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Zhu X, Sculean A, Eick S. In-vitro effects of different hyaluronic acids on periodontal biofilm-immune cell interaction. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1414861. [PMID: 38938883 PMCID: PMC11208323 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1414861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recent studies have demonstrated a positive role of hyaluronic acid (HA) on periodontal clinical outcomes. This in-vitro study aimed to investigate the impact of four different HAs on interactions between periodontal biofilm and immune cells. Methods The four HAs included: high-molecular-weight HA (HHA, non-cross-linked), low-molecular-weight HA (LHA), oligomers HA (OHA), and cross-linked high-molecular-weight HA (CHA). Serial experiments were conducted to verify the influence of HAs on: (i) 12-species periodontal biofilm (formation and pre-existing); (ii) expression of inflammatory cytokines and HA receptors in monocytic (MONO-MAC-6) cells and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) with or without exposure to periodontal biofilms; (iii) generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MONO-MAC-6 cells and PDLF with presence of biofilm and HA. Results The results indicated that HHA and CHA reduced the bacterial counts in a newly formed (4-h) biofilm and in a pre-existing five-day-old biofilm. Without biofilm challenge, OHA triggered inflammatory reaction by increasing IL-1β and IL-10 levels in MONO-MAC cells and IL-8 in PDLF in a time-dependent manner, whereas CHA suppressed this response by inhibiting the expression of IL-10 in MONO-MAC cells and IL-8 in PDLF. Under biofilm challenge, HA decreased the expression of IL-1β (most decreasing HHA) and increased IL-10 levels in MONO-MAC-6 cells in a molecular weight dependent manner (most increasing CHA). The interaction between HA and both cells may occur via ICAM-1 receptor. Biofilm stimulus increased ROS levels in MONO-MAC-6 cells and PDLF, but only HHA slightly suppressed the high generation of ROS induced by biofilm stimulation in both cells. Conclusion Overall, these results indicate that OHA induces inflammation, while HHA and CHA exhibit anti-biofilm, primarily anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties in the periodontal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilei Zhu
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Song H, Jiang H, Hu W, Hai Y, Cai Y, Li H, Liao Y, Huang Y, Lv X, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Huang Y, Liang X, Huang H, Lin X, Wang Y, Yi X. Cervical extracellular matrix hydrogel optimizes tumor heterogeneity of cervical squamous cell carcinoma organoids. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl3511. [PMID: 38748808 PMCID: PMC11095500 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl3511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Cervical cancer, primarily squamous cell carcinoma, is the most prevalent gynecologic malignancy. Organoids can mimic tumor development in vitro, but current Matrigel inaccurately replicates the tissue-specific microenvironment. This limitation compromises the accurate representation of tumor heterogeneity. We collected para-cancerous cervical tissues from patients diagnosed with cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) and prepared uterine cervix extracellular matrix (UCEM) hydrogels. Proteomic analysis of UCEM identified several tissue-specific signaling pathways including human papillomavirus, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT, and extracellular matrix receptor. Secreted proteins like FLNA, MYH9, HSPA8, and EEF1A1 were present, indicating UCEM successfully maintained cervical proteins. UCEM provided a tailored microenvironment for CSCC organoids, enabling formation and growth while preserving tumorigenic potential. RNA sequencing showed UCEM-organoids exhibited greater similarity to native CSCC and reflected tumor heterogeneity by exhibiting CSCC-associated signaling pathways including virus protein-cytokine, nuclear factor κB, tumor necrosis factor, and oncogenes EGR1, FPR1, and IFI6. Moreover, UCEM-organoids developed chemotherapy resistance. Our research provides insights into advanced organoid technology through native matrix hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Song
- Department of Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Haoyuan Jiang
- Department of Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Weichu Hu
- Department of Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yan Hai
- Department of Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yihuan Cai
- Department of Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Hu Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yuru Liao
- Department of Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Gynecology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology, Foshan 528200, China
| | - Xiaogang Lv
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Yefei Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jiping Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Xiaomei Liang
- Department of Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Gynecology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology, Foshan 528200, China
| | - Xinhua Lin
- Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine, Guangzhou 510280, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Xiao Yi
- Department of Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
- Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine, Guangzhou 510280, China
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Pessoa FMCDP, Viana VBDJ, de Oliveira MB, Nogueira BMD, Ribeiro RM, Oliveira DDS, Lopes GS, Vieira RPG, de Moraes Filho MO, de Moraes MEA, Khayat AS, Moreira FC, Moreira-Nunes CA. Validation of Endogenous Control Genes by Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction for Acute Leukemia Gene Expression Studies. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:151. [PMID: 38397141 PMCID: PMC10887733 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Reference genes are used as internal reaction controls for gene expression analysis, and for this reason, they are considered reliable and must meet several important criteria. In view of the absence of studies regarding the best reference gene for the analysis of acute leukemia patients, a panel of genes commonly used as endogenous controls was selected from the literature for stability analysis: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene human homolog 1 (ABL), Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase 1 (HPRT1), Ribosomal protein lateral stalk subunit P0 (RPLP0), β-actin (ACTB) and TATA box binding protein (TBP). The stability of candidate reference genes was analyzed according to three statistical methods of assessment, namely, NormFinder, GeNorm and R software (version 4.0.3). From this study's analysis, it was possible to identify that the endogenous set composed of ACTB, ABL, TBP and RPLP0 demonstrated good performances and stable expressions between the analyzed groups. In addition to that, the GAPDH and HPRT genes could not be classified as good reference genes, considering that they presented a high standard deviation and great variability between groups, indicating low stability. Given these findings, this study suggests the main endogenous gene set for use as a control/reference for the gene expression in peripheral blood and bone marrow samples from patients with acute leukemias is composed of the ACTB, ABL, TBP and RPLP0 genes. Researchers may choose two to three of these housekeeping genes to perform data normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Melo Cunha de Pinho Pessoa
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil; (F.M.C.d.P.P.); (B.M.D.N.); (D.d.S.O.); (M.O.d.M.F.)
| | - Vitória Beatriz de Jesus Viana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (V.B.d.J.V.); (M.B.d.O.); (F.C.M.)
| | - Marcelo Braga de Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (V.B.d.J.V.); (M.B.d.O.); (F.C.M.)
| | - Beatriz Maria Dias Nogueira
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil; (F.M.C.d.P.P.); (B.M.D.N.); (D.d.S.O.); (M.O.d.M.F.)
| | | | - Deivide de Sousa Oliveira
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil; (F.M.C.d.P.P.); (B.M.D.N.); (D.d.S.O.); (M.O.d.M.F.)
- Department of Hematology, Fortaleza General Hospital (HGF), Fortaleza 60150-160, CE, Brazil
| | - Germison Silva Lopes
- Department of Hematology, César Cals General Hospital, Fortaleza 60015-152, CE, Brazil;
| | | | - Manoel Odorico de Moraes Filho
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil; (F.M.C.d.P.P.); (B.M.D.N.); (D.d.S.O.); (M.O.d.M.F.)
| | - Maria Elisabete Amaral de Moraes
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil; (F.M.C.d.P.P.); (B.M.D.N.); (D.d.S.O.); (M.O.d.M.F.)
| | - André Salim Khayat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (V.B.d.J.V.); (M.B.d.O.); (F.C.M.)
| | - Fabiano Cordeiro Moreira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (V.B.d.J.V.); (M.B.d.O.); (F.C.M.)
| | - Caroline Aquino Moreira-Nunes
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil; (F.M.C.d.P.P.); (B.M.D.N.); (D.d.S.O.); (M.O.d.M.F.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (V.B.d.J.V.); (M.B.d.O.); (F.C.M.)
- Central Unity, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Clementino Fraga Group, Fortaleza 60115-170, CE, Brazil
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Miao J, Kang L, Lan T, Wang J, Wu S, Jia Y, Xue X, Guo H, Wang P, Li Y. Identification of optimal reference genes in golden Syrian hamster with ethanol- and palmitoleic acid-induced acute pancreatitis using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Animal Model Exp Med 2023; 6:609-618. [PMID: 37202901 PMCID: PMC10757205 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a severe disorder that leads to high morbidity and mortality. Appropriate reference genes are important for gene analysis in AP. This study sought to study the expression stability of several reference genes in the golden Syrian hamster, a model of AP. METHODS AP was induced in golden Syrian hamster by intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (1.35 g/kg) and palmitoleic acid (2 mg/kg). The expression of candidate genes, including Actb, Gapdh, Eef2, Ywhaz, Rps18, Hprt1, Tubb, Rpl13a, Nono, and B2m, in hamster pancreas at different time points (1, 3, 6, 9, and 24 h) posttreatment was analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The expression stability of these genes was calculated using BestKeeper, Comprehensive Delta CT, NormFinder, and geNorm algorithms and RefFinder software. RESULTS Our results show that the expression of these reference genes fluctuated during AP, of which Ywhaz and Gapdh were the most stable genes, whereas Tubb, Eef2, and Actb were the least stable genes. Furthermore, these genes were used to normalize the expression of TNF-α messenger ribonucleic acid in inflamed pancreas. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, Ywhaz and Gapdh were suitable reference genes for gene expression analysis in AP induced in Syrian hamster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Miao
- Academy of Chinese Medicine ScienceHenan University of Chinese MedicineZhengzhouChina
| | - Le Kang
- Academy of Chinese Medicine ScienceHenan University of Chinese MedicineZhengzhouChina
| | - Tianfeng Lan
- Sino‐British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Center for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jianyao Wang
- Sino‐British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Center for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Siqing Wu
- Academy of Chinese Medicine ScienceHenan University of Chinese MedicineZhengzhouChina
| | - Yifan Jia
- Academy of Chinese Medicine ScienceHenan University of Chinese MedicineZhengzhouChina
| | - Xia Xue
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall Medical Research CenterThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Haoran Guo
- Sino‐British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Center for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Pengju Wang
- Sino‐British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Center for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yan Li
- Academy of Chinese Medicine ScienceHenan University of Chinese MedicineZhengzhouChina
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Zhu X, von Werdt L, Zappalà G, Sculean A, Eick S, Stähli A. In vitro activity of hyaluronic acid and human serum on periodontal biofilm and periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:5021-5029. [PMID: 37380794 PMCID: PMC10492760 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A beneficial effect of cross-linked hyaluronic acid (cHA) on periodontal wound healing and regeneration has recently been demonstrated. The present in vitro study was designed to obtain deeper knowledge on the effect of cHA when applied in the gingival sulcus (serum-rich environment) during non-surgical periodontal therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The influence of cHA, human serum (HS), and cHA/HS on (i) a 12-species biofilm formation, (ii) the adhesion of periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) to dentine surface, (iii) the expression and secretion of interleukin-8, and (iv) the expression of receptors of HA in PDLF and gingival fibroblasts (GF) were evaluated. RESULTS At 4 h of biofilm formation, cHA and HS in combination (cHA/HS) slightly decreased the colony-forming unit counts in biofilm whereas the metabolic activity of biofilm was reduced in all test groups (cHA, HS, cHA/HS) vs. control. At 24 h, the quantity of biofilm was reduced in all test groups vs. untreated control. The test substances did not affect adhesion of PDLF to dentin. HS increased the expression of IL-8 by PDLF and GF which was partially downregulated by cHA. HS and/or cHA promoted the expression of the HA receptor RHAMM in GF but not in PDLF. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the present data indicate that serum neither negatively affect the activity of cHA against periodontal biofilm nor had any unwanted influence on the activity of PDLF. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings lend additional support for the positive effects of cHA on cells involved in periodontal wound healing, thus pointing to its potential use in non-surgical periodontal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilei Zhu
