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Singh I, Kumar S, Singh S, Wani MY. Overcoming resistance: Chitosan-modified liposomes as targeted drug carriers in the fight against multidrug resistant bacteria-a review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:135022. [PMID: 39182895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health threat, rendering standard antibiotics ineffective against multi-drug resistant bacteria. To tackle this urgent issue, innovative approaches are essential. Liposomes, small spherical vesicles made of a phospholipid bilayer, present a promising solution. These vesicles can encapsulate various medicines and are both biocompatible and biodegradable. Their ability to be modified for targeted tissue or cell uptake makes them an ideal drug delivery system. By delivering antibiotics directly to infection sites, liposomes minimize side effects and reduce the development of resistance. However, challenges such as poor stability and rapid drug leakage limit their biological application. Chitosan, a biocompatible polymer, enhances liposome interaction with specific tissues or cells, enabling selective drug release at infection sites. Incorporating chitosan into liposome formulations alters and diversifies their surface characteristics through electrostatic interactions, resulting in improved stability and pH-sensitive drug release. These interactions are crucial for enhancing drug retention and targeted delivery, especially in varying pH environments like tumor sites or infection areas, thereby improving therapeutic outcomes and reducing systemic side effects. This review discusses recent advancements, challenges, and the need for further research to optimize liposome formulations and enhance targeted drug delivery for effective AMR treatment. Chitosan-modified liposomes offer a promising strategy to overcome AMR and improve antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Singh
- Functional Polymer Material Lab, Department of Chemistry, Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur 208002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Functional Polymer Material Lab, Department of Chemistry, Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur 208002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Shalinee Singh
- Functional Polymer Material Lab, Department of Chemistry, Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur 208002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohmmad Younus Wani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Hanada K, Sakai S, Kumagai K. Natural Ligand-Mimetic and Nonmimetic Inhibitors of the Ceramide Transport Protein CERT. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042098. [PMID: 35216212 PMCID: PMC8875512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are recognized as key players in the inter-organelle trafficking of lipids and are rapidly gaining attention as a novel molecular target for medicinal products. In mammalian cells, ceramide is newly synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and converted to sphingomyelin in the trans-Golgi regions. The ceramide transport protein CERT, a typical LTP, mediates the ER-to-Golgi transport of ceramide at an ER-distal Golgi membrane contact zone. About 20 years ago, a potent inhibitor of CERT, named (1R,3S)-HPA-12, was found by coincidence among ceramide analogs. Since then, various ceramide-resembling compounds have been found to act as CERT inhibitors. Nevertheless, the inevitable issue remains that natural ligand-mimetic compounds might directly bind both to the desired target and to various undesired targets that share the same natural ligand. To resolve this issue, a ceramide-unrelated compound named E16A, or (1S,2R)-HPCB-5, that potently inhibits the function of CERT has recently been developed, employing a series of in silico docking simulations, efficient chemical synthesis, quantitative affinity analysis, protein-ligand co-crystallography, and various in vivo assays. (1R,3S)-HPA-12 and E16A together provide a robust tool to discriminate on-target effects on CERT from off-target effects. This short review article will describe the history of the development of (1R,3S)-HPA-12 and E16A, summarize other CERT inhibitors, and discuss their possible applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hanada
- Department of Quality Assurance, Radiation Safety and Information Management, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (S.S.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Shota Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (S.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Keigo Kumagai
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (S.S.); (K.K.)
