1
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Benn CL, Dawson LA. Clinically Precedented Protein Kinases: Rationale for Their Use in Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:242. [PMID: 33117143 PMCID: PMC7494159 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinases are an intensively studied drug target class in current pharmacological research as evidenced by the large number of kinase inhibitors being assessed in clinical trials. Kinase-targeted therapies have potential for treatment of a broad array of indications including central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In addition to the many variables which contribute to identification of a successful therapeutic molecule, drug discovery for CNS-related disorders also requires significant consideration of access to the target organ and specifically crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To date, only a small number of kinase inhibitors have been reported that are specifically designed to be BBB permeable, which nonetheless demonstrates the potential for success. This review considers the potential for kinase inhibitors in the context of unmet medical need for neurodegenerative disease. A subset of kinases that have been the focus of clinical investigations over a 10-year period have been identified and discussed individually. For each kinase target, the data underpinning the validity of each in the context of neurodegenerative disease is critically evaluated. Selected molecules for each kinase are identified with information on modality, binding site and CNS penetrance, if known. Current clinical development in neurodegenerative disease are summarized. Collectively, the review indicates that kinase targets with sufficient rationale warrant careful design approaches with an emphasis on improving brain penetrance and selectivity.
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2
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Díaz Galicia ME, Aldehaiman A, Hong S, Arold ST, Grünberg R. Methods for the recombinant expression of active tyrosine kinase domains: Guidelines and pitfalls. Methods Enzymol 2019; 621:131-152. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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3
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Bhayye SS, Roy K, Saha A. Molecular dynamics simulation study reveals polar nature of pathogenic mutations responsible for stabilizing active conformation of kinase domain in leucine-rich repeat kinase II. Struct Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-017-1059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Screening for chemical modulators for LRRK2. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:1617-1623. [PMID: 27913670 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
After the discovery of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) as a risk factor for sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) and mutations in LRRK2 as a cause of some forms of familial PD, there has been substantial interest in finding chemical modulators of LRRK2 function. Most of the pathogenic mutations in LRRK2 are within the enzymatic cores of the protein; therefore, many screens have focused on finding chemical modulators of this enzymatic activity. There are alternative screening approaches that could be taken to investigate compounds that modulate LRRK2 cellular functions. These screens are more often phenotypic screens. The preparation for a screen has to be rigorous and enable high-throughput accurate assessment of a compound's activity. The pipeline to beginning a drug screen and some LRRK2 inhibitor and phenotypic screens will be discussed.
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5
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Pourbasheer E, Aalizadeh R. 3D-QSAR and molecular docking study of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors by CoMFA and CoMSIA methods. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 27:385-407. [PMID: 27228480 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2016.1184713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) modelling was conducted on a series of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) antagonists using CoMFA and CoMSIA methods. The data set, which consisted of 37 molecules, was divided into training and test subsets by using a hierarchical clustering method. Both CoMFA and CoMSIA models were derived using a training set on the basis of the common substructure-based alignment. The optimum PLS model built by CoMFA and CoMSIA provided satisfactory statistical results (q(2) = 0.589 and r(2) = 0.927 and q(2) = 0.473 and r(2) = 0.802, respectively). The external predictive ability of the models was evaluated by using seven compounds. Moreover, an external evaluation set with known experimental data was used to evaluate the external predictive ability of the porposed models. The statistical parameters indicated that CoMFA (after region focusing) has high predictive ability in comparison with standard CoMFA and CoMSIA models. Molecular docking was also performed on the most active compound to investigate the existence of interactions between the most active inhibitor and the LRRK2 receptor. Based on the obtained results and CoMFA contour maps, some features were introduced to provide useful insights for designing novel and potent LRRK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pourbasheer
- a Department of Chemistry , Payame Noor University , Tehran , Iran
| | - R Aalizadeh
- b Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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6
