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Hassanain WA, Theiss FL, Izake EL. Label-free identification of Erythropoietin isoforms by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Talanta 2022; 236:122879. [PMID: 34635259 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We present a sensitive label-free surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method for the discrimination between the recombinant and endogenous human Erythropoietin (EPO) isoforms. The proposed methodology comprises a lectin-functionalised extractor chip for the extraction of the recombinant human EPO (rhuEPO) and the endogenous EPO (enEPO) from blood plasma. The disulfide bond molecular structure of the purified isoforms was modified to chemisorb the biomolecules onto a SERS substrate in a unified orientation, thus maximizing the reproducibility and sensitivity of the SERS measurements. The acquired SERS spectra of the EPO isoforms showed diagnostic Raman bands that allowed for the discrimination between rhuEPO and enEPO. The method was also used for the SERS quantification of rhuEPO and enEPO down to 0.1 pM and 0.5 pM, respectively. The SERS determination of the protein isoforms was cross validated against ELISA. The new SERS method has strong potential for the rapid screening of rhuEPO doping in athletes and for the therapeutic drug monitoring of rhuEPO treatment in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed A Hassanain
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4001, Australia
| | - Frederick L Theiss
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4001, Australia
| | - Emad L Izake
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4001, Australia.
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2
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Shinfuku A, Shimazaki T, Fujiwara M, Sato F, Watase H, Numazaki T, Kawakita Y, Mutoh M, Yamasaki H, Takayama N, Kato S, Sugimoto T, Maruyama J. Novel Compound Induces Erythropoietin Secretion through Liver Effects in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients and Healthy Volunteers. Am J Nephrol 2018; 48:157-164. [PMID: 30176654 DOI: 10.1159/000492181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TP0463518 is a novel hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor developed to aid in the treatment of anemia associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is expected to increase erythropoietin (EPO) derived from liver. Two phase I studies were conducted in healthy volunteers (HV) and CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis (i.e., HD patients) or those not undergoing dialysis (i.e., ND patients). METHODS Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety profiles of TP0463518 were assessed. Forty HV received single oral doses of TP0463518 at 3, 6, 11, 20, and 36 mg or placebo. Twenty ND patients received single doses of TP0463518 at 1, 6, and 11 mg and 9 HD patients received TP0463518 at 1 and 11 mg doses. To identify the source organ of EPO, glycosylation patterns were determined using percentage migrated isoform (PMI) values. RESULTS Declining renal function slowed elimination of TP0463518 and increased the mean AUC0-∞. ∆Emax of serum EPO in 11-mg groups of HV, ND patients, and HD patients were 24.37 ± 11.37, 201.57 ± 130.34, and 1,324.76 ± 1,189.24 mIU/mL respectively. A strong correlation was -observed between logarithm conversions of ∆Emax and AUC0-∞ with correlation coefficients of 0.945. PMI values of blood after TP0463518 administration were elevated to similar or higher levels in comparison with those of umbilical cord blood, which mainly contains liver-derived EPO. CONCLUSIONS TP0463518 induced dose-dependent EPO production, mainly derived from the liver in HV and CKD patients. These results suggest that TP0463518 is a new strategy for treating anemia in CKD, which can be used regardless of renal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Shinfuku
- Clinical Research, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Fumihiko Sato
- Clinical Research, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watase
- Clinical Research, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Numazaki
- Clinical Research, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masaru Mutoh
- Clinical Research, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Noriko Takayama
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Sota Kato
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sugimoto
- Development Management, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jinsei Maruyama
- Clinical Research, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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Salamin O, Kuuranne T, Saugy M, Leuenberger N. Erythropoietin as a performance-enhancing drug: Its mechanistic basis, detection, and potential adverse effects. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 464:75-87. [PMID: 28119134 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is the main hormone regulating red blood cell (RBC) production. The large-scale production of a recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) by biotechnological methods has made possible its widespread therapeutic use as well as its misuse in sports. Since the marketing of the first epoetin in 1989, the development has progressed to the third-generation analogs. However, the production of rHuEPO is costly, and the frequent administration of an injectable formula is not optimal for compliance of therapeutic patients. Hence, pharmaceutical industries are currently developing alternative approaches to stimulate erythropoiesis, which might offer new candidates for doping purposes. The hypoxia inducible factors (HIF) pathway is of particular interest. The introduction of new erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) for clinical use requires subsequent development of anti-doping methods for detecting the abuse of these substances. The detection of ESAs is based on two different approaches, namely, the direct detection of exogenous substances and the indirect detection, for which the effects of the substances on specific biomarkers are monitored. Omics technologies, such as ironomics or transcriptomics, are useful for the development of new promising biomarkers for the detection of ESAs. Finally, the illicit use of ESAs associates with multiple health risks that can be irreversible, and an essential facet of anti-doping work is to educate athletes of these risks. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the evolution of ESAs, the research and implementation of the available detection methods, and the side effects associated with the misuse of ESAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Salamin
- Center for Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences - REDs, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martial Saugy
- Center for Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences - REDs, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Leuenberger
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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4
