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Yang L, Gradl R, Dierolf M, Möller W, Kutschke D, Feuchtinger A, Hehn L, Donnelley M, Günther B, Achterhold K, Walch A, Stoeger T, Razansky D, Pfeiffer F, Morgan KS, Schmid O. Multimodal Precision Imaging of Pulmonary Nanoparticle Delivery in Mice: Dynamics of Application, Spatial Distribution, and Dosimetry. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1904112. [PMID: 31639283 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201904112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of nanomedicine/nanoparticles (NM/NPs) to the site of disease (e.g., the tumor or lung injury) is of vital importance for improved therapeutic efficacy. Multimodal imaging platforms provide powerful tools for monitoring delivery and tissue distribution of drugs and NM/NPs. This study introduces a preclinical imaging platform combining X-ray (two modes) and fluorescence imaging (three modes) techniques for time-resolved in vivo and spatially resolved ex vivo visualization of mouse lungs during pulmonary NP delivery. Liquid mixtures of iodine (contrast agent for X-ray) and/or (nano)particles (X-ray absorbing and/or fluorescent) are delivered to different regions of the lung via intratracheal instillation, nasal aspiration, and ventilator-assisted aerosol inhalation. It is demonstrated that in vivo propagation-based phase-contrast X-ray imaging elucidates the dynamic process of pulmonary NP delivery, while ex vivo fluorescence imaging (e.g., tissue-cleared light sheet fluorescence microscopy) reveals the quantitative 3D drug/particle distribution throughout the entire lung with cellular resolution. The novel and complementary information from this imaging platform unveils the dynamics and mechanisms of pulmonary NM/NP delivery and deposition for each of the delivery routes, which provides guidance on optimizing pulmonary delivery techniques and novel-designed NM for targeting and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, 81377, Germany
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Regine Gradl
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Martin Dierolf
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Winfried Möller
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, 81377, Germany
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - David Kutschke
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, 81377, Germany
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Annette Feuchtinger
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Lorenz Hehn
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, München, 81675, Germany
| | - Martin Donnelley
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
- Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - Benedikt Günther
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Klaus Achterhold
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Axel Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Tobias Stoeger
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, 81377, Germany
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 80333, Germany
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, München, 81675, Germany
| | - Kaye S Morgan
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Otmar Schmid
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, 81377, Germany
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
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Hao X, Li F, Lv Q, Xu Y, Han Y, Gao H. Establishment of BALB/C mouse models of influenza A H1N1 aerosol inhalation. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1918-1929. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin‐Yan Hao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging infectiousBeijing China
| | - Feng‐Di Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging infectiousBeijing China
| | - Qi Lv
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging infectiousBeijing China
| | - Yan‐Feng Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging infectiousBeijing China
| | - Yun‐Lin Han
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging infectiousBeijing China
| | - Hong Gao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging infectiousBeijing China
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Yang L, Feuchtinger A, Möller W, Ding Y, Kutschke D, Möller G, Schittny JC, Burgstaller G, Hofmann W, Stoeger T, Walch A, Schmid O. Three-Dimensional Quantitative Co-Mapping of Pulmonary Morphology and Nanoparticle Distribution with Cellular Resolution in Nondissected Murine Lungs. ACS NANO 2019; 13:1029-1041. [PMID: 30566327 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering biodistribution, biokinetics, and biological effects of nanoparticles (NPs) in entire organs with cellular resolution remains largely elusive due to the lack of effective imaging tools. Here, light sheet fluorescence microscopy in combination with optical tissue clearing was validated for concomitant three-dimensional mapping of lung morphology and NP biodistribution with cellular resolution in nondissected ex vivo murine lungs. Tissue autofluorescence allowed for label-free, quantitative morphometry of the entire bronchial tree, acinar structure, and blood vessels. Co-registration of fluorescent NPs with lung morphology revealed significant differences in pulmonary NP distribution depending on the means of application (intratracheal instillation and ventilator-assisted aerosol inhalation under anesthetized conditions). Inhalation exhibited a more homogeneous NP distribution in conducting airways and acini indicated by a central-to-peripheral (C/P) NP deposition ratio of unity (0.98 ± 0.13) as compared to a 2-fold enhanced central deposition (C/P = 1.98 ± 0.37) for instillation. After inhalation most NPs were observed in the proximal part of the acini as predicted by computational fluid dynamics simulations. At cellular resolution patchy NP deposition was visualized in bronchioles and acini, but more pronounced for instillation. Excellent linearity of the fluorescence intensity-dose response curve allowed for accurate NP dosimetry and revealed ca. 5% of the inhaled aerosol was deposited in the lungs. This single-modality imaging technique allows for quantitative co-registration of tissue architecture and NP biodistribution, which could accelerate elucidation of NP biokinetics and bioactivity within intact tissues, facilitating both nanotoxicology studies and the development of nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M) , Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Munich , 81377 , Germany