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Liu J, Li T, Thomas JM, Pei Z, Jiang H, Engelender S, Ross CA, Smith WW. Synphilin-1 attenuates mutant LRRK2-induced neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease models. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:672-80. [PMID: 26744328 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause autosomal-dominant Parkinsonism with pleomorphic pathology including deposits of aggregated protein and neuronal degeneration. The pathogenesis of LRRK2-linked Parkinson's disease (PD) is not fully understood. Here, using co-immunoprecipitation, we found that LRRK2 interacted with synphilin-1 (SP1), a cytoplasmic protein that interacts with α-synuclein and has implications in PD pathogenesis. LRRK2 interacted with the N-terminus of SP1 whereas SP1 predominantly interacted with the C-terminus of LRRK2, including kinase domain. Co-expression of SP1 with LRRK2 increased LRRK2-induced cytoplasmic aggregation in cultured cells. Moreover, SP1 also attenuated mutant LRRK2-induced toxicity and reduced LRRK2 kinase activity in cultured cells. Knockdown of SP1 by siRNA enhanced LRRK2 neuronal toxicity. In vivo Drosophila studies, co-expression of SP1 and mutant G2019S-LRRK2 in double transgenic Drosophila increased survival and improved locomotor activity. Expression of SP1 protects against G2019S-LRRK2-induced dopamine neuron loss and reduced LRRK2 phosphorylation in double transgenic fly brains. Our findings demonstrate that SP1 attenuates mutant LRRK2-induced PD-like phenotypes and plays a neural protective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingnan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Tianxia Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Joseph M Thomas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Zhong Pei
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry
| | | | - Simone Engelender
- Department of Pharmacology, The B. Rappaport Institute of Medical Research, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Christopher A Ross
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Departments of Neuroscience, Neurology, and Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA and
| | - Wanli W Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA,
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7
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Li T, He X, Thomas JM, Yang D, Zhong S, Xue F, Smith WW. A novel GTP-binding inhibitor, FX2149, attenuates LRRK2 toxicity in Parkinson's disease models. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122461. [PMID: 25816252 PMCID: PMC4376719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2), a cytoplasmic protein containing both GTP binding and kinase activities, has emerged as a highly promising drug target for Parkinson’s disease (PD). The majority of PD-linked mutations in LRRK2 dysregulate its GTP binding and kinase activities, which may contribute to neurodegeneration. While most known LRRK2 inhibitors are developed to target the kinase domain, we have recently identified the first LRRK2 GTP binding inhibitor, 68, which not only inhibits LRRK2 GTP binding and kinase activities with high potency in vitro, but also reduces neurodegeneration. However, the in vivo effects of 68 are low due to its limited brain penetration. To address this problem, we reported herein the design and synthesis of a novel analog of 68, FX2149, aimed at increasing the in vivo efficacy. Pharmacological characterization of FX2149 exhibited inhibition of LRRK2 GTP binding activity by ~90% at a concentration of 10 nM using in vitro assays. Furthermore, FX2149 protected against mutant LRRK2-induced neurodegeneration in SH-SY5Y cells at 50-200 nM concentrations. Importantly, FX2149 at 10 mg/kg (i.p.) showed significant brain inhibition efficacy equivalent to that of 68 at 20 mg/kg (i.p.), determined by mouse brain LRRK2 GTP binding and phosphorylation assays. Furthermore, FX2149 at 10 mg/kg (i.p.) attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglia activation and LRRK2 upregulation in a mouse neuroinflammation model comparable to 68 at 20 mg/kg (i.p.). Our results highlight a novel GTP binding inhibitor with better brain efficacy, which represents a new lead compound for further understanding PD pathogenesis and therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxia Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Xinhua He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Joseph M. Thomas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Dejun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Shijun Zhong
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning, China
| | - Fengtian Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FX); (WWS)
| | - Wanli W. Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FX); (WWS)
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8
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Breen ME, Soellner MB. Small molecule substrate phosphorylation site inhibitors of protein kinases: approaches and challenges. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:175-89. [PMID: 25494294 PMCID: PMC4301090 DOI: 10.1021/cb5008376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Protein kinases are
important mediators of cellular communication
and attractive drug targets for many diseases. Although success has
been achieved with developing ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors, the
disadvantages of ATP-competitive inhibitors have led to increased
interest in targeting sites outside of the ATP binding pocket. Kinase
inhibitors with substrate-competitive, ATP-noncompetitive binding
modes are promising due to the possibility of increased selectivity
and better agreement between biochemical and in vitro potency. However, the difficulty of identifying these types of inhibitors
has resulted in significantly fewer small molecule substrate phosphorylation
site inhibitors being reported compared to ATP-competitive inhibitors.