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Šakanovič A, Hodnik V, Anderluh G. Surface Plasmon Resonance for Measuring Interactions of Proteins with Lipids and Lipid Membranes. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2003:53-70. [PMID: 31218613 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9512-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is an established method for studying molecular interactions in real time. It allows obtaining qualitative and quantitative data on interactions of proteins with lipids or lipid membranes. In most of the approaches a lipid membrane or a membrane-mimetic surface is prepared on the surface of Biacore (GE Healthcare) sensor chips HPA or L1, and the studied protein is then injected across the surface. Here we provide an overview of SPR in protein-lipid and protein-membrane interactions, different approaches described in the literature and a general protocol for conducting an SPR experiment including lipid membranes, together with some experimental considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Šakanovič
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vesna Hodnik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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4
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In Vitro Measurement of Sphingolipid Intermembrane Transport Illustrated by GLTP Superfamily Members. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1949:237-256. [PMID: 30790260 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9136-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe methodological approaches for measuring in vitro transfer of sphingolipids (SLs) between membranes. The approaches rely on direct tracking of the lipid. Typically, direct tracking involves lipid labeling via attachment of fluorophores or introduction of radioactivity. Members of the GlycoLipid Transfer Protein (GLTP) superfamily are used to illustrate two broadly applicable methods for direct lipid tracking. One method relies on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) that enables continuous assessment of fluorophore-labeled SL transfer in real time between lipid donor and acceptor vesicles. The second method relies on tracking of radiolabeled SL transfer by separation of lipid donor and acceptor vesicles at discrete time points. The assays are readily adjustable for assessing lipid transfer (1) between various model membrane assemblies (vesicles, micelles, bicelles, nanodiscs), (2) involving other lipid types by other lipid transfer proteins, (3) with protein preparations that are either crudely or highly purified, and (4) that is spontaneous and occurs in the absence of protein.
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5
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Ochoa-Lizarralde B, Gao YG, Popov AN, Samygina VR, Zhai X, Mishra SK, Boldyrev IA, Molotkovsky JG, Simanshu DK, Patel DJ, Brown RE, Malinina L. Structural analyses of 4-phosphate adaptor protein 2 yield mechanistic insights into sphingolipid recognition by the glycolipid transfer protein family. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16709-16723. [PMID: 30206120 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycolipid transfer protein (GLTP) fold defines a superfamily of eukaryotic proteins that selectively transport sphingolipids (SLs) between membranes. However, the mechanisms determining the protein selectivity for specific glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are unclear. Here, we report the crystal structure of the GLTP homology (GLTPH) domain of human 4-phosphate adaptor protein 2 (FAPP2) bound with N-oleoyl-galactosylceramide. Using this domain, FAPP2 transports glucosylceramide from its cis-Golgi synthesis site to the trans-Golgi for conversion into complex GSLs. The FAPP2-GLTPH structure revealed an element, termed the ID loop, that controls specificity in the GLTP family. We found that, in accordance with FAPP2 preference for simple GSLs, the ID loop protrudes from behind the SL headgroup-recognition center to mitigate binding by complex GSLs. Mutational analyses including GLTP and FAPP2 chimeras with swapped ID loops supported the proposed restrictive role of the FAPP2 ID loop in GSL selectivity. Comparative analysis revealed distinctly designed ID loops in each GLTP family member. This analysis also disclosed a conserved H-bond triplet that "clasps" both ID-loop ends together to promote structural autonomy and rigidity. The findings indicated that various ID loops work in concert with conserved recognition centers to create different specificities among family members. We also observed four bulky, conserved hydrophobic residues involved in "sensor-like" interactions with lipid chains in protein hydrophobic pockets and FF motifs in GLTP and FAPP2, well-positioned to provide acyl chain-dependent SL selectivity for the hydrophobic pockets. In summary, our study provides mechanistic insights into sphingolipid recognition by the GLTP fold and uncovers the elements involved in this recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Ochoa-Lizarralde
- From the Structural Biology Unit of CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Yong-Guang Gao
- the Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912
| | | | - Valeria R Samygina
- From the Structural Biology Unit of CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain.,the Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of FSRC Crystallography and Photonics RAS, 119333 Moscow, Russia
| | - Xiuhong Zhai
- the Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912
| | - Shrawan K Mishra
- the Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912
| | - Ivan A Boldyrev
- the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia, and
| | - Julian G Molotkovsky
- the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia, and