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Livia von Werdt
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Graziano Zappalà
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Stähli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Coluccia A, Matti F, Zhu X, Lussi A, Stähli A, Sculean A, Eick S. In Vitro Study on Green Propolis as a Potential Ingredient of Oral Health Care Products. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121764. [PMID: 36551420 PMCID: PMC9774696 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis is increasingly being discussed as an alternative to commonly used antiseptics. This in vitro study focused on the ethanolic extract of green Brazilian propolis (EEPg) as an additive in an oral health care product. We investigated (i) a potential inflammation-modulation activity of EEPg when a periodontal or Candida biofilm was exposed to monocytic (MONO-MAC-6) cells, (ii) the adhesion of oral pathogens to gingival keratinocytes and (iii) the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect of different toothpaste formulations. EEPg decreased the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and increased IL-10 in MONO-MAC cells challenged with a periodontal biofilm. In contact with TIGK cells, EEPg reduced the numbers of adherent Porphyromonas gingivalis to 0.5% but did not affect the adhesion of Candida albicans. The frequent brushing of a cariogenic biofilm with a toothpaste supplemented with EEPg reduced the surface microhardness loss of enamel specimens. Mixing an experimental erythritol toothpaste with 25 and 50 mg/mL of EEPg confirmed the antibacterial activity of EEPg against oral bacteria and particularly inhibited periodontal biofilm formation. The suggested toothpaste formulations seem to have potential in the prevention of caries, gingivitis and periodontitis and should be evaluated in further in vitro research and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Coluccia
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Matti
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Xilei Zhu
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Lussi
- Preventive and Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Stähli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Cheng TY, Zimmerman JJ, Giménez-Lirola LG. Internal reference genes with the potential for normalizing quantitative PCR results for oral fluid specimens. Anim Health Res Rev 2022; 23:147-156. [PMID: 36330795 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252322000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In basic research, testing of oral fluid specimens by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) has been used to evaluate changes in gene expression levels following experimental treatments. In diagnostic medicine, qPCR has been used to detect DNA/RNA transcripts indicative of bacterial or viral infections. Normalization of qPCR using endogenous and exogenous reference genes is a well-established strategy for ensuring result comparability by controlling sample-to-sample variation introduced during sampling, storage, and qPCR testing. In this review, the majority of recent publications in human (n = 136) and veterinary (n = 179) medicine did not describe the use of internal reference genes in qPCRs for oral fluid specimens (52.9% animal studies; 57.0% human studies). However, the use of endogenous reference genes has not been fully explored or validated for oral fluid specimens. The lack of valid internal reference genes inherent to the oral fluid matrix will continue to hamper the reliability, reproducibility, and generalizability of oral fluid qPCR assays until this issue is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Luis G Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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DIA-based proteomics analysis of serum-derived exosomal proteins as potential candidate biomarkers for intrahepatic cholestasis in pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2022; 308:79-89. [PMID: 35849169 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-022-06703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data-independent acquisition (DIA) is one of the most powerful and reproducible proteomic technologies for large-scale digital qualitative and quantitative research. The aim of this study was to use proteomic methodologies for the identification of biomarkers that are over or underexpressed in women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) compared with controls and discover a potential biomarker panel for ICP detection. METHODS The participants included 11 ICP patients and 11 healthy pregnant women as controls. The clinical characteristic data and the laboratory biochemical data were collected at the time of recruitment. Then, a data-independent acquisition (DIA)-based proteomics approach was used to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in serum exosomes between ICP patients and controls. Finally, bioinformatics analysis was used to identify the relevant processes in which these DEPs were involved. RESULTS The proteomics results showed that there were 162 DEPs in serum exosomes between pregnant women with ICP and healthy pregnant women, of which 106 were upregulated and 56 were downregulated in ICP. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that the identified proteins were functionally related to specific cell processes including apoptosis, lipid metabolism, immune response and cell proliferation, and metabolic disorders, suggesting that these may be primary causative factors in ICP pathogenesis. Meanwhile, complement and coagulation cascades may be closely related to the development of ICP. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis showed that the area under the curve values of Elongation factor 1-alpha 1, Beta-2-glycoprotein I, Zinc finger protein 238, CP protein and Ficolin-3 were all approximately 0.9, indicating the promising diagnostic value of these proteins. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary work provides a better understanding of the proteomic alterations in the serum exosomes of pregnant women with ICP.
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Lee J, Kim YH, Kim K, Kim D, Lee SH, Kim S. Selection of stable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in the Varroa mite, Varroa destructor. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 110:e21905. [PMID: 35393698 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the acaricide toxicity and resistance mechanisms in the Varroa mite, it is essential to understand the genetic responses of Varroa mites to acaricides, which are usually evaluated by transcriptional profiling based on quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In this study, to select reference genes showing consistent expression patterns regardless of the acaricide treatment or the type of tissue, Varroa mites treated with each of the three representative acaricides (coumaphos, fluvalinate, and amitraz) were processed for transcriptomic analysis, from which eight genes (NADH dehydrogenase [NADHD], glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [GAPDH], eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 α 1 [eEF1A1], eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 [eEF2], ribosomal protein L5 [RpL5], Actin, tubulin α-1D chain [α-tubulin], and Rab1) were selected as candidates. The transcription profiles of these genes, depending on the treatment of the three acaricides or across different tissues (cuticle, legs, gut/fat bodies, and synganglion), were analyzed using qPCR with four validation programs, BestKeeper, geNorm, NormFinder, and RefFinder. Following acaricide treatment, eEF1A1 and NADHD showed the least variation in their expression levels, whereas the expression levels of α-tubulin and RpL5 were the most stable across different tissue groups. Rab1/GAPDH and Actin/eEF2 showed the least stable expression patterns following acaricide treatments and across different tissues, respectively, requiring precautions for use. When vitellogenin gene expression was analyzed by different reference genes, its expression profiles varied significantly depending on the reference genes, highlighting the importance of proper reference gene use. Thus, it is recommended using eEF1A1 and NADHD as reference genes for the comparison of the effects of acaricide on the whole body, whereas α-tubulin and RpL5 are recommended for investigating the tissue-specific expression profiles of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonhee Lee
- Entomology Program, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ecological Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmun Kim
- Division of Apiculture, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwon Kim
- Division of Apiculture, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Entomology Program, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyeon Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Schuppe ER, Tobiansky D, Goller F, Fuxjager MJ. Specialized androgen synthesis in skeletal muscles that actuate elaborate social displays. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:275472. [PMID: 35587151 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Androgens mediate the expression of many reproductive behaviors, including the elaborate displays used to navigate courtship and territorial interactions. In some vertebrates, males can produce androgen-dependent sexual behavior even when levels of testosterone (T) is low in the bloodstream. One idea is that select tissues make their own androgens from scratch to support behavioral performance. We first study this phenomenon in the skeletal muscles that actuate elaborate sociosexual displays in downy woodpeckers and two songbirds. We show that the woodpecker display muscle maintains elevated T when the testes are regressed in the non-breeding season. Both the display muscles of woodpeckers, as well as the display muscles in the avian vocal organ (syrinx or SYR) of songbirds, express all transporters and enzymes necessary to convert cholesterol into bioactive androgens locally. In a final analysis, we broaden our study by looking for these same transporters and enzymes in mammalian muscles that operate at different speeds. Using RNA-seq data, we find that the capacity for de novo synthesis is only present in "superfast" extraocular muscle. Together, our results suggest that skeletal muscle specialized to generate extraordinary twitch-times and/or extremely rapid contractile speeds may depend on androgenic hormones produced locally within the muscle itself. Our study therefore uncovers an important new dimension of androgenic regulation of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Schuppe
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, 215 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Daniel Tobiansky
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University, 171 Meeting Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Franz Goller
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, USA.,Institute for Zoophysiology, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Matthew J Fuxjager
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University, 171 Meeting Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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11
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Kida N, Nishigaki A, Kakita‐Kobayashi M, Tsubokura H, Hashimoto Y, Yoshida A, Hisamatsu Y, Tsuzuki‐Nakao T, Murata H, Okada H. Exposure to cigarette smoke affects endometrial maturation including angiogenesis and decidualization. Reprod Med Biol 2021; 20:108-118. [PMID: 33488290 PMCID: PMC7812488 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate the effects of cigarette smoking on human endometrial maturation for reproductive function, the authors examined the in vitro effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on angiogenesis and decidualization in primary human endometrial stromal cells (ESCs). METHODS Endometrial stromal cells were cultured with CSE and/or estradiol-17β (E2) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). The mRNA, protein levels, and protein secretion of the angiogenic factors and decidual specific factors were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Decidualization was also monitored by the changes in cellular morphology. RESULTS Endometrial stromal cell proliferation substantially decreased after dose-dependent treatments with CSE at concentrations above 1%, whereas cell death was induced at treatment concentrations above 1% CSE. Treatments above 0.025% CSE led to increased vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA through hypoxia-inducible factor-1α accumulation. CSE concentrations at 0.01% and 0.025% increased the prolactin expression levels after treatment with E2 and MPA, whereas 0.1% and 0.25% CSE concentrations suppressed prolactin. Similar tendencies were observed in cellular morphology and other decidual specific factors. CONCLUSION These results suggest that exposure to cigarette smoke affects endometrial appropriate maturation including the processes of angiogenesis and decidualization in the reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kida