This review surveys reported substrate phosphorylation site inhibitors
and methods that can be applied to the discovery of such inhibitors,
including a discussion of the challenges inherent to these screening
methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E. Breen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Matthew B. Soellner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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9
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Design, synthesis, and evaluation of a selective chemosensor for leucine-rich repeat kinase 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5648-5651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Novel insights into the neurobiology underlying LRRK2-linked Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2014; 85:45-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Li T, Yang D, Zhong S, Thomas JM, Xue F, Liu J, Kong L, Voulalas P, Hassan HE, Park JS, MacKerell AD, Smith WW. Novel LRRK2 GTP-binding inhibitors reduced degeneration in Parkinson's disease cell and mouse models. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6212-22. [PMID: 24993787 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2) gene cause autosomal-dominant Parkinson's disease (PD) and contribute to sporadic PD. LRRK2 contains Guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) binding, GTPase and kinase activities that have been implicated in the neuronal degeneration of PD pathogenesis, making LRRK2, a potential drug target. To date, there is no disease-modifying drug to slow the neuronal degeneration of PD and no published LRRK2 GTP domain inhibitor. Here, the biological functions of two novel GTP-binding inhibitors of LRRK2 were examined in PD cell and mouse models. Through a combination of computer-aided drug design (CADD) and LRRK2 bio-functional screens, two novel compounds, 68: and 70: , were shown to reduce LRRK2 GTP binding and to inhibit LRRK2 kinase activity in vitro and in cultured cell assays. Moreover, these two compounds attenuated neuronal degeneration in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and mouse primary neurons expressing mutant LRRK2 variants. Although both compounds inhibited LRRK2 kinase activity and reduced neuronal degeneration, solubility problems with 70: prevented further testing in mice. Thus, only 68: was tested in a LRRK2-based lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pre-inflammatory mouse model. 68: reduced LRRK2 GTP-binding activity and kinase activity in brains of LRRK2 transgenic mice after intraperitoneal injection. Moreover, LPS induced LRRK2 upregulation and microglia activation in mouse brains. These findings suggest that disruption of GTP binding to LRRK2 represents a potential novel therapeutic approach for PD intervention and that these novel GTP-binding inhibitors provide both tools and lead compounds for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxia Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Dejun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Shijun Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Joseph M Thomas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Fengtian Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jingnan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lingbo Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Pamela Voulalas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Hazem E Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jae-Sung Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Alexander D MacKerell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Wanli W Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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12
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Silva RG, Geoghegan KF, Qiu X, Aulabaugh A. A continuous and direct assay to monitor leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 activity. Anal Biochem 2014; 450:63-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Pytel D, Seyb K, Liu M, Ray SS, Concannon J, Huang M, Cuny GD, Diehl JA, Glicksman MA. Enzymatic Characterization of ER Stress-Dependent Kinase, PERK, and Development of a High-Throughput Assay for Identification of PERK Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:1024-34. [PMID: 24598103 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114525853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PERK is serine/threonine kinase localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. PERK is activated and contributes to cell survival in response to a variety of physiological stresses that affect protein quality control in the ER, such as hypoxia, glucose depravation, increased lipid biosynthesis, and increased protein translation. Pro-survival functions of PERK are triggered by such stresses, suggesting that development of small-molecule inhibitors of PERK may be efficacious in a variety of disease scenarios. Hence, we have conducted a detailed enzymatic characterization of the PERK kinase to develop a high-throughput-screening assay (HTS) that will permit the identification of small-molecule PERK inhibitors. In addition to establishing the K(m) of PERK for both its primary substrate, eIF2α, and for adenosine triphosphate, further mechanistic studies revealed that PERK targets its substrate via either a random/steady-state ordered mechanism. For HTS, we developed a time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based assay that yielded a robust Z' factor and percent coefficient of variation value, enabling the successful screening of 79,552 compounds. This approach yielded one compound that exhibited good in vitro and cellular activity. These results demonstrate the validity of this screen and represent starting points for drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Pytel
- The Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Abramson Cancer Center and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen Seyb
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Min Liu
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Soumya S Ray