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de Seigneux S, Lundby AKM, Berchtold L, Berg AH, Saudan P, Lundby C. Increased Synthesis of Liver Erythropoietin with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:2265-9. [PMID: 26757994 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015050508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia of CKD seems to be related to impaired production of renal erythropoietin (Epo). The glycosylation pattern of Epo depends on the synthesizing cell and thus, can indicate its origin. We hypothesized that synthesis of Epo from nonkidney cells increases to compensate for insufficient renal Epo production during CKD. We determined plasma Epo levels and Epo glycosylation patterns in 33 patients with CKD before undergoing dialysis and nine patients with CKD undergoing dialysis. We compared these values with values obtained in healthy volunteers and other controls. Although patients with CKD before undergoing dialysis had median (interquartile range) Epo levels higher than those of healthy controls (13.8 IU/L; interquartile range, 10.0-20.7 IU/L versus 8.4 IU/L; interquartile range, 7.6-9.0 IU/L; P<0.01), these patients were moderately anemic (mean±SD; hemoglobin =118±17 g/L). Detected as the percentage of migrated isoforms (PMI), Epo glycosylation in patients with CKD before undergoing dialysis (PMI=36.1±11.7%) differed from that in healthy controls (PMI=9.2±3.8%; P<0.01) but not from that in umbilical cord plasma (PMI=53.9±10.6%; P>0.05), which contains mainly liver-derived Epo. Furthermore, glycosylation modification correlated with eGFR loss. These results suggest that patients with CKD maintain persistent Epo synthesis despite declining renal function, and this maintenance may result in part from increased liver Epo synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie de Seigneux
- Service of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; National Center of Competence in Research Kidney.CH,
| | - Anne-Kristine Meinild Lundby
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Lena Berchtold
- Service of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anders H Berg
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick Saudan
- Service of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Lundby
- National Center of Competence in Research Kidney.CH, Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
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5
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Citartan M, Gopinath SC, Chen Y, Lakshmipriya T, Tang TH. Monitoring recombinant human erythropoietin abuse among athletes. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 63:86-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Dehnes Y, Myrvold L, Ström H, Ericsson M, Hemmersbach P. MAIIA EPO SeLect - a rapid screening kit for the detection of recombinant EPO analogues in doping control: Inter-laboratory prevalidation and normative study of athlete urine and plasma samples. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:1144-50. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Dehnes
- Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory; Oslo Norway
| | - Linda Myrvold
- Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory; Oslo Norway
| | - Helene Ström
- Doping Control Laboratory; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Magnus Ericsson
- Doping Control Laboratory; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Peter Hemmersbach
- Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory; Oslo Norway
- University of Oslo, School of Pharmacy; Oslo Norway
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7
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Aachmann-Andersen NJ, Just Christensen S, Lisbjerg K, Oturai P, Meinild-Lundby AK, Holstein-Rathlou NH, Lundby C, Vidiendal Olsen N. Recombinant erythropoietin in humans has a prolonged effect on circulating erythropoietin isoform distribution. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110903. [PMID: 25335123 PMCID: PMC4204994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-assisted isoform immunoassay (MAIIA) quantitates erythropoietin (EPO) isoforms as percentages of migrated isoforms (PMI). We evaluated the effect of recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) on the distribution of EPO isoforms in plasma in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, cross-over study. 16 healthy subjects received either low-dose Epoetin beta (5000 IU on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13); high-dose Epoetin beta (30.000 IU on days 1, 2 and 3 and placebo on days 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13); or placebo on all days. PMI on days 4, 11 and 25 was determined by interaction of N-acetyl glucosamine with the glycosylation dependent desorption of EPO isoforms. At day 25, plasma-EPO in both rhEPO groups had returned to values not different from the placebo group. PMI with placebo, reflecting the endogenous EPO isoforms, averaged 82.5 (10.3) % (mean (SD)). High-dose Epoetin beta decreased PMI on days 4 and 11 to 31.0 (4.2)% (p<0.00001) and 45.2 (7.3)% (p<0.00001). Low-dose Epoetin beta decreased PMI on days 4 and 11 to 46.0 (12.8)% (p<0.00001) and 46.1 (10.4)% (p<0.00001). In both rhEPO groups, PMI on day 25 was still decreased (high-dose Epoetin beta: 72.9 (19.4)% (p = 0.029); low-dose Epoetin beta: 73.1 (17.8)% (p = 0.039)). In conclusion, Epoetin beta leaves a footprint in the plasma-EPO isoform pattern. MAIIA can detect changes in EPO isoform distribution up til at least three weeks after administration of Epoetin beta even though the total EPO concentration has returned to normal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Søren Just Christensen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Lisbjerg
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Oturai
- Clinic of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Centre of Clinical Investigation, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Kristine Meinild-Lundby
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Institute of Physiology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Carsten Lundby
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Institute of Physiology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Niels Vidiendal Olsen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neuroanaesthesia, The Neuroscience Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Oliveira CDRD, Bairros AVD, Yonamine M. Blood doping: risks to athletes' health and strategies for detection. Subst Use Misuse 2014; 49:1168-81. [PMID: 24766400 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2014.903754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Blood doping has been defined as the misuse of substances or certain techniques to optimize oxygen delivery to muscles with the aim to increase performance in sports activities. It includes blood transfusion, administration of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents or blood substitutes, and gene manipulations. The main reasons for the widespread use of blood doping include: its availability for athletes (erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and blood transfusions), its efficiency in improving performance, and its difficult detection. This article reviews and discusses the blood doping substances and methods used for in sports, the adverse effects related to this practice, and current strategies for its detection.