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKansai Medical UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Akemi Nishigaki
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKansai Medical UniversityOsakaJapan
| | | | - Hiroaki Tsubokura
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKansai Medical UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Yoshiko Hashimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKansai Medical UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Aya Yoshida
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKansai Medical UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Yoji Hisamatsu
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKansai Medical UniversityOsakaJapan
| | | | - Hiromi Murata
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKansai Medical UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Hidetaka Okada
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKansai Medical UniversityOsakaJapan
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12
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Stähli A, Schatt ASJ, Stoffel M, Nietzsche S, Sculean A, Gruber R, Cvikl B, Eick S. Effect of scaling on the invasion of oral microorganisms into dentinal tubules including the response of pulpal cells-an in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:769-777. [PMID: 33274409 PMCID: PMC7820079 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03705-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To investigate how scaling affects the penetration of microorganisms into dentinal tubules, how pulpal cells seeded into the pulp cavity respond to bacterial challenge, and how penetration and inflammatory response may depend on the bacterial composition. Materials and methods Root canals of 102 extracted human teeth underwent shaping and cleaning. Half of the teeth were subjected to scaling and root planing, the other half remained untreated. Teeth were exposed to either Streptococcus gordonii and Actinomyces oris or S. gordonii and Porphyromonas gingivalis for 10 weeks. Bacterial invasion was assessed in a depth of 1 mm to the root surface. Human pulpal cells were seeded into the cavities to assess the expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoassay. Results The percentage of teeth with bacteria detected in dentine was higher when teeth received scaling than when they were untreated: 66.6% versus 44.4% when exposed to A. oris/S. gordonii, and 50% versus 25% when exposed to P. gingivalis/S. gordonii (p = 0.043). Scaling had no impact on IL-8 and MMP-3 expression in pulpal cells. P. gingivalis/S. gordonii caused higher levels of IL-8, MCP-1, and MMP-3 than A. oris/S. gordonii (p = 0.003, p = 0.011, p = 0.037). Conclusion Scaling supports the penetration of bacteria into the dentine of extracted human teeth. P. gingivalis may affect the immune response in pulpal cells. Clinical relevance Root surface debridement with hand instruments may facilitate bacterial penetration. Other kinds of mechanical instrumentation in this experimental setting should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Stähli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Alex S J Schatt
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Miro Stoffel
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandor Nietzsche
- Center of Electron Microscopy, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Cvikl
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
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13
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Asiabi P, Ambroise J, Giachini C, Coccia ME, Bearzatto B, Chiti MC, Dolmans MM, Amorim CA. Assessing and validating housekeeping genes in normal, cancerous, and polycystic human ovaries. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020; 37:2545-2553. [PMID: 32729067 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01901-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Housekeeping genes (HKGs), reference or endogenous control genes, are vital to normalize mRNA levels between different samples. Since using inappropriate HKGs can lead to unreliable results, selecting the proper ones is critical for gene expression studies. To this end, normal human ovaries, as well as those from patients diagnosed with ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma (OEA), ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma (OMA), ovarian serous papillary carcinoma (OSPC), and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), were used to identify the most suitable housekeeping genes. METHODS RNA was isolated from 5 normal human ovaries (52-79 years of age), 9 cancerous ovaries (3 OEA, 3 OMA, 3 OSPC; 49-75 years of age), and 4 PCOS ovaries (18-35 years of age) in women undergoing hysterectomy. cDNA was synthesized using a whole transcriptome kit, and quantitative real-time PCR was performed using TaqMan array 96-well plates containing 32 human endogenous controls in triplicate. RESULTS Among 32 HKGs studied, RPS17, RPL37A, PPIA, 18srRNA, B2M, RPLP0, RPLP30, HPRT1, POP4, CDKN1B, and ELF1 were selected as the best reference genes. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms recent investigations demonstrating that conventional HKGs, such as GAPDH and beta-actin, are not suitable reference genes for specific pathological conditions, emphasizing the importance of determining the best HKGs on a case-by-case basis and according to tissue type. Our results have identified reliable HKGs for studies of normal human ovaries and those affected by OEA, OMA, OSPC, or PCOS, as well as combined studies of control subjects vs. each cancer or PCOS group.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Asiabi
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 52, bte B1.52.02, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Ambroise
- Centre de Technologies Moléculaires Appliquées, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Giachini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - M E Coccia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - B Bearzatto
- Centre de Technologies Moléculaires Appliquées, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M C Chiti
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 52, bte B1.52.02, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M M Dolmans
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 52, bte B1.52.02, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
- Gynecology Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C A Amorim
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 52, bte B1.52.02, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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14
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Kakita-Kobayashi M, Murata H, Nishigaki A, Hashimoto Y, Komiya S, Tsubokura H, Kido T, Kida N, Tsuzuki-Nakao T, Matsuo Y, Bono H, Hirota K, Okada H. Thyroid Hormone Facilitates in vitro Decidualization of Human Endometrial Stromal Cells via Thyroid Hormone Receptors. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5815305. [PMID: 32242219 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial stromal cells differentiate into decidual cells through the process of decidualization. This differentiation is critical for embryo implantation and the successful establishment of pregnancy. Recent epidemiological studies have suggested that thyroid hormone is important in the endometrium during implantation, and it is commonly believed that thyroid hormone is essential for proper development, differentiation, growth, and metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the impact of thyroid hormone on decidualization in human endometrial stromal cells (hESCs) and define its physiological roles in vitro by gene targeting. To identify the expression patterns of thyroid hormone, we performed gene expression profiling of hESCs during decidualization after treating them with the thyroid hormone levothyroxine (LT4). A major increase in decidual response was observed after combined treatment with ovarian steroid hormones and thyroid hormone. Moreover, LT4 treatment also affected the regulation of many transcription factors important for decidualization. We found that type 3 deiodinase, which is particularly important in fetal and placental tissues, was upregulated during decidualization in the presence of thyroid hormone. Further, it was observed that progesterone receptor, an ovarian steroid hormone receptor, was involved in thyroid hormone-induced decidualization. In the absence of thyroid hormone receptor (TR), due to the simultaneous silencing of TRα and TRβ, thyroid hormone expression was unchanged during decidualization. In summary, we demonstrated that thyroid hormone is essential for decidualization in the endometrium. This is the first in vitro study to find impaired decidualization as a possible cause of infertility in subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiromi Murata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Akemi Nishigaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Hashimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Komiya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tsubokura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kido
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Naoko Kida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tsuzuki-Nakao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Matsuo
- Department of Human Stress Response Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Bono
- Database Center for Life Science (DBCLS), Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS), Mishima, Japan
| | - Kiichi Hirota
- Department of Human Stress Response Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Okada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
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15
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Fischer FC, Abele C, Henneberger L, Klüver N, König M, Mühlenbrink M, Schlichting R, Escher BI. Cellular Metabolism in High-Throughput In Vitro Reporter Gene Assays and Implications for the Quantitative In Vitro–In Vivo Extrapolation. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1770-1779. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian C. Fischer
- Department Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cedric Abele
- Department Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Luise Henneberger
- Department Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nils Klüver
- Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria König
- Department Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marie Mühlenbrink
- Department Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rita Schlichting
- Department Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beate I. Escher
- Department Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Centre for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
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16
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In-vitro antibiofilm activity of chlorhexidine digluconate on polylactide-based and collagen-based membranes. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:291. [PMID: 31878907 PMCID: PMC6933891 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0979-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR), barrier membranes are used to allow selective cell populations to multiply and to promote periodontal regeneration. A frequent complication is membrane exposure to the oral cavity followed by bacterial colonization. The purpose of this in-vitro-study was to elucidate, if rinsing with a chlorhexidine digluconate solution (CHX) prevents bacterial adhesion, and whether it interferes with attachment of periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts and epithelial cells to membrane surfaces. Methods Firstly, two bioresorbable membranes (polylactide-based and collagen-based) were dipped into 0.06% CHX and 0.12% CHX, before biofilms (2-species representing periodontal health, 6-species representing a periodontitis) were formed for 2 h and 8 h. Subsequently, colony forming units (cfu) were counted. Secondly, the membranes were treated with CHX and inoculated in bacteria suspension two-time per day for 3 d before cfu were determined. In additional series, the influence of CHX and bacterial lysates on attachment of epithelial cells and PDL fibroblasts was determined. Parameter-free tests were applied for statistical analysis. Results Cfu in “healthy” biofilms did not differ between the two membranes, more cfu were counted in “periodontitis” biofilm on collagen than on polylactide membranes. One-time dipping of membranes into CHX solutions did not markedly influence the cfu counts of both biofilms on polylactide membrane; those on collagen-based membrane were significantly reduced with being 0.12% CHX more active than 0.06% CHX. More-fold CHX dipping of membranes reduced concentration-dependent the cfu counts of both biofilms on both membranes. In general, the number of attached gingival epithelial cells and PDL fibroblasts was higher on collagen than on polylactide membrane. Lysates of the periodontopathogenic bacteria inhibited attachment of PDL fibroblasts to membranes. CHX decreased in a concentration-dependend manner the number of attached gingival epithelial cells and PDL fibroblasts. Conclusions The present in-vitro results appear to indicate that membranes in GTR should only be used when bacteria being associated with periodontal disease have been eliminated. An exposure of the membrane should be avoided. Rinsing with CHX may prevent or at least retard bacterial colonization on membrane exposed to the oral activity. However, a certain negative effect on wound healing cannot be excluded.