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John Concannon
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mickey Huang
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gregory D Cuny
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J Alan Diehl
- The Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Abramson Cancer Center and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marcie A Glicksman
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
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14
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Development of LRRK2 Kinase Inhibitors for Parkinson's Disease. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800167-7.00004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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15
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16
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The development of CNS-active LRRK2 inhibitors using property-directed optimisation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3690-6. [PMID: 23721803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in PARK8/LRRK2 are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease. Inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity has neuroprotective benefits, and provides a means of addressing the underlying biochemical cause of Parkinson's disease for the first time. Initial attempts to develop LRRK2 inhibitors were largely unsuccessful and highlight shortcomings intrinsic to traditional, high throughput screening methods of lead discovery. Recently, amino-pyrimidine GNE-7915 was reported as a potent (IC50=9 nM) selective (1/187 kinases), brain-penetrant and non-toxic inhibitor of LRRK2. The use of in silico modelling, extensive in vitro assays and resource-efficient in vivo techniques to produce GNE-7915, reflects a trend towards the concerted optimisation of potency, selectivity and pharmacokinetic properties in early-stage drug development.
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17
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Dzamko N, Halliday GM. Unlocking the secrets of LRRK2 function with selective kinase inhibitors. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.13.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
LRRK2 is currently considered to be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. A number of pathological mutations, the majority of which lie in the dual catalytic domains of LRRK2, segregate with Parkinson’s disease in an autosomal-dominant fashion. The most common mutation, G2019S, results in an increase in the kinase activity of LRRK2 and much work has, therefore, gone into the development of potent and specific inhibitors of LRRK2 kinase activity. A number of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors have now been employed in the search for the physiological function of LRRK2 and the targets of LRRK2 kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dzamko
- The School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia.
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia
- The School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia
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18
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Lee BD, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) as a potential therapeutic target in Parkinson's disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:365-73. [PMID: 22578536 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is caused by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Although the etiology for most PD remains elusive, the identification of specific genetic defects in familial cases of PD and the signaling pathways governed by these genes has provided tremendous insight into PD pathogenesis. Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are frequently found in familial and sporadic PD. Although current knowledge regarding the regulatory mechanisms of LRRK2 activation is limited, it is becoming increasingly evident that aberrant kinase activity of the pathologic mutants of LRRK2 is associated with neurodegeneration, suggesting that the kinase activity of LRRK2 is a potential therapeutic target. In addition, LRRK2 inhibitors might provide valuable tools to understand the pathophysiological and physiological roles of LRRK2 as well as the etiology of PD. We discuss here the potential and feasibility of targeting LRRK2 as a therapeutic strategy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Dae Lee
- Age-Related and Brain Disease Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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19
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Kramer T, Lo Monte F, Göring S, Okala Amombo GM, Schmidt B. Small molecule kinase inhibitors for LRRK2 and their application to Parkinson's disease models. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:151-60. [PMID: 22860184 PMCID: PMC3369800 DOI: 10.1021/cn200117j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Several single gene mutations have been linked to this disease. Mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) indicate LRRK2 as promising therapeutic target for the treatment of PD. LRRK2 mutations were observed in sporadic as well as familial PD patients and have been investigated intensively. LRRK2 is a large and complex protein, with multiple enzymatic and protein-interaction domains, each of which is effected by mutations. The most common mutation in PD patients is G2019S. Several LRRK2 inhibitors have been reported already, although the crystal structure of LRRK2 has not yet been determined. This review provides a summary of known LRRK2 inhibitors and will discuss recent in vitro and in vivo results of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefan Göring
- Clemens Schöpf - Institute
of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ghislaine Marlyse Okala Amombo
- Clemens Schöpf - Institute
of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Boris Schmidt
- Clemens Schöpf - Institute