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9
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Kidney-synthesized erythropoietin is the main source for the hypoxia-induced increase in plasma erythropoietin in adult humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1107-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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Reichel C. Differences in sialic acid O-acetylation between human urinary and recombinant erythropoietins: a possible mass spectrometric marker for doping control. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:877-89. [PMID: 24353190 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Development of a mass spectrometric method for the unambiguous detection of doping with recombinant human erythropoietins (rhEPO) has been attempted for many years. Unfortunately, progress in this field was hampered by the unavailability of highly purified human endogenous EPOs (urinary[uhEPO], serum/plasma EPO)--a prerequisite for generating detailed mass spectrometric glycosylation data necessary for revealing significant differences between uhEPO and rhEPOs. The paper presents the worldwide first analytical data on purified human urinary EPO generated with a high resolution high accuracy mass spectrometer (LTQ-Orbitrap). The focus is on the tryptic O-glycopeptide (E117-R131) and its degree of sialic acid O-acetylation. Data are compared with results obtained from 40 rhEPO pharmaceuticals. It could be demonstrated that the O-glycopeptide of uhEPO (ca 100 IU) contains only trace amounts of mono-acetylated mono-and di-sialylated O-glycans but no other O-acetylated structures and in this respect significantly differs from all rhEPOs. Moreover, Dynepo--a rhEPO previously thought to be not O-acetylated--also contains small amounts of O-acetylations within the O-glycan structure. The results might be useful for anti-doping purposes as well as the development of EPO pharmaceuticals with closer structural similarity to the endogenous hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control Laboratory, AIT Seibersdorf Laboratories, A-2444, Seibersdorf, Austria
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11
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Dehnes Y, Shalina A, Myrvold L. Detection of recombinant EPO in blood and urine samples with EPO WGA MAIIA, IEF and SAR-PAGE after microdose injections. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:861-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Dehnes
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory; Oslo University Hospital; Trondheimsveien 235 0586 Oslo Norway
| | - Alexandra Shalina
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory; Oslo University Hospital; Trondheimsveien 235 0586 Oslo Norway
| | - Linda Myrvold
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory; Oslo University Hospital; Trondheimsveien 235 0586 Oslo Norway
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12
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Detection of EPO injections using a rapid lateral flow isoform test. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9685-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6997-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Lönnberg M, Garle M, Lönnberg L, Birgegård G. Patients with anaemia can shift from kidney to liver production of erythropoietin as shown by glycoform analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 81-82:187-92. [PMID: 23666255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The primary production site of erythropoietin (EPO) is shifted from the liver to the kidney shortly after birth. Under conditions of lost or reduced kidney production, it is valuable to measure the production capacity of the liver. However, there is a lack of urine or serum based methods that can distinguish endogenous EPO produced in different cell types. Here is presented a method based on chromatographic interaction with the lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) that can distinguish presumably liver-produced EPO, found in anaemic patients receiving epoetin and darbepoetin, from kidney-produced EPO found in healthy individuals. All the tested samples from haemodialysis patients with end-stage renal disease showed a presence of liver EPO. In some samples, the liver-produced EPO made up 90-100% of total EPO at a concentration of 8-10 ng/L in urine, which indicates that the liver has a quite high production capacity, although not adequate for the degree of anaemia. This glycoform analysis has made it possible to affirm that some anaemic patients can increase their liver-production of EPO. The use of such a method can give better insight into the regulation of non-renal endogenous EPO production, a potential source of EPO intended to replace administration of exogenous EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lönnberg
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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14