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17
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Xing S, Zeng T, Xue N, He Y, Lai YZ, Li HL, Huang Q, Chen SL, Liu WL. Development and Validation of Tumor-educated Blood Platelets Integrin Alpha 2b (ITGA2B) RNA for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Non-small-cell Lung Cancer through RNA-seq. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:1977-1992. [PMID: 31523198 PMCID: PMC6743295 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.36284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Currently, there are no molecular biomarkers for the early detection of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study focused on identifying RNAs found on tumor-educated blood platelets (TEPs) for detecting stage I NSCLC. Methods: Platelet RNAs, isolated from the blood of 9 patients with NSCLC (stages I and II) and 8 healthy controls, were analyzed using RNA-seq. ITGA2B was selected as a candidate marker. Two different Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) were used to measure ITGA2B in platelet samples from healthy controls (n = 150), patients with NSCLC (n = 243), and patients with benign pulmonary nodules (n = 141) in two cohorts. Results: Platelet ITGA2B levels were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in patients with NSCLC than in all controls. The diagnostic accuracy of ITGA2B was area under the curve (AUC) of 0.922 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.892-0.952], sensitivity of 92.8%, and specificity of 78.6% in the test cohort and 0.888, 91.2%, and 56.5% in the validation cohort for NSCLC by quantitative real time PCR (q-PCR). Furthermore, ITGA2B maintained diagnostic accuracy for patients with NSCLC using Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) and the other type of internal control, Ribosomal Protein L32 (RPL32) [ddPCR: 0.967 (0.929-1.000) and RPL32: 0.847(0.773-0.920)]. A nomogram incorporating ITGA2B, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and stage could predict the overall survival (C-index = 0.756). Conclusions: TEP ITGA2B is a promising marker to improve identification of patients with stage I NSCLC and differentiate malignant from benign lung nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xing
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Ning Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Tumor Hospital, Zhengzhou 450100, P. R. China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Yan-zhen Lai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Hui-lan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Shu-lin Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Wan-li Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
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18
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Szczepańska M, Wirstlein P, Zawadzka M, Wender-Ożegowska E, Jagodziński PP. Alternation of ten-eleven translocation 1, 2, and 3 expression in eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis-associated infertility. Gynecol Endocrinol 2018; 34:1084-1090. [PMID: 30130982 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2018.1490403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the differences in ten-eleven translocation 1, 2, and 3 (TET1-3) expression in the endometrial phases in eutopic endometrium from infertile women with endometriosis (IWE) and fertile women without endometriosis (FW). Using RT-qPCR and western blot analysis, we assessed the TET expression in the mid-follicular and mid-luteal phases in eutopic endometrium from IWE (n = 38) and FW (n = 18). Both IWE and FW underwent laparoscopic and histological examinations for endometriosis. In the mid-luteal eutopic endometrium in IWE, compared to that of FW, we found significantly reduced levels of TET1 transcripts and proteins (p = .001 and p = .003, respectively) at the severity stage of I/II (p = .029 and p = .003, respectively) and transcripts only at the severity stage of III/IV (p = .003). In the mid-follicular eutopic endometrium of IWE, compared to that of FW, there was a statistically significant reduction in TET2 transcript levels at the severity stage of III/IV (p = .037). Compared to the mid-follicular endometrium, we found a statistically significant increase in TET3 transcript levels during the mid-luteal phase in the eutopic endometrium of all IWE (p = .034) and in the severity stage of III/IV (p = .025). We observed a change in the expression levels of TET1-3 in the eutopic endometrium of IWE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Szczepańska
- a Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Division of Reproduction , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Wirstlein
- a Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Division of Reproduction , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zawadzka
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
| | - Ewa Wender-Ożegowska
- a Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Division of Reproduction , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
| | - Paweł P Jagodziński
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
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19
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Bender P, Egger A, Westermann M, Taudte N, Sculean A, Potempa J, Möller B, Buchholz M, Eick S. Expression of human and Porphyromonas gingivalis glutaminyl cyclases in periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis-A pilot study. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 97:223-230. [PMID: 30399509 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human glutaminyl cyclases (QC and isoQC) play an important role in maintaining inflammatory conditions. Meanwhile a glutaminyl cyclase synthesized by Porphyromonas gingivalis (PgQC), a key pathogen in developing periodontitis and a potential link of periodontitis with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), was discovered. This study was aimed to determine the expression of QC, isoQC and PgQC in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and RA. DESIGN Thirty volunteers were enrolled in a pilot study and divided into 3 groups (healthy, CP and RA individuals). Blood samples, biofilm and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were analysed for mRNA expression of QC, isoQC and P. gingivalis QC. Major bacteria being associated with periodontal disease were quantified in subgingival biofilm and protein levels for monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, MCP-3 and interleukin (IL)-1β) were determined in the GCF. Expression of PgQC on the mRNA and protein levels was assessed in two P. gingivalis strains. RESULTS PgQC is expressed in P. gingivalis strains and the protein seems to be located mainly in peri-plasmatic space. mRNA expression of QC was significantly increased in the peripheral blood from RA patients vs. healthy subjects and CP patients (p = 0.013 and p = 0.003, respectively). In GCF of RA patients, QC mRNA was detected more frequently than in healthy controls (p = 0.043). In these samples IL-1β levels were also elevated compared to GCF from periodontally healthy individuals (p = 0.003). PgQC was detected in eight out of the 13 P. gingivalis positive biofilm samples. CONCLUSION Activity of QC may play a supportive role in maintaining chronic periodontal inflammation and destruction in RA. PgQC is expressed in vivo but further research is needed to evaluate biological importance of this enzyme and if it constitutes a potential target in periodontal antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Bender
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Egger
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Westermann
- Center of Electron Microscopy, University Hospital of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Nadine Taudte
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI-MWT, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, USA
| | - Burkhard Möller
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Buchholz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI-MWT, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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20
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de Campos RP, Schultz IC, de Andrade Mello P, Davies S, Gasparin MS, Bertoni APS, Buffon A, Wink MR. Cervical cancer stem-like cells: systematic review and identification of reference genes for gene expression. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:139-152. [PMID: 28949053 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer affecting women worldwide. Among many factors, the presence of cancer stem cells, a subpopulation of cells inside the tumor, has been associated with a worse prognosis. Considering the importance of gene expression studies to understand the biology of cervical cancer stem cells (CCSC), this work identifies stable reference genes for cervical cancer cell lines SiHa, HeLa, and ME180 as well as their respective cancer stem-like cells. A literature review was performed to identify validated reference genes currently used to normalize RT-qPCR data in cervical cancer cell lines. Then, cell lines were cultured in regular monolayer or in a condition that favors tumor sphere formation. RT-qPCR was performed using five reference genes: ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, HPRT1, and TBP. Stability was assessed to validate the selected genes as suitable reference genes. The evaluation validated B2M, GAPDH, HPRT1, and TBP in these experimental conditions. Among them, GAPDH and TBP presented the lowest variability according to the analysis by Normfinder, Bestkeeper, and ΔCq methods, being therefore the most adequate genes to normalize the combination of all samples. These results suggest that B2M, GAPDH, HPRT1, and TBP are suitable reference genes to normalize RT-qPCR data of established cervical cancer cell lines SiHa, HeLa, and ME180 as well as their derived cancer stem-like cells. Indeed, GAPDH and TBP seem to be the most convenient choices for studying gene expression in these cells in monolayers or spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael P de Campos
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Iago C Schultz
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paola de Andrade Mello
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Análises Bioquímicas e Citológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Samuel Davies
- Laboratório de Análises Bioquímicas e Citológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Manuela S Gasparin
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Análises Bioquímicas e Citológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana P S Bertoni
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andréia Buffon
- Laboratório de Análises Bioquímicas e Citológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Márcia R Wink
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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21
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Santolamazza F, Avellino P, Siciliano G, Yao FA, Lombardo F, Ouédraogo JB, Modiano D, Alano P, Mangano VD. Detection of Plasmodium falciparum male and female gametocytes and determination of parasite sex ratio in human endemic populations by novel, cheap and robust RTqPCR assays. Malar J 2017; 16:468. [PMID: 29149898 PMCID: PMC5693539 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in peripheral blood is essential for human to mosquito parasite transmission. The detection of submicroscopic infections with gametocytes and the estimation of the gametocyte sex ratio are crucial to assess the human host potential ability to infect mosquitoes and transmit malaria parasites. Aim and objectives The aim of this work was to develop sensitive and cheap Real Time qPCR assays for large-scale epidemiological surveys, based on detection and amplification of gametocyte sex specific transcripts selected from the literature: the female-specific pfs25 and pf glycerol kinase (pfGK) and the male-specific pfs230p and pf13 transcripts. Methods RTqPCR assays were used to test the gametocyte- and sex-specific expression of the target genes using asexual stages of the gametocyteless parasite clone F12 and FACS purified male and female gametocytes of the PfDynGFP/P47mCherry line. Assays were performed on 50 blood samples collected during an epidemiological survey in the Soumousso village, Burkina Faso, West-Africa, and amplification of the human housekeeping gene 18S rRNA was employed to normalize RNA sample variability. Results SYBR Green assays were developed that showed higher sensitivity compared to Taqman assays at a reduced cost. RTqPCR results confirmed that expression of pfs25 and pfs230p are female and male-specific, respectively, and introduced two novel markers, the female-specific pfGK and the male-specific pf13. A formula was derived to calculate the ratio of male to female gametocytes based on the ratio of male to female transcript copy number. Use of these assays in the field samples showed, as expected, a higher sensitivity of RTqPCR compared to microscopy. Importantly, similar values of gametocyte sex-ratio were obtained in the field samples based on the four different target combinations. Conclusion Novel, sensitive, cheap and robust molecular assays were developed for the detection and quantification of female and male P. falciparum gametocytes. In particular, the RTqPCR assays based on the female-specific pfs25 and the newly described male gametocyte-specific pf13 transcripts, including normalization by the human 18S, reliably assess presence and abundance of female and male gametocytes and enable to determine their sex-ratio in human subjects in endemic areas. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-017-2118-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Santolamazza
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Pamela Avellino
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Giulia Siciliano
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Franck Adama Yao
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Fabrizio Lombardo
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Jean Bosco Ouédraogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Centre Muraz, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - David Modiano
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Pietro Alano
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy.
| | - Valentina Dianora Mangano
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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22
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Tan Y, Zhou XR, Pang BP. Reference gene selection and evaluation for expression analysis using qRT-PCR in Galeruca daurica (Joannis). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 107:359-368. [PMID: 27819206 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485316000948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) has been used extensively to analyze gene expression and decipher gene function. To obtain the optimal and stable normalization factors for qRT-PCR, selection and validation of reference genes should be conducted in diverse conditions. In insects, more and more studies confirmed the necessity and importance of reference gene selection. In this study, eight traditionally used reference genes in Galeruca daurica (Joannis) were assessed, using qRT-PCR, for suitability as normalization genes under different experimental conditions using four statistical programs: geNorm, Normfinder, BestKeeper and the comparative ΔC t method. The genes were ranked from the most stable to the least stable using RefFinder. The optimal suite of recommended reference genes was as follows: succinate dehydrogenase (SDHA) and tubulin-alpha (TUB-α) for temperature-treated larvae; ribosomal protein L32, SDHA and glutathione S-transferase were best for all developmental stages; ACT and TUB-α for male and female adults; SDHA and TUB-α were relatively stable and expressed in different tissues, both diapause and non-diapause adults. Reference gene evaluation was validated using expression of two target genes: the P450 CYP6 gene and the heat shock protein gene Hsp70. These results confirm the importance of custom reference gene selection when studies are conducted under diverse experimental conditions. A standardized qRT-PCR analysis procedure for gene functional studies is provided that could be useful in studies on other insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tan
- Research Center for Grassland Entomology, Inner Mongolian Agricultural University,Hohhot,China
| | - X-R Zhou
- Research Center for Grassland Entomology, Inner Mongolian Agricultural University,Hohhot,China
| | - B-P Pang
- Research Center for Grassland Entomology, Inner Mongolian Agricultural University,Hohhot,China
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23