of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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20
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Liu M, Kang S, Ray S, Jackson J, Zaitsev AD, Gerber SA, Cuny GD, Glicksman MA. Kinetic, mechanistic, and structural modeling studies of truncated wild-type leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 and the G2019S mutant. Biochemistry 2011; 50:9399-408. [PMID: 21961647 DOI: 10.1021/bi201173d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a large and complex protein that possesses two enzymatic properties, kinase and GTPase, is one of the major genetic factors in Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we characterize the kinetic and catalytic mechanisms of truncated wild-type (t-wt) LRRK2 and its most common mutant, G2019S (t-G2019S), with a structural interpretation of the kinase domain. First, the substitution of threonine with serine in the LRRKtide peptide results in a much less efficient substrate as demonstrated by a 26-fold decrease in k(cat) and a 6-fold decrease in binding affinity. The significant decrease in k(cat) is attributed to a slow chemical transfer step as evidenced by the inverse solvent kinetic isotope effect in the proton inventory and pL (pH or pD)-dependent studies. The shape of the proton inventory and pL profile clearly signals the involvement of a general base (pK(a) = 7.5) in the catalysis with a low fractionation factor in the ground state. We report for the first time that the increased kinase activity of the G2019S mutant is substrate-dependent. Homology modeling of the kinase domain (open and closed forms) and structural analysis of the docked peptide substrates suggest that electrostatic interactions play an important role in substrate recognition, which is affected by G2019S and may directly influence the kinetic properties of the enzyme. Finally, the GTPase activity of the t-G2019S mutant was characterized, and the mutation modestly decreases GTPase activity without significantly affecting GTP binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.
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21
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Liu Z, Hamamichi S, Lee BD, Yang D, Ray A, Caldwell GA, Caldwell KA, Dawson TM, Smith WW, Dawson VL. Inhibitors of LRRK2 kinase attenuate neurodegeneration and Parkinson-like phenotypes in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila Parkinson's disease models. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:3933-42. [PMID: 21768216 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) have been identified as a genetic cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD) and have also been found in the more common sporadic form of PD, thus positioning LRRK2 as important in the pathogenesis of PD. Biochemical studies of the disease-causing mutants of LRRK2 implicates an enhancement of kinase activity as the basis of neuronal toxicity and thus possibly the pathogenesis of PD due to LRRK2 mutations. Previously, a chemical library screen identified inhibitors of LRRK2 kinase activity. Here, two of these inhibitors, GW5074 and sorafenib, are shown to protect against G2019S LRRK2-induced neurodegeneration in vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans and in Drosophila. These findings indicate that increased kinase activity of LRRK2 is neurotoxic and that inhibition of LRRK2 activity can have a disease-modifying effect. This suggests that inhibition of LRRK2 holds promise as a treatment for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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22
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Abstract
Parkinson disease is a common and usually sporadic neurodegenerative disorder. However, a subset of cases are inherited and, of these, mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most frequent genetic cause of disease. Here, we will discuss recent progress in understanding how LRRK2 mutations lead to disease and how this might have therapeutic implications. The effect of mutations on LRRK2 enzyme function provides clues as to which functions of the protein are important to disease. Recent work has focused on the kinase and GTP-binding domains of LRRK2, and it is assumed that these will be therapeutically important, although there is a substantial amount of work to be done to address this hypothesis.
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23
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Li T, Yang D, Sushchky S, Liu Z, Smith WW. Models for LRRK2-Linked Parkinsonism. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2011; 2011:942412. [PMID: 21603132 PMCID: PMC3096154 DOI: 10.4061/2011/942412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons and the presence of Lewy bodies. The pathogenesis of PD is not fully understood, but it appears to involve both genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. Treatment for PD that prevents neuronal death progression in the dopaminergic system and abnormal protein deposition in the brain is not yet available. Recently, mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene have been identified to cause autosomal-dominant late-onset PD and contribute to sporadic PD. Here, we review the recent models for LRRK2-linked Parkinsonism and their utility in studying LRRK2 neurobiology, pathogenesis, and potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxia Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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24
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Doggrell SA. A new approach to Parkinson's disease: inhibition of leucine-rich repeat kinase-2. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:587-90. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.550874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A Doggrell
- Queensland University of Technology, Discipline of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, GPO 2434, QLD 4001, Brisbane, Australia ;
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