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease , Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg , 85764 , Germany
- Faculty of Medicine , Technical University of Munich , Munich , 80333 , Germany
| | - Annette Feuchtinger
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Neuherberg , 85764 , Germany
| | - Winfried Möller
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M) , Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Munich , 81377 , Germany
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease , Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg , 85764 , Germany
| | - Yaobo Ding
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M) , Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Munich , 81377 , Germany
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease , Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg , 85764 , Germany
| | - David Kutschke
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M) , Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Munich , 81377 , Germany
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease , Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg , 85764 , Germany
| | - Gabriele Möller
- Department Genome Analysis Center , Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München , Neuherberg , 85764 , Germany
| | | | - Gerald Burgstaller
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M) , Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Munich , 81377 , Germany
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease , Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg , 85764 , Germany
| | - Werner Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , A-5020 , Austria
| | - Tobias Stoeger
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M) , Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Munich , 81377 , Germany
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease , Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg , 85764 , Germany
| | - Alex Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Neuherberg , 85764 , Germany
| | - Otmar Schmid
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M) , Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Munich , 81377 , Germany
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease , Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg , 85764 , Germany
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Youngren-Ortiz SR, Gandhi NS, España-Serrano L, Chougule MB. Aerosol Delivery of siRNA to the Lungs. Part 1: Rationale for Gene Delivery Systems. KONA : POWDER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN JAPAN 2016; 33:63-85. [PMID: 27081214 PMCID: PMC4829385 DOI: 10.14356/kona.2016014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the pulmonary route of administration, aerosol delivery devices, characterization of pulmonary drug delivery systems, and discusses the rationale for inhaled delivery of siRNA. Diseases with known protein malfunctions may be mitigated through the use of siRNA therapeutics. The inhalation route of administration provides local delivery of siRNA therapeutics for the treatment of various pulmonary diseases, however barriers to pulmonary delivery and intracellular delivery of siRNA exists. siRNA loaded nanocarriers can be used to overcome the barriers associated with the pulmonary route, such as anatomical barriers, mucociliary clearance, and alveolar macrophage clearance. Apart from naked siRNA aerosol delivery, previously studied siRNA carrier systems comprise of lipidic, polymeric, peptide, or inorganic origin. Such siRNA delivery systems formulated as aerosols can be successfully delivered via an inhaler or nebulizer to the pulmonary region. Preclinical animal investigations of inhaled siRNA therapeutics rely on intratracheal and intranasal siRNA and siRNA nanocarrier delivery. Aerosolized siRNA delivery systems may be characterized using in vitro techniques, such as dissolution test, inertial cascade impaction, delivered dose uniformity assay, laser diffraction, and laser Doppler velocimetry. The ex vivo techniques used to characterize pulmonary administered formulations include the isolated perfused lung model. In vivo techniques like gamma scintigraphy, 3D SPECT, PET, MRI, fluorescence imaging and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics analysis may be used for evaluation of aerosolized siRNA delivery systems. The use of inhalable siRNA delivery systems encounters barriers to their delivery, however overcoming the barriers while formulating a safe and effective delivery system will offer unique advances to the field of inhaled medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne R. Youngren-Ortiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Nishant S. Gandhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Laura España-Serrano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Mahavir B. Chougule
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
- Natural Products and Experimental Therapeutics Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
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Wang H, Sebrié C, Ruaud J, Guillot G, Bouazizi K, Willoquet G, Maître X, Darrasse L, de Rochefort L. Aerosol deposition in the lungs of spontaneously breathing rats using Gd‐DOTA‐based contrast agents and ultra‐short echo time MRI at 1.5 Tesla. Magn Reson Med 2015; 75:594-605. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Wang
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| | - Catherine Sebrié
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| | - Jean‐Pierre Ruaud
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| | - Geneviève Guillot
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| | - Khaoula Bouazizi
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| | - Georges Willoquet
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| | - Xavier Maître
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| | - Luc Darrasse