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Godlewska U, Brzoza P, Sroka A, Majewski P, Jentsch H, Eckert M, Eick S, Potempa J, Zabel BA, Cichy J. Antimicrobial and Attractant Roles for Chemerin in the Oral Cavity during Inflammatory Gum Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:353. [PMID: 28424689 PMCID: PMC5372799 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal inflammation is one of the most common chronic inflammatory conditions in humans. Despite recent advances in identifying and characterizing oral microbiota dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of gum disease, just how host factors maintain a healthy homeostatic oral microbial community or prevent the development of a pathogenic oral microbiota remains poorly understood. An important determinant of microbiota fate is local antimicrobial proteins. Here, we report that chemoattractant protein chemerin, which we recently identified as a potent endogenous antimicrobial agent in body barriers such as the skin, is present in the oral cavity under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. Chemerin and a chemerin-derived antimicrobial peptide are bactericidal against select bacteria strategically positioned in dental biofilm. Gingival crevicular samples from patients with gingivitis but not periodontitis contain abundant bioactive chemerin capable of inducing CMKLR1-dependent leukocyte migration. Gingipains secreted by the periodontopathogen P. gingivalis inactivate chemerin. Together, these data suggest that as an antimicrobial agent and leukocyte chemoattractant, chemerin likely contributes to antimicrobial immune defense in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Godlewska
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Brzoza
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta Sroka
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Pawel Majewski
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Holger Jentsch
- Centre for Periodontology, Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Eckert
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Brian A Zabel
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Joanna Cichy
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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24
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Tan SC, Ismail MP, Duski DR, Othman NH, Bhavaraju VMK, Ankathil R. Identification of Optimal Reference Genes for Normalization of RT-qPCR Data in Cancerous and Non-Cancerous Tissues of Human Uterine Cervix. Cancer Invest 2017; 35:163-173. [DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2017.1278767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shing Cheng Tan
- Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Pazudin Ismail
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Daniel Roza Duski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Sultan Ismail, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hayati Othman
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Venkata Murali Krishna Bhavaraju
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy and Oncology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ravindran Ankathil
- Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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25
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Sun SH, Liu D, Deng YT, Zhang XX, Wan DY, Xi BX, Huang W, Chen Q, Li MC, Wang MW, Yang F, Shu P, Wu KZ, Gao QL. SIX1 coordinates with TGFβ signals to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cervical cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:1271-1278. [PMID: 27446426 PMCID: PMC4950046 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a critical role in promoting tumor invasion and metastasis. However, the key cofactors that modulate the signal transduction to induce EMT have note been fully explored to date. The present study reports that sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) is able to promote EMT of cervical cancer by coordinating with transforming growth factor (TGF)β-SMAD signals. The expression of SIX1 was negatively correlated with the expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin in two independent groups of cervical cancer specimens. SIX1 could promote the transition of mesenchymal phenotype in the presence of active TGFβ signals in vitro and in vivo. TGFβ-SMAD signals were required for the SIX1-mediated promotion of EMT and metastatic capacity of cervical cancer cells. Together, SIX1 and TGFβ cooperated to induce more remarkable changes in the transition of phenotype than each of them alone, and coordinated to promote cell motility and tumor metastasis in cervical cancer. These results suggest that the coordination of SIX1 and TGFβ signals may be crucial in the EMT program, and that SIX1/TGFβ may be considered a valuable marker for evaluating the metastatic potential of cervical cancer cells, or a therapeutic target in the treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hua Sun
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, P.R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Te Deng
- Department of Pathology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Xue Zhang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Yi Wan
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Bi-Xin Xi
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, P.R. China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Chen Li
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, P.R. China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Pathology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, P.R. China
| | - Ping Shu
- Department of Medical Records Room, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Zhi Wu
- Department of Medical Records Room, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Lei Gao
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
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26
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Ibanez F, Tamborindeguy C. Selection of reference genes for expression analysis in the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 25:227-238. [PMID: 26936438 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The selection of reference genes is a crucial step for quantitative real-time PCR analyses and increasingly the use of more than one reference gene for accurate and reliable normalization is being recommended. In this study, a set of six genes was selected and their stability was assessed in different life stages and female organs of Bactericera cockerelli harbouring or not the bacterial pathogen 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (Lso) haplotype B. The stability of each gene was determined using the BestKeeper, NormFinder and GeNorm programs. These analyses identified elongation factor-1a, ribosomal protein subunit L5 and ribosomal protein subunit 18 as the most stable genes to analyse gene expression during the insect life stages irrespective of Lso presence; Lso haplotype B only affected their respective ranking. By contrast, a common set of normalizers could not be found amongst the different female organs tested (bacteriomes, alimentary canals and reproductive organs).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ibanez
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - C Tamborindeguy
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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27
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Fjeldbo CS, Aarnes EK, Malinen E, Kristensen GB, Lyng H. Identification and Validation of Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Studies of Hypoxia in Squamous Cervical Cancer Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156259. [PMID: 27244197 PMCID: PMC4887009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is an adverse factor in cervical cancer, and hypoxia-related gene expression could be a powerful biomarker for identifying the aggressive hypoxic tumors. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is a valuable method for gene expression studies, but suitable reference genes for data normalization that are independent of hypoxia status and clinical parameters of cervical tumors are lacking. In the present work, we aimed to identify reference genes for RT-qPCR studies of hypoxia in squamous cervical cancer. From 422 candidate reference genes selected from the literature, we used Illumina array-based expression profiles to identify 182 genes not affected by hypoxia in cervical cancer, i.e. genes regulated by hypoxia in eight cervical cancer cell lines or correlating with the hypoxia-associated dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging parameter ABrix in 42 patients, were excluded. Among the 182 genes, nine candidates (CHCHD1, GNB2L1, IPO8, LASP1, RPL27A, RPS12, SOD1, SRSF9, TMBIM6) that were not associated with tumor volume, stage, lymph node involvement or disease progression in array data of 150 patients, were selected for further testing by RT-qPCR. geNorm and NormFinder analyses of RT-qPCR data of 74 patients identified CHCHD1, SRSF9 and TMBIM6 as the optimal set of reference genes, with stable expression both overall and across patient subgroups with different hypoxia status (ABrix) and clinical parameters. The suitability of the three reference genes were validated in studies of the hypoxia-induced genes DDIT3, ERO1A, and STC2. After normalization, the RT-qPCR data of these genes showed a significant correlation with Illumina expression (P<0.001, n = 74) and ABrix (P<0.05, n = 32), and the STC2 data were associated with clinical outcome, in accordance with the Illumina data. Thus, CHCHD1, SRSF9 and TMBIM6 seem to be suitable reference genes for studying hypoxia-related gene expression in squamous cervical cancer samples by RT-qPCR. Moreover, STC2 is a promising prognostic hypoxia biomarker in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S. Fjeldbo
- Department of Radiation Biology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva-Katrine Aarnes
- Department of Radiation Biology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirik Malinen
- Department of Medical Physics, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar B. Kristensen
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Lyng
- Department of Radiation Biology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Prizant H, Taya M, Lerman I, Light A, Sen A, Mitra S, Foster TH, Hammes SR. Estrogen maintains myometrial tumors in a lymphangioleiomyomatosis model. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:265-80. [PMID: 26880751 PMCID: PMC4992946 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare disease in women. Patients with LAM develop metastatic smooth-muscle cell adenomas within the lungs, resulting in reduced pulmonary function. LAM cells contain mutations in tuberous sclerosis genes (TSC1 or TSC2), leading to up-regulation of mTORC1 activity and elevated proliferation. The origin of LAM cells remains unknown; however, inactivation of Tsc2 gene in the mouse uterus resulted in myometrial tumors exhibiting LAM features, and approximately 50% of animals developed metastatic myometrial lung tumors. This suggests that LAM tumors might originate from the uterine myometrium, possibly explaining the overwhelming prevalence of LAM in female. Here, we demonstrate that mouse Tsc2-null myometrial tumors exhibit nearly all the features of LAM, including mTORC1/S6K activation, as well as expression of melanocytic markers and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Estrogen ablation reduces S6K signaling and results in Tsc2-null myometrial tumor regression. Thus, even without TSC2, estradiol is required to maintain tumors and mTORC1/S6K signaling. Additionally, we find that MMP-2 and -9, as well as neutrophil elastase (NE), are overexpressed in Tsc2-null myometrial tumors in an estrogen-dependent fashion. In vivo fluorescent imaging using MMP- or NE-sensitive optical biomarkers confirms that protease activity is specific to myometrial tumors. Similar to LAM cells, uterine Tsc2-null myometrial cells also overexpress melanocytic markers in an estrogen-dependent fashion. Finally, we identify glycoprotein NMB (GPNMB) as a melanocytic marker up-regulated in Tsc2-null mouse uteri and human LAM samples. Our data highlight the potential importance of estradiol in LAM cells, suggesting that anti-estrogen therapy may be a treatment modality. Furthermore, proteases and GPNMB might be useful LAM biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hen Prizant
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Manisha Taya
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Irina Lerman
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Allison Light
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Aritro Sen
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Soumya Mitra
- Department of Imaging SciencesUniversity of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Thomas H Foster
- Department of Imaging SciencesUniversity of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Stephen R Hammes
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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Cao J, Wang L, Lan H. Validation of reference genes for quantitative RT-PCR normalization in Suaeda aralocaspica, an annual halophyte with heteromorphism and C4 pathway without Kranz anatomy. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1697. [PMID: 26893974 PMCID: PMC4756755 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a powerful analytical technique for the measurement of gene expression, which depends on the stability of the reference gene used for data normalization. Suaeda aralocaspica, an annual halophyte with heteromorphic seeds and possessing C4 photosynthesis pathway without Kranz anatomy, is an ideal plant species to identify stress tolerance-related genes and compare relative expression at transcriptional level. So far, no molecular information is available for this species. In the present study, six traditionally used reference genes were selected and their expression stability in two types of seeds of S. aralocaspica under different experimental conditions was evaluated. Three analytical programs, geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper, were used to assess and rank the stability of reference gene expression. Results revealed that although some reference genes may display different transcriptional profiles between the two types of seeds, β-TUB and GAPDH appeared to be the most suitable references under different developmental stages and tissues. GAPDH was the appropriate reference gene under different germination time points and salt stress conditions, and ACTIN was suitable for various abiotic stress treatments for the two types of seeds. For all the sample pools, β-TUB served as the most stable reference gene, whereas 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA performed poorly and presented as the least stable genes in our study. UBQ seemed to be unsuitable as internal control under different salt treatments. In addition, the expression of a photosynthesis-related gene (PPDK) of C4 pathway and a salt tolerance-related gene (SAT) of S. aralocaspica were used to validate the best performance reference genes. This is the first systematic comparison of reference gene selection for qRT-PCR work in S. aralocaspica and these data will facilitate further studies on gene expression in this species and other euhalophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cao
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University , Urumqi , China
| | - Lu Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University , Urumqi , China
| | - Haiyan Lan
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University , Urumqi , China
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Sharan RN, Vaiphei ST, Nongrum S, Keppen J, Ksoo M. Consensus reference gene(s) for gene expression studies in human cancers: end of the tunnel visible? Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2015; 38:419-31. [PMID: 26384826 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-015-0244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene expression studies are increasingly used to provide valuable information on the diagnosis and prognosis of human cancers. Also, for in vitro and in vivo experimental cancer models gene expression studies are widely used. The complex algorithms of differential gene expression analyses require normalization of data against a reference or normalizer gene, or a set of such genes. For this purpose, mostly invariant housekeeping genes are used. Unfortunately, however, there are no consensus (housekeeping) genes that serve as reference or normalizer for different human cancers. In fact, scientists have employed a wide range of reference genes across different types of cancer for normalization of gene expression data. As a consequence, comparisons of these data and/or data harmonizations are difficult to perform and challenging. In addition, an inadequate choice for a reference gene may obscure genuine changes and/or result in erroneous gene expression data comparisons. METHODS In our effort to highlight the importance of selecting the most appropriate reference gene(s), we have screened the literature for gene expression studies published since the turn of the century on thirteen of the most prevalent human cancers worldwide. CONCLUSIONS Based on the analysis of the data at hand, we firstly recommend that in each study the suitability of candidate reference gene(s) should carefully be evaluated in order to yield reliable differential gene expression data. Secondly, we recommend that a combination of PPIA and either GAPDH, ACTB, HPRT and TBP, or appropriate combinations of two or three of these genes, should be employed in future studies, to ensure that results from different studies on different human cancers can be harmonized. This approach will ultimately increase the depth of our understanding of gene expression signatures across human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Sharan
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India.