| | - Dhirendra K Simanshu
- the Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021
| | - Dinshaw J Patel
- the Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021
| | - Rhoderick E Brown
- the Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912,
| | - Lucy Malinina
- From the Structural Biology Unit of CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain, .,the Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912
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6
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In Vitro Assay to Extract Specific Lipid Types from Phospholipid Membranes Using Lipid-Transfer Proteins: A Lesson from the Ceramide Transport Protein CERT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6946-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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7
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Wang Z, Ma Y, Khalil H, Wang R, Lu T, Zhao W, Zhang Y, Chen J, Chen T. Fusion between fluid liposomes and intact bacteria: study of driving parameters and in vitro bactericidal efficacy. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:4025-36. [PMID: 27574430 PMCID: PMC4993285 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s55807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa represents a good model of antibiotic resistance. These organisms have an outer membrane with a low level of permeability to drugs that is often combined with multidrug efflux pumps, enzymatic inactivation of the drug, or alteration of its molecular target. The acute and growing problem of antibiotic resistance of bacteria to conventional antibiotics made it imperative to develop new liposome formulations for antibiotics, and investigate the fusion between liposome and bacterium. Methods In this study, the factors involved in fluid liposome interaction with bacteria have been investigated. We also demonstrated a mechanism of fusion between liposomes (1,2-dipa lmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine [DPPC]/dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol [DMPG] 9:1, mol/mol) in a fluid state, and intact bacterial cells, by lipid mixing assay. Results The observed fusion process is shown to be mainly dependent on several key factors. Perturbation of liposome fluidity by addition of cholesterol dramatically decreased the degree of fusion with P. aeruginosa from 44% to 5%. It was observed that fusion between fluid liposomes and bacteria and also the bactericidal activities were strongly dependent upon the properties of the bacteria themselves. The level of fusion detected when fluid liposomes were mixed with Escherichia coli (66%) or P. aeruginosa (44%) seems to be correlated to their outer membrane phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) phospholipids composition (91% and 71%, respectively). Divalent cations increased the degree of fusion in the sequence Fe2+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Ba2+ whereas temperatures lower than the phase transition temperature of DPPC/DMPG (9:1) vesicles decreased their fusion capacity. Acidic as well as basic pHs conferred higher degrees of fusion (54% and 45%, respectively) when compared to neutral pH (35%). Conclusion Based on the results of this study, a possible mechanism involving cationic bridging between bacterial negatively charged lipopolysaccharide and fluid liposomes DMPG phospholipids was outlined. Furthermore, the fluid liposomal-encapsulated tobramycin was prepared, and the in vitro bactericidal effects were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi; Shaanxi Liposome Research Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi
| | - Yufan Ma
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi; Xi'an Libang Pharmaceuticals Co, Ltd, Xi'an; School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Hayssam Khalil
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi
| | - Rutao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi; Shaanxi Liposome Research Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi; Xi'an Libang Pharmaceuticals Co, Ltd, Xi'an
| | - Tingli Lu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi
| | - Wen Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi
| | - Yang Zhang
- Xi'an Libang Pharmaceuticals Co, Ltd, Xi'an
| | - Jamin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi; Shaanxi Liposome Research Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi; Shaanxi Liposome Research Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi; Xi'an Libang Pharmaceuticals Co, Ltd, Xi'an
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8
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Ďuriš A, Daïch A, Santos C, Fleury L, Ausseil F, Rodriguez F, Ballereau S, Génisson Y, Berkeš D. Asymmetric Synthesis and Binding Study of New Long-Chain HPA-12 Analogues as Potent Ligands of the Ceramide Transfer Protein CERT. Chemistry 2016; 22:6676-86. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201505121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Ďuriš
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Slovak University of Technology; Radlinského 9 81237 Bratislava Slovak Republic), Fax
| | - Adam Daïch
- Normandie Univ; UNIHAVRE, CNRS, URCOM; 76600 Le Havre (France), CNRS INC3M, FR 3038, EA 3221, UFR des Sciences et Techniques 25 rue Philippe Lebon, B.P. 1123 76063 Le Havre Cedex France), Fax
| | - Cécile Santos
- SPCMIB, UMR5068; CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III; 118 route de Narbonne Toulouse 31062 France), Fax
| | - Laurence Fleury
- Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS-Pierre Fabre n° 3388 ETaC, CRDPF; 3 avenue H. Curien 31035 Toulouse cedex 01 France
| | - Frédéric Ausseil
- Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS-Pierre Fabre n° 3388 ETaC, CRDPF; 3 avenue H. Curien 31035 Toulouse cedex 01 France