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| | - Ludovic de Rochefort
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
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Nahar K, Gupta N, Gauvin R, Absar S, Patel B, Gupta V, Khademhosseini A, Ahsan F. In vitro, in vivo and ex vivo models for studying particle deposition and drug absorption of inhaled pharmaceuticals. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:805-18. [PMID: 23797056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of therapeutic agents via the pulmonary route has gained significant attention over the past few decades because this route of administration offers multiple advantages over traditional routes that include localized action, non-invasive nature and favorable lung-to-plasma ratio. However, assessment of post administration behavior of inhaled pharmaceuticals-such as deposition of particles over the respiratory airways, interaction with the respiratory fluid and movement across the air-blood barrier-is challenging because the lung is a very complex organs that is composed of airways with thousands of bifurcations with variable diameters. Thus, much effort has been put forward to develop models that mimic human lungs and allow evaluation of various pharmaceutical and physiological factors that influence the deposition and absorption profiles of inhaled formulations. In this review, we sought to discuss in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo models that have been extensively used to study the behaviors of airborne particles in the lungs and determine the absorption of drugs after pulmonary administration. We have provided a summary of lung cast models, cascade impactors, noninvasive imaging, intact animals, cell culture and isolated perfused lung models as tools to evaluate the distribution and absorption of inhaled particles. We have also outlined the limitations of currently used models and proposed future studies to enhance the reproducibility of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamrun Nahar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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Yi D, Wiedmann TS, Naqwi A, Price AP, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A. Distribution of aerosols in murine obliterative bronchiolitis lungs by fluorescent imaging. Exp Lung Res 2012; 38:325-32. [PMID: 22741919 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2012.700760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED ABSTRACT Background: Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) is a major obstacle to the success of lung transplantation and is also a serious complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplant. It has few therapeutic options and respiratory delivery of potential therapeutic drugs is hindered by the narrowed and occluded airways. METHODS OB was induced in mice using an established protocol and lung function was assessed by plethysmograph. Mice were exposed to four different aerosols of aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid (AlPCS) that ranged in concentration and median particle size distribution (0.2-4.0 μm). The fluorescent intensity and number of pixels were measured for the trachea and lobes at two different compressional thicknesses. With analysis of the fluorescent intensity, the concentration and attenuation coefficient were estimated for each lobe and the trachea as well as individual pixels. The latter allowed generation of images reflective of the concentration. RESULTS Lungs/trachea from OB mice had lower deposition, which correlated with lung function measurements, and apparent greater variability in the intensity compared to controls. The estimated lung volumes measured by plethysmograph were not different between the OB group and controls; however, total inflational lung capacity was reduced in OB mice. CONCLUSIONS Despite the variability in disease induction, there is a clear link between aerosol deposition and lung function, which was revealed by fluorescent imaging. The modulation of aerosol deposition in lungs with restrictive airway disease underscores the importance of tailoring aerosolization to optimize drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Yi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Yi D, Naqwi A, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Wiedmann TS. Distribution of aerosols in mouse lobes by fluorescent imaging. Int J Pharm 2012; 426:108-115. [PMID: 22306042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Better methods are needed to quantify the distribution of drug among the airways of the lungs of small animals to facilitate the development of agents that can target specific airways. Mice were exposed to aerosols of aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid (AlPCS) that ranged in concentration and size (0.2-2.8 μm). The trachea and lobes were removed and placed between glass slides, and fluorescent images were obtained at two different compression thicknesses. The intensity, normalized by the area, exposure time, and thickness, was then plotted as a function of compression thickness, from which the concentration and attenuation coefficient were estimated for each lobe and then for each pixel of the image. The latter was then used to generate an image reflective of the concentration. The lobe volume, concentration, and tissue attenuation of AlPCS was consistent among the lobes. The deposition fraction increased with decreasing particle size. The network of lines in the concentration image indicated that connective tissue has a lower concentration. The central airways were clearly evident in the images of mice exposed to the very small and large aerosols. This approach provides a rapid, economical means to obtain high resolution images of mouse lungs from which detailed analysis of the distribution of deposited aerosol particles can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Yi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| | - Amir Naqwi
- Powerscope Incorporated, 1313 Fifth Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, United States.
| | | | - Timothy Scott Wiedmann
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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