| | - S Thangminlal Vaiphei
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India
| | - Saibadaiahun Nongrum
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India
| | - Joshua Keppen
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India
| | - Mandahakani Ksoo
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India
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Lange N, Unger FT, Schöppler M, Pursche K, Juhl H, David KA. Identification and Validation of a Potential Marker of Tissue Quality Using Gene Expression Analysis of Human Colorectal Tissue. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133987. [PMID: 26222051 PMCID: PMC4519187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlative studies have identified numerous biomarkers that are individualizing therapy across many medical specialties, including oncology. Accurate interpretation of these studies requires the collection of tissue samples of sufficient quality. Tissue quality can be measured by changes in levels of gene expression and can be influenced by many factors including pre-analytical conditions, ischemic effects and the surgical collection procedure itself. However, as yet there are no reliable biomarkers of tissue quality at researchers' disposal. The aim of the current study was to identify genes with expression patterns that fluctuated reproducibly in response to typical post-surgical stress (ischemia) in order to identify a specific marker of tissue quality. All tissue samples were obtained from patients with primary colorectal carcinoma (CRC) (N = 40) either via colonoscopy prior to surgery, or by surgical resection. Surgically resected tissue samples were divided into three groups and subjected to cold ischemia for 10, 20 or 45 minutes. Normal colorectal tissue and CRC tissue was analyzed using microarray and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Comparing changes in gene expression between pre- and post-surgical tissue using microarray analysis identified a list of potential tissue quality biomarkers and this list was validated using qPCR. Results revealed that post-operative ischemia significantly alters gene expression in normal and CRC tissue samples. Both microarray analysis and qPCR revealed regulator of G-protein signaling 1 (RGS1) as a potential marker of CRC tissue quality and eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 (EEF1A1) as a potential reference gene of post-operative tissue quality. Larger studies with additional time points and endpoints will be needed to confirm these results.
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Liu LL, Zhao H, Ma TF, Ge F, Chen CS, Zhang YP. Identification of valid reference genes for the normalization of RT-qPCR expression studies in human breast cancer cell lines treated with and without transient transfection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117058. [PMID: 25617865 PMCID: PMC4305315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a powerful technique for examining gene expression changes during tumorigenesis. Target gene expression is generally normalized by a stably expressed endogenous reference gene; however, reference gene expression may differ among tissues under various circumstances. Because no valid reference genes have been documented for human breast cancer cell lines containing different cancer subtypes treated with transient transfection, we identified appropriate and reliable reference genes from thirteen candidates in a panel of 10 normal and cancerous human breast cell lines under experimental conditions with/without transfection treatments with two transfection reagents. Reference gene expression stability was calculated using four algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and comparative delta Ct), and the recommended comprehensive ranking was provided using geometric means of the ranking values using the RefFinder tool. GeNorm analysis revealed that two reference genes should be sufficient for all cases in this study. A stability analysis suggests that 18S rRNA-ACTB is the best reference gene combination across all cell lines; ACTB-GAPDH is best for basal breast cancer cell lines; and HSPCB-ACTB is best for ER+ breast cancer cells. After transfection, the stability ranking of the reference gene fluctuated, especially with Lipofectamine 2000 transfection reagent in two subtypes of basal and ER+ breast cell lines. Comparisons of relative target gene (HER2) expression revealed different expressional patterns depending on the reference genes used for normalization. We suggest that identifying the most stable and suitable reference genes is critical for studying specific cell lines under certain circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Liu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Teng-Fei Ma
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Fei Ge
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ce-Shi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- * E-mail:
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Li X, Zhang D, Li H, Gao B, Yang H, Zhang Y, Wood AJ. Characterization of reference genes for RT-qPCR in the desert moss Syntrichia caninervis in response to abiotic stress and desiccation/rehydration. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:38. [PMID: 25699066 PMCID: PMC4318276 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Syntrichia caninervis is the dominant bryophyte of the biological soil crusts found in the Gurbantunggut desert. The extreme desert environment is characterized by prolonged drought, temperature extremes, high radiation and frequent cycles of hydration and dehydration. S. caninervis is an ideal organism for the identification and characterization of genes related to abiotic stress tolerance. Reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) expression analysis is a powerful analytical technique that requires the use of stable reference genes. Using available S. caninervis transcriptome data, we selected 15 candidate reference genes and analyzed their relative expression stabilities in S. caninervis gametophores exposed to a range of abiotic stresses or a hydration-desiccation-rehydration cycle. The programs geNorm, NormFinder, and RefFinder were used to assess and rank the expression stability of the 15 candidate genes. The stability ranking results of reference genes under each specific experimental condition showed high consistency using different algorithms. For abiotic stress treatments, the combination of two genes (α-TUB2 and CDPK) were sufficient for accurate normalization. For the hydration-desiccation-rehydration process, the combination of two genes (α-TUB1 and CDPK) were sufficient for accurate normalization. 18S was among the least stable genes in all of the experimental sets and was unsuitable as reference gene in S. caninervis. This is the first systematic investigation and comparison of reference gene selection for RT-qPCR work in S. caninervis. This research will facilitate gene expression studies in S. caninervis, related moss species from the Syntrichia complex and other mosses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography - Chinese Academy of Sciences Ürümqi, China
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography - Chinese Academy of Sciences Ürümqi, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography - Chinese Academy of Sciences Ürümqi, China
| | - Bei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography - Chinese Academy of Sciences Ürümqi, China
| | - Honglan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography - Chinese Academy of Sciences Ürümqi, China
| | - Yuanming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography - Chinese Academy of Sciences Ürümqi, China
| | - Andrew J Wood
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, IL, USA
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Leitão MDCG, Coimbra EC, de Lima RDCP, Guimarães MDL, Heráclio SDA, Silva Neto JDC, de Freitas AC. Quantifying mRNA and microRNA with qPCR in cervical carcinogenesis: a validation of reference genes to ensure accurate data. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111021. [PMID: 25365304 PMCID: PMC4217744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of recent studies have catalogued global gene expression patterns in a panel of normal, tumoral cervical tissues so that potential biomarkers can be identified. The qPCR has been one of the most widely used technologies for detecting these potential biomarkers. However, few studies have investigated a correct strategy for the normalization of data in qPCR assays for cervical tissues. The aim of this study was to validate reference genes in cervical tissues to ensure accurate quantification of mRNA and miRNA levels in cervical carcinogenesis. For this purpose, some issues for obtaining reliable qPCR data were evaluated such as the following: geNorm analysis with a set of samples which meet all of the cervical tissue conditions (Normal + CIN1 + CIN2 + CIN3 + Cancer); the use of individual Ct values versus pooled Ct values; and the use of a single (or multiple) reference genes to quantify mRNA and miRNA expression levels. Two different data sets were put on the geNorm to assess the expression stability of the candidate reference genes: the first dataset comprised the quantities of the individual Ct values; and the second dataset comprised the quantities of the pooled Ct values. Moreover, in this study, all the candidate reference genes were analyzed as a single “normalizer”. The normalization strategies were assessed by measuring p16INK4a and miR-203 transcripts in qPCR assays. We found that the use of pooled Ct values, can lead to a misinterpretation of the results, which suggests that the maintenance of inter-individual variability is a key factor in ensuring the reliability of the qPCR data. In addition, it should be stressed that a proper validation of the suitability of the reference genes is required for each experimental setting, since the indiscriminate use of a reference gene can also lead to discrepant results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria da Conceição Gomes Leitão
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Eliane Campos Coimbra
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Pereira de Lima
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jacinto da Costa Silva Neto
- Molecular and Cytological Research Laboratory, Department of Histology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos de Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Liu D, Li L, Zhang XX, Wan DY, Xi BX, Hu Z, Ding WC, Zhu D, Wang XL, Wang W, Feng ZH, Wang H, Ma D, Gao QL. SIX1 promotes tumor lymphangiogenesis by coordinating TGFβ signals that increase expression of VEGF-C. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5597-607. [PMID: 25142796 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are one of the major routes for the dissemination of cancer cells. Malignant tumors release growth factors such as VEGF-C to induce lymphangiogenesis, thereby promoting lymph node metastasis. Here, we report that sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1), expressed in tumor cells, can promote tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis by coordinating with TGFβ to increase the expression of VEGF-C. Lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in cervical cancer were closely correlated with higher expression of SIX1 in tumor cells. By enhancing VEGF-C expression in tumor cells, SIX1 could augment the promoting effect of tumor cells on the migration and tube formation of lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) in vitro and lymphangiogenesis in vivo. SIX1 enhanced TGFβ-induced activation of SMAD2/3 and coordinated with the SMAD pathway to modulate VEGF-C expression. Together, SIX1 and TGFβ induced much higher expression of VEGF-C in tumor cells than each of them alone. Despite its effect in promoting VEGF-C expression, TGFβ could inhibit lymphangiogenesis by directly inhibiting tube formation by LECs. However, the increased production of VEGF-C not only directly promoted migration and tube formation of LECs but also thwarted the inhibitory effect of TGFβ on LECs. That is, tumor cells that expressed high levels of SIX1 could promote lymphangiogenesis and counteract the negative effects of TGFβ on lymphangiogenesis by increasing the expression of VEGF-C. These findings provide new insights into tumor lymphangiogenesis and the various roles of TGFβ signaling in tumor regulation. Our results also suggest that SIX1/TGFβ might be a potential therapeutic target for preventing lymph node metastasis of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xue Zhang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Yi Wan
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi-Xin Xi
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Cheng Ding
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Zhu
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Li Wang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuo-Hua Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ding Ma
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qing-Lei Gao