| | - Frédéric Rodriguez
- SPCMIB, UMR5068; CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III; 118 route de Narbonne Toulouse 31062 France), Fax
| | - Stéphanie Ballereau
- SPCMIB, UMR5068; CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III; 118 route de Narbonne Toulouse 31062 France), Fax
| | - Yves Génisson
- SPCMIB, UMR5068; CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III; 118 route de Narbonne Toulouse 31062 France), Fax
| | - Dušan Berkeš
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Slovak University of Technology; Radlinského 9 81237 Bratislava Slovak Republic), Fax
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9
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Fleury L, Faux C, Santos C, Ballereau S, Génisson Y, Ausseil F. Development of a CERT START Domain-Ceramide HTRF Binding Assay and Application to Pharmacological Studies and Screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:779-87. [PMID: 25716975 DOI: 10.1177/1087057115573402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) metabolism deregulation was recently associated with cell metastasis and chemoresistance, and several pharmacological strategies targeting SM metabolism have emerged. The ceramide (Cer) generated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is transferred to the Golgi apparatus to be transformed into SM. CERamide Transfer (CERT) protein is responsible for the nonvesicular trafficking of Cer to Golgi. Blocking the CERT-mediated ER-to-Golgi Cer transfer is an interesting antioncogenic therapeutic approach. Here, we developed a protein-lipid interaction assay for the identification of new CERT-Cer interaction inhibitors. Frequently used for protein-protein interaction by enzymatic and analyte dosage assays, homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence technology was adapted for the first time to a lipid-protein binding assay. This test was developed for high-throughput screening, and a library of 672 molecules was screened. Seven hits were identified, and their inhibitory effect quantified by EC50 measurements showed binding inhibition three orders of magnitude more potent than that of HPA12, the unique known CERT antagonist to date. Each compound was tested on an independent test, confirming its high affinity and pharmacological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Céline Faux
- Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Santos
- LSPCMIB, CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Yves Génisson
- LSPCMIB, CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
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Esaki K, Yoshinaga S, Tsuji T, Toda E, Terashima Y, Saitoh T, Kohda D, Kohno T, Osawa M, Ueda T, Shimada I, Matsushima K, Terasawa H. Structural basis for the binding of the membrane-proximal C-terminal region of chemokine receptor CCR2 with the cytosolic regulator FROUNT. FEBS J 2014; 281:5552-66. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Esaki
- Department of Structural BioImaging; Faculty of Life Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Sosuke Yoshinaga
- Department of Structural BioImaging; Faculty of Life Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Tatsuichiro Tsuji
- Department of Structural BioImaging; Faculty of Life Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Etsuko Toda
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuya Terashima
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Takashi Saitoh
- Division of Structural Biology; Medical Institute of Bioregulation; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Daisuke Kohda
- Division of Structural Biology; Medical Institute of Bioregulation; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kohno
- Department of Biochemistry; Kitasato University School of Medicine; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Masanori Osawa
- Division of Physical Chemistry; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Takumi Ueda
- Division of Physical Chemistry; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Ichio Shimada
- Division of Physical Chemistry; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kouji Matsushima
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroaki Terasawa
- Department of Structural BioImaging; Faculty of Life Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
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11
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LptE binds to and alters the physical state of LPS to catalyze its assembly at the cell surface. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:9467-72. [PMID: 24938785 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402746111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the surface of Gram-negative bacterial cells is essential for their viability and is achieved by the seven-protein LPS transport (Lpt) pathway. The outer membrane (OM) lipoprotein LptE and the β-barrel membrane protein LptD form a complex that assembles LPS into the outer leaflet of the OM. We report a crystal structure of the Escherichia coli OM lipoprotein LptE at 2.34 Å. The structure reveals homology to eukaryotic LPS-binding proteins and allowed for the prediction of an LPS-binding site, which was confirmed by genetic and biophysical experiments. Specific point mutations at this site lead to defects in OM biogenesis. We show that wild-type LptE disrupts LPS-LPS interactions in vitro and that these mutations decrease the ability of LptE to disaggregate LPS. Transmission electron microscopic imaging shows that LptE can disrupt LPS aggregates even at substoichiometric concentrations. We propose a model in which LptE functions as an LPS transfer protein in the OM translocon by disaggregating LPS during transport to allow for its insertion into the OM.
