root of τ is directly proportional to the concentration of the polypeptide. Proteases cleave polypeptides into smaller fragments that are not favorably extracted into the membrane of the sensor. Therefore, a decrease in the transition time is observed during the proteolysis process. The degree of change in the transition time can be correlated to protease activity. To demonstrate this approach, the activities of trypsin and α-chymotrypsin are detected using protamine and synthetic polycationic oligopeptides that possess specific cleavage sites that are recognized by these proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebede L. Gemene
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Mark E. Meyerhoff
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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21
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Abdelrahman AI, Thickett SC, Liang Y, Ornatsky O, Baranov V, Winnik MA. Surface Functionalization Methods to Enhance Bioconjugation in Metal-Labeled Polystyrene Particles. Macromolecules 2011; 44:4801-4813. [PMID: 21799543 PMCID: PMC3143033 DOI: 10.1021/ma200582q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanide-encoded polystyrene particles synthesized by dispersion polymerization are excellent candidates for mass cytometry based immunoassays, however they have previously lacked the ability to conjugate biomolecules to the particle surface. We present here three approaches to post-functionalize these particles, enabling the covalent attachment of proteins. Our first approach used partially hydrolyzed poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) as a dispersion polymerization stabilizer to synthesize particles with high concentration of -COOH groups on the particle surface. In an alternative strategy to provide -COOH functionality to the lanthanide-encoded particles, we employed seeded emulsion polymerization to graft poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) chains onto the surface of these particles. However, these two approaches gave little to no improvement in the extent of bioconjugation. In our third approach, seeded emulsion polymerization was subsequently used as a method to grow a functional polymer shell (in this case, poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA)) onto the surface of these particles, which proved highly successful. The epoxide-rich PGMA shell permitted extensive surface bioconjugation of NeutrAvidin, as probed by an Lu-labeled biotin reporter (ca. 7 × 10(5) binding events per particle with a very low amount of non-specific binding) and analyzed by mass cytometry. It was shown that coupling agents such as EDC were not needed, such was the reactivity of the particle surface. These particles were stable and the addition of a polymeric shell was shown did not affect the narrow lanthanide ion distribution within the particle interior as analyzed by mass cytometry. These particles represent the most promising candidates for the development of a highly multiplexed bioassay based on lanthanide-labeled particles to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I. Abdelrahman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street Toronto ON M5S3H6, Canada
| | - Stuart C. Thickett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street Toronto ON M5S3H6, Canada
- School of Chemistry F11, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Yi Liang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street Toronto ON M5S3H6, Canada
| | - Olga Ornatsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street Toronto ON M5S3H6, Canada
| | - Vladimir Baranov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street Toronto ON M5S3H6, Canada
| | - Mitchell A. Winnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street Toronto ON M5S3H6, Canada
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22
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Yan X, Yang L, Wang Q. Lanthanide-Coded Protease-Specific Peptide-Nanoparticle Probes for a Label-Free Multiplex Protease Assay Using Element Mass Spectrometry: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201101087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Yan X, Yang L, Wang Q. Lanthanide-Coded Protease-Specific Peptide-Nanoparticle Probes for a Label-Free Multiplex Protease Assay Using Element Mass Spectrometry: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5130-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Lathia US, Ornatsky O, Baranov V, Nitz M. Multiplexed protease assays using element-tagged substrates. Anal Biochem 2010; 408:157-9. [PMID: 20849809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)-based assays lend themselves to multiplexing due to the high resolution between mass channels, the sensitivity, and the reliability of the technique. Here the potential of ICP-MS-based protease assays is demonstrated with a quadruplex assay of cysteine proteases and metalloproteases. Four orthogonal peptide substrates were synthesized for the proteases calpain-1, caspase-3, matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9), and a disintegrin and metalloprotease-10 (ADAM10). Each substrate carries a biotin tag at the C terminus and a diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-based lanthanide complex at the N terminus. The results demonstrate that this is a simple and reproducible analysis technique with excellent correlation between the single and multiplex assay formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urja S Lathia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Sanz-Medel A. ICP-MS for multiplex absolute determinations of proteins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:1853-9. [PMID: 20711768 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4091-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years MS-based proteomics has been turning quantitative because only the quantity of existing proteins or changes of their abundance in a studied sample reflect the actual status and the extent of possible changes in a given biological system. So far, however, only relative quantifications are common place. Recently, the ideal analytical features of ICP-MS that allow robust, accurate and precise absolute determinations of heteroelements (present in proteins and their peptides) have opened the door to its use, as a complementary ion source of MALDI- and/or ESI-(MS), in achieving the "absolute" quantification of a protein. Unfortunately, so far such "heteroatom-tagged proteomics" applications deal with only single-heteroatom measurements. Thus, the outstanding capability of ICP-MS for multi-element (-isotope) simultaneous determinations is somewhat wasted. On the other hand, multiplexed determinations of proteins (e.g. in common or new multiplexed formats) today constitute a pressing need in medical science (e.g. to determine accurately many biomarkers at a time). This is a clear trend in analytical science where ICP-MS could eventually play an important role. Therefore, reported approaches to multiplex protein determinations using ICP-MS, with liquid sample nebulisation and with laser direct sampling from a solid, are discussed here. Apart from such multiplex bioassays for absolute protein determinations, efforts to simultaneously quantitate enzyme activities are also discussed. It appears that the time is ripe to combine the multi-isotopic character of ICP-MS with well-known multi-analyte separation techniques (e.g. HPLC or multiplex immunoassays) to tackle the challenge of analysing abundances and activities of several proteins and enzymes, respectively, in a single assay. Many attractive opportunities for creative work and interdisciplinary developments for analytical atomic spectroscopists seem to lie ahead related to multiplexed quantitative targeted proteomics via ICP-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Sanz-Medel
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, c/ Julian Claveria 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
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26
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Organometallic derivatizing agents in bioanalysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:3483-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3611-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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