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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Kim HJ, Na JI, Min BW, Na JY, Lee KH, Lee JH, Lee YJ, Kim HS, Park JT. Evaluation of Protein Expression in Housekeeping Genes across Multiple Tissues in Rats. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 48:193-200. [PMID: 25013417 PMCID: PMC4087132 DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2014.48.3.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Housekeeping genes, which show constant protein expression patterns between different tissue types, are very important in molecular biological studies as an internal control for protein research. Methods The protein expression profiles of seven housekeeping genes (HPRT1, PPIA, GYS1, TBP, YWHAZ, GAPDH and ACTB) in various rat tissues (cerebrum, cerebellum, cardiac ventricle and atrium, psoas muscle, femoral muscle, liver, spleen, kidney, and aorta) were analyzed by Western blot and compared by coefficient of variation (CV). Results HPRT1 was stably expressed (CV≤10%) in six tissues (cerebrum, cerebellum, ventricle, femoral muscle, spleen, and kidney), PPIA was stably expressed in five tissues (cerebrum, cerebellum, ventricle, spleen and kidney), YWHAZ was stably expressed in three tissues (cerebrum, cerebellum, and kidney), and GAPDH was stably expressed in four tissues (cerebrum, ventricle, psoas muscle, and kidney). In comparison, GYS1, TBP, and ACTB were found to have CV values over 10% in all tissues. Of the seven genes examined, four (HPRT1, PPIA, YWHAZ, and GAPDH) were found to be stably expressed across multiple organs, with low CV values (≤10%). Conclusions These results will provide fundamental information regarding internal controls for protein expression studies and can be used for analysis of postmortem protein degradation patterns in forensic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jeong Kim
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jong In Na
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Byung Woo Min
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Joo Young Na
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young Jik Lee
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyung Seok Kim
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jong Tae Park
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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Liu D, Zhang XX, Xi BX, Wan DY, Li L, Zhou J, Wang W, Ma D, Wang H, Gao QL. Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 promotes DNA replication and cell proliferation in cervical cancer. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1232-40. [PMID: 24970368 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant proliferation is the fundamental trait of tumor cells. The initiation of DNA replication represents a key process for cell proliferation, and has a marked impact on tumorigenesis and progression. Here we report that Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) functions as a master regulator in DNA replication of cervical cancer cells. The expression of SIX1 was induced by the E7 oncoprotein of human papillomaviruses in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer. The increase of SIX1 expression resulted in the upregulation of multiple genes related to the initiation of DNA replication, including the genes coding for the proteins in minichromosome maintenance complex (MCM2, MCM3, MCM6), DNA polymerase α-primase complex (POLA1, PRIM1, PRIM2), clamp loader (RFC3, RFC4, RFC5), DNA polymerase δ complex (POLD3) and DNA polymerase ε complex (POLE2). In line with this, the increase of SIX1 expression enhanced DNA synthesis, accelerated G1 to S phase progression, and promoted the proliferation of cervical cancer cells and the growth of cervical cancer. Consistently, knockdown of SIX1 could hamper DNA synthesis, slow down G1 to S phase progression, and suppress tumor cell proliferation and tumor growth. Importantly, SIX1 could more efficiently promote anchorage-independent cell growth. These results suggest that the increase of SIX1 expression could promote tumorigenesis, progression and invasive growth of cervical cancer by promoting DNA replication, and that targeting SIX1 may have significant therapeutic value in cervical cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Xue Zhang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Bi-Xin Xi
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Yi Wan
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University Guangzhou, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ding Ma
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Lei Gao
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
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Zhan C, Zhang Y, Ma J, Wang L, Jiang W, Shi Y, Wang Q. Identification of reference genes for qRT-PCR in human lung squamous-cell carcinoma by RNA-Seq. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2014; 46:330-7. [PMID: 24457517 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmt153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the accuracy of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is highly dependent on the reliable reference genes, many commonly used reference genes are not stably expressed and as such are not suitable for quantification and normalization of qRT-PCR data. The aim of this study was to identify novel reliable reference genes in lung squamous-cell carcinoma. We used RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to survey the whole genome expression in 5 lung normal samples and 44 lung squamous-cell carcinoma samples. We evaluated the expression profiles of 15 commonly used reference genes and identified five additional candidate reference genes. To validate the RNA-Seq dataset, we used qRT-PCR to verify the expression levels of these 20 genes in a separate set of 100 pairs of normal lung tissue and lung squamous-cell carcinoma samples, and then analyzed these results using geNorm and NormFinder. With respect to 14 of the 15 common reference genes (B2M, GAPDH, GUSB, HMBS, HPRT1, IPO8, PGK1, POLR2A, PPIA, RPLP0, TBP, TFRC, UBC, and YWHAZ), the expression levels were either too low to be easily detected, or exhibited a high degree of variability either between lung normal and squamous-cell carcinoma samples, or even among samples of the same tissue type. In contrast, 1 of the 15 common reference genes (ACTB) and the 5 additional candidate reference genes (EEF1A1, FAU, RPS9, RPS11, and RPS14) were stably and constitutively expressed at high levels in all the samples tested. ACTB, EEF1A1, FAU, RPS9, RPS11, and RPS14 are ideal reference genes for qRT-PCR analysis of lung squamous-cell carcinoma, while 14 commonly used qRT-PCR reference genes are less appropriate in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
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Liu D, Zhang XX, Wan DY, Xi BX, Ma D, Wang H, Gao QL. Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 promotes α5β1-mediated invasive migration and metastasis of cervical cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:549-54. [PMID: 24613848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) has been supposed to be correlated with the metastasis and poor prognosis of several malignancies. However, the effect of SIX1 on the metastatic phenotype of tumor cells and the underlying mechanisms were still unclear to date. Here we report that SIX1 can promote α5β1-mediated metastatic capability of cervical cancer cells. SIX1 promoted the expression of α5β1 integrin to enhance the adhesion capacity of tumor cells in vitro and tumor cell arrest in circulation in vivo. Moreover, higher expression of SIX1 in tumor cells resulted in the increased production of active MMP-2 and MMP-9, up-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes (BCL-XL and BCL2) and down-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes (BIM and BAX), thus promoting the invasive migration and anoikis-resistance of tumor cells. Importantly, blocking α5β1 abrogated the regulatory effect of SIX1 on the expression of these genes, and also abolished the promotional effect of SIX1 on invasive capability of tumor cells. Furthermore, knock-down of α5 could abolish the promoting effect of SIX1 on the development of metastatic lesions in both experimental and spontaneous metastasis model. Therefore, by up-regulating α5β1 expression, SIX1 not only promoted the adhesion capacity, but also augmented ECM-α5β1-mediated regulation of gene expression to enhance the metastatic potential of cervical cancer cells. These results suggest that SIX1/α5β1 might be considered as valuable marker for metastatic potential of cervical cancer cells, or a therapeutic target in cervical cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Xue Zhang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong-Yi Wan
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bi-Xin Xi
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ding Ma
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing-Lei Gao
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Srivastava P, Mangal M, Agarwal SM. Understanding the transcriptional regulation of cervix cancer using microarray gene expression data and promoter sequence analysis of a curated gene set. Gene 2013; 535:233-8. [PMID: 24291025 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer, the malignant neoplasm of the cervix uteri is the second most common cancer among women worldwide and the top-most cancer in India. Several factors are responsible for causing cervical cancer, which alter the expression of oncogenic genes resulting in up or down-regulation of gene expression and inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes/gene products. Gene expression is regulated by interactions between transcription factors (TFs) and specific regulatory elements in the promoter regions of target genes. Thus, it is important to decipher and analyze TFs that bind to regulatory regions of diseased genes and regulate their expression. In the present study, computational methods involving the combination of gene expression data from microarray experiments and promoter sequence analysis of a curated gene set involved in the cervical cancer causation have been utilized for identifying potential regulatory elements. Consensus predictions of two approaches led to the identification of twelve TFs that might be crucial to the regulation of cervical cancer progression. Subsequently, TF enrichment and oncomine expression analysis suggested that the transcription factor family E2F played an important role for the regulation of genes involve in cervical carcinogenesis. Our results suggest that E2F possesses diagnostic/prognostic value and can act as a potential drug target in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Srivastava
- Integrative Genomics and Medicine, MRC Clinical Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Manu Mangal
- Bioinformatics Division, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, Noida-201301, India
| | - Subhash Mohan Agarwal
- Bioinformatics Division, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, Noida-201301, India.
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Wisnieski F, Calcagno DQ, Leal MF, Santos LCD, Gigek CDO, Chen ES, Pontes TB, Assumpção PP, Assumpção MBD, Demachki S, Burbano RR, Smith MDAC. Reference genes for quantitative RT-PCR data in gastric tissues and cell lines. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:7121-7128. [PMID: 24222956 PMCID: PMC3819548 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i41.7121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the suitability of reference genes in gastric tissue samples and cell lines.
METHODS: The suitability of genes ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, RPL29, and 18S rRNA was assessed in 21 matched pairs of neoplastic and adjacent non-neoplastic gastric tissues from patients with gastric adenocarcinoma, 27 normal gastric tissues from patients without cancer, and 4 cell lines using reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The ranking of the best single and combination of reference genes was determined by NormFinder, geNorm™, BestKeeper, and DataAssist™. In addition, GenEx software was used to determine the optimal number of reference genes. To validate the results, the mRNA expression of a target gene, DNMT1, was quantified using the different reference gene combinations suggested by the various software packages for normalization.
RESULTS: ACTB was the best reference gene for all gastric tissues, cell lines and all gastric tissues plus cell lines. GAPDH + B2M or ACTB + B2M was the best combination of reference genes for all the gastric tissues. On the other hand, ACTB + B2M was the best combination for all the cell lines tested and was also the best combination for analyses involving all the gastric tissues plus cell lines. According to the GenEx software, 2 or 3 genes were the optimal number of references genes for all the gastric tissues. The relative quantification of DNMT1 showed similar patterns when normalized by each combination of reference genes. The level of expression of DNMT1 in neoplastic, adjacent non-neoplastic and normal gastric tissues did not differ when these samples were normalized using GAPDH + B2M (P = 0.32), ACTB + B2M (P = 0.61), or GAPDH + B2M + ACTB (P = 0.44).
CONCLUSION: GAPDH + B2M or ACTB + B2M is the best combination of reference gene for all the gastric tissues, and ACTB + B2M is the best combination for the cell lines tested.