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12
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Hanada K. Co-evolution of sphingomyelin and the ceramide transport protein CERT. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:704-19. [PMID: 23845852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Life creates many varieties of lipids. The choline-containing sphingophospholipid sphingomyelin (SM) exists ubiquitously or widely in vertebrates and lower animals, but is absent or rare in bacteria, fungi, protists, and plants. In the biosynthesis of SM, ceramide, which is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, is transported to the Golgi region by the ceramide transport protein CERT, probably in a non-vesicular manner, and is then converted to SM by SM synthase, which catalyzes the reaction of phosphocholine transfer from phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) to ceramide. Recent advances in genomics and lipidomics indicate that the phylogenetic occurrence of CERT and its orthologs is nearly parallel to that of SM. Based on the chemistry of lipids together with evolutionary aspects of SM and CERT, several concepts are here proposed. SM may serve as a chemically inert and robust, but non-covalently interactive lipid class at the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. The functional domains and peptidic motifs of CERT are separated by exon units, suggesting an exon-shuffling mechanism for the generation of an ancestral CERT gene. CERT may have co-evolved with SM to bypass a competing metabolic reaction at the bifurcated point in the anabolism of ceramide. Human CERT is identical to the splicing variant of human Goodpasture antigen-binding protein (GPBP) annotated as an extracellular non-canonical serine/threonine protein kinase. The relationship between CERT and GPBP has also been discussed from an evolutionary aspect. Moreover, using an analogy of "compatible (or osmoprotective) solutes" that can accumulate to very high concentrations in the cytosol without denaturing proteins, choline phospholipids such as PtdCho and SM may act as compatible phospholipids in biomembranes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled New Frontiers in Sphingolipid Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
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13
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Combemale S, Santos C, Rodriguez F, Garcia V, Galaup C, Frongia C, Lobjois V, Levade T, Baudoin-Dehoux C, Ballereau S, Génisson Y. A biologically relevant ceramide fluorescent probe to assess the binding of potential ligands to the CERT transfer protein. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42395f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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14
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Surface plasmon resonance for measuring interactions of proteins with lipid membranes. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 974:23-36. [PMID: 23404270 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-275-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is an established method for studying molecular interactions in real time. It allows obtaining qualitative and quantitative data on interactions of proteins with lipid membranes. In most of the approaches, a lipid membrane or a membrane-mimetic surface is prepared on the surface of Biacore (GE Healthcare) sensor chips HPA or L1, and the studied protein is then injected across the surface. Here, we provide an overview of SPR in protein-membrane interactions, different approaches described in the literature, and a general protocol for conducting an SPR experiment including lipid membranes, together with some experimental considerations.
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15
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Sugiki T, Takeuchi K, Yamaji T, Takano T, Tokunaga Y, Kumagai K, Hanada K, Takahashi H, Shimada I. Structural basis for the Golgi association by the pleckstrin homology domain of the ceramide trafficking protein (CERT). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:33706-18. [PMID: 22869376 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.367730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus is crucial in sphingolipid biosynthesis, and the process relies on the ceramide trafficking protein (CERT), which contains pleckstrin homology (PH) and StAR-related lipid transfer domains. The CERT PH domain specifically recognizes phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate (PtdIns(4)P), a characteristic phosphoinositide in the Golgi membrane, and is indispensable for the endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi transport of ceramide by CERT. In this study, we determined the three-dimensional structure of the CERT PH domain by using solution NMR techniques. The structure revealed the presence of a characteristic basic groove near the canonical PtdIns(4)P recognition site. An extensive interaction study using NMR and other biophysical techniques revealed that the basic groove coordinates the CERT PH domain for efficient PtdIns(4)P recognition and localization in the Golgi apparatus. The notion was also supported by Golgi mislocalization of the CERT mutants in living cells. The distinctive binding modes reflect the functions of PH domains, as the basic groove is conserved only in the PH domains involved with the PtdIns(4)P-dependent lipid transport activity but not in those with the signal transduction activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Sugiki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Tuuf J, Kjellberg MA, Molotkovsky JG, Hanada K, Mattjus P. The intermembrane ceramide transport catalyzed by CERT is sensitive to the lipid environment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:229-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Monitoring glycolipid transfer protein activity and membrane interaction with the surface plasmon resonance technique. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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