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Sirakov M, Borra M, Cambuli FM, Plateroti M. Defining suitable reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis on intestinal epithelial cells. Mol Biotechnol 2013; 54:930-8. [PMID: 23292893 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9643-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The study of the mammalian intestinal epithelium concerns several aspects of cellular and molecular biology. In fact, most of these studies aim to define molecular components or mechanisms related with the control of stemness and the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation in physiopathological conditions. It is worth mentioning that real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) approaches are commonly used, but only a few studies are available regarding suitable reference genes to normalize gene expression data. The present study was designed to validate potential reference genes in freshly isolated proliferating or differentiated epithelial cells from the mouse intestine. We also extended our analysis to the IEC6 intestinal epithelial cells, as a promising model to study intestinal physiopathology in vitro. The stability of six potential reference genes (Hprt1, Ppia, Gapdh, Rplp0, Ppib, and Vil1) has been tested both in epithelial cells isolated from the mouse intestine and in the IEC6 cell line. The software programs-geNorm and Normfinder-were used to obtain an estimation of the expression stability of each gene and, by comparing the results, to identify the most suitable genes for RT-qPCR data normalization. These multiple approaches allowed us to select different suitable reference genes for the correct quantification of mRNAs depending on the differentiated or proliferative nature of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sirakov
- Laboratoire de Génétique du Développement, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), rue des Profs. Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
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Oparina NY, Snezhkina AV, Sadritdinova AF, Veselovskii VA, Dmitriev AA, Senchenko VN, Mel’nikova NV, Speranskaya AS, Darii MV, Stepanov OA, Barkhatov IM, Kudryavtseva AV. Differential expression of genes that encode glycolysis enzymes in kidney and lung cancer in humans. RUSS J GENET+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795413050104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Li R, Xie W, Wang S, Wu Q, Yang N, Yang X, Pan H, Zhou X, Bai L, Xu B, Zhou X, Zhang Y. Reference gene selection for qRT-PCR analysis in the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). PLoS One 2013; 8:e53006. [PMID: 23308130 PMCID: PMC3540095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate evaluation of gene expression requires normalization relative to the expression of reliable reference genes. Expression levels of "classical" reference genes can differ, however, across experimental conditions. Although quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) has been used extensively to decipher gene function in the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci, a world-wide pest in many agricultural systems, the stability of its reference genes has rarely been validated. RESULTS In this study, 15 candidate reference genes from B. tabaci were evaluated using two Excel-based algorithms geNorm and Normfinder under a diverse set of biotic and abiotic conditions. At least two reference genes were selected to normalize gene expressions in B. tabaci under experimental conditions. Specifically, for biotic conditions including host plant, acquisition of a plant virus, developmental stage, tissue (body region of the adult), and whitefly biotype, ribosomal protein L29 was the most stable reference gene. In contrast, the expression of elongation factor 1 alpha, peptidylprolyl isomerase A, NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A and heat shock protein 40 were consistently stable across various abiotic conditions including photoperiod, temperature, and insecticide susceptibility. CONCLUSION Our finding is the first step toward establishing a standardized quantitative real-time PCR procedure following the MIQE (Minimum Information for publication of Quantitative real time PCR Experiments) guideline in an agriculturally important insect pest, and provides a solid foundation for future RNA interference based functional study in B. tabaci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumei Li
- Institute of Pesticide, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wen Xie
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Nina Yang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Huipeng Pan
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Xiaomao Zhou
- Institute of Pesticide, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Lianyang Bai
- Institute of Pesticide, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Baoyun Xu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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Cho H, Okada H, Tsuzuki T, Nishigaki A, Yasuda K, Kanzaki H. Progestin-induced heart and neural crest derivatives expressed transcript 2 is associated with fibulin-1 expression in human endometrial stromal cells. Fertil Steril 2012; 99:248-255.e2. [PMID: 23036802 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether heart and neural crest derivatives expressed transcript 2 (HAND2) regulates fibulin-1 (FBLN1) expression during decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells (ESCs). DESIGN In vitro experiment. SETTING Research laboratory. PATIENT(S) Twenty-four patients undergoing hysterectomy for benign reasons. INTERVENTION(S) ESCs were cultured with various progestins (medroxyprogesterone acetate [MPA], norethisterone, levonorgestrel, dienogest, and P), E(2), dexamethasone, and/or 8-bromoadenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP). HAND2 and FBLN1 were silenced by small interfering RNA technology. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) HAND2 and FBLN1 expression levels were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. RESULT(S) MPA or E(2) + MPA increased HAND2 mRNA levels in ESCs in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and this stimulatory effect was blocked by RU-486 (P receptor antagonist). HAND2 was increased by E(2) + MPA earlier than FBLN1. Simultaneous MPA and 8-Br-cAMP treatment synergistically enhanced HAND2 mRNA levels. P and all the progestins significantly increased HAND2 mRNA levels, whereas E(2), 8-Br-cAMP, or dexamethasone alone had no effect. Silencing of HAND2 expression significantly reduced FBLN1 expression, whereas FBLN1 silencing had no effect on HAND2 expression. CONCLUSION(S) These results suggest that progestin-induced HAND2 contributes to FBLN1 expression in human ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayuu Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Okada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Tsuzuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akemi Nishigaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yasuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideharu Kanzaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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Li XS, Yang HL, Zhang DY, Zhang YM, Wood AJ. Reference gene selection in the desert plant Eremosparton songoricum. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:6944-6963. [PMID: 22837673 PMCID: PMC3397505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13066944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eremosparton songoricum (Litv.) Vass. (E. songoricum) is a rare and extremely drought-tolerant desert plant that holds promise as a model organism for the identification of genes associated with water deficit stress. Here, we cloned and evaluated the expression of eight candidate reference genes using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions. The expression of these candidate reference genes was analyzed in a diverse set of 20 samples including various E. songoricum plant tissues exposed to multiple environmental stresses. GeNorm analysis indicated that expression stability varied between the reference genes in the different experimental conditions, but the two most stable reference genes were sufficient for normalization in most conditions. EsEF and Esα-TUB were sufficient for various stress conditions, EsEF and EsACT were suitable for samples of differing germination stages, and EsGAPDHand EsUBQ were most stable across multiple adult tissue samples. The Es18S gene was unsuitable as a reference gene in our analysis. In addition, the expression level of the drought-stress related transcription factor EsDREB2 verified the utility of E. songoricum reference genes and indicated that no single gene was adequate for normalization on its own. This is the first systematic report on the selection of reference genes in E. songoricum, and these data will facilitate future work on gene expression in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; E-Mails: (X.-S.L.); (H.-L.Y.); (Y.-M.Z.)
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Lan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; E-Mails: (X.-S.L.); (H.-L.Y.); (Y.-M.Z.)
| | - Dao-Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; E-Mails: (X.-S.L.); (H.-L.Y.); (Y.-M.Z.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-991-7823109; Fax: +86-991-7823109
| | - Yuan-Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; E-Mails: (X.-S.L.); (H.-L.Y.); (Y.-M.Z.)
| | - Andrew J. Wood
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; E-Mail:
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Xu J, Li Y, Wang F, Wang X, Cheng B, Ye F, Xie X, Zhou C, Lu W. Suppressed miR-424 expression via upregulation of target gene Chk1 contributes to the progression of cervical cancer. Oncogene 2012; 32:976-87. [PMID: 22469983 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act as important gene regulators in human genomes and their aberrant expression links to many malignancies. We previously identified a different characteristic miRNA expression profile in cervical cancer from that in cervical normal tissues, including the downregulated miR-424. However, the role and mechanism of miR-424 in cervical cancer still remain unknown. Here, we focused on identifying the tumor-suppressive function and clinical significance of miR-424 and exploring the mechanistic relevance by characterizing its target. We showed a significantly decreased expression of miR-424 in 147 cervical cancer tissues versus 74 cervical normal tissues by performing quantitative RT-PCR. In 147 cervical cancer tissue samples, low-level expression of miR-424 was positively correlated with poor tumor differentiation, advanced clinical stage, lymph node metastasis and other poor prognostic clinicopathological parameters. Further in vitro observations showed that enforced expression of miR-424 inhibited cell growth by both enhancing apoptosis and blocking G1/S transition, and suppressed cell migration and invasion in two human cervical cancer cell lines, SiHa and CaSki, implying that miR-424 functions as a tumor suppressor in the progression of cervical cancer. Interestingly, overexpression of miR-424 inhibited the expression of protein checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) and phosphorylated Chk1 (p-Chk1) at residues Ser345 and decreased the activity of luciferase-reporter containing the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of Chk1 with predicted miR-424-binding site. Moreover, miR-424 expression levels were inversely correlated with Chk1 and p-Chk1 protein levels in both cervical cancer and normal tissues. Furthermore, RNAi-mediated knockdown of Chk1 decreased matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression and phenocopied the tumor suppressive effects of miR-424 in cell models. Taken together, our results identify a crucial tumor suppressive role of miR-424 in the progression of cervical cancer at least partly via upreglating the expression of Chk1 and p-Chk1, and suggest that miR-424 might be a candidate of prognostic predictor or an anticancer therapeutic target for cervical cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Wu Y, Wu M, He G, Zhang X, Li W, Gao Y, Li Z, Wang Z, Zhang C. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: a universal internal control for Western blots in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Anal Biochem 2012; 423:15-22. [PMID: 22326796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we examined the expression level of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) protein in a number of organisms and the stability of GAPDH under various conditions. Our results revealed that GAPDH is present in multiple Escherichia coli strains, the yeast strain GS115, Caenorhabditis elegans, rat PC12 cells, and both mouse and rat brain. Furthermore, GAPDH was stably expressed under different concentrations of inducer and at different times of induction in E. coli (BL21) cells and yeast GS115 cells. Stable expression of GAPDH protein was also observed in C.elegans and PC12 cells that were treated with different concentrations of paraquat or sodium sulfite, respectively. In addition, we were able to detect and identify the endogenous gapA protein in E.coli via immunoprecipitation and MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. Endogenous gapA protein and exogenously expressed (subcloned) GAPDH proteins were detected in E. coli BL21 but not for gapC. With the exception of gapC in E. coli, the various isoforms of GAPDH possessed enzymatic activity. Finally, sequence analysis revealed that the GAPDH proteins were 76% identical, with the exception of E. coli gapC. Taken together, our results indicate that GAPDH could be universally used as an internal control for the Western blot analysis of prokaryotic and eukaryotic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Wu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, Beijing 100850, China
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Too IHK, Ling MHT. Signal Peptidase Complex Subunit 1 and Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Beta Subunit Are Suitable Reference Genes in Human Lungs. ISRN BIOINFORMATICS 2011; 2012:790452. [PMID: 25969744 PMCID: PMC4407196 DOI: 10.5402/2012/790452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a common cancer, and expression profiling can provide an accurate indication to advance the medical intervention. However, this requires the availability of stably expressed genes as reference. Recent studies had shown that genes that are stably expressed in a tissue may not be stably expressed in other tissues suggesting the need to identify stably expressed genes in each tissue for use as reference genes. DNA microarray analysis has been used to identify those reference genes with low fluctuation. Fourteen datasets with different lung conditions were employed in our study. Coefficient of variance, followed by NormFinder, was used to identify stably expressed genes. Our results showed that classical reference genes such as GAPDH and HPRT1 were highly variable; thus, they are unsuitable as reference genes. Signal peptidase complex subunit 1 (SPCS1) and hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase beta subunit (HADHB), which are involved in fundamental biochemical processes, demonstrated high expression stability suggesting their suitability in human lung cell profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issac H K Too
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Maurice H T Ling
- Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Zhou J, Peng C, Li B, Wang F, Zhou C, Hong D, Ye F, Cheng X, Lü W, Xie X. Transcriptional gene silencing of HPV16 E6/E7 induces growth inhibition via apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 124:296-302. [PMID: 22056554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transcriptional silencing of HPV oncogenes using short interfering RNA (siRNA) blocks E6/E7 expression. Our objective was to estimate the effective value of E6/E7 specific siRNA-induced transcriptional gene silencing as a potential therapeutic strategy for cervical cancer. METHODS In vitro studies were performed by employing two categories of siRNA targeting promoter of E6/E7 gene and E7 transcript, respectively, and inhibitory effect of both siRNAs was further observed in vitro and on xenograft in BALB/c mice that were inoculated with siRNA transfected SiHa cells and parental SiHa cells followed by siRNA intratumoral injection in vivo. Tumor volume and growth curves were assessed. Furthermore, cellular proliferation and apoptosis of inoculated tumors were determined by immunohistochemistry staining and TUNEL assay. RESULTS The two most active siRNA sequences specifically knockdown E6/E7 expressions at mRNA level in HPV16 positive Siha cells, increased p53 and decreased p16 expressions at protein level, inhibited cell proliferation, and induced cell apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, both siRNAs effectively inhibited tumor formation and growth no matter in mice with siRNA transfected cells in vitro or with siRNA intratumoral injection in vivo. TUNEL staining and FCM assay consistently showed that tumor retardation was through induction of cellular apoptosis. CONCLUSION RNAi targeting the promoter of HPV16 E6/E7 acts effectively in vitro and in vivo, especially through intratumoral delivery, and may be a candidate therapeutic strategy for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Zhou
- Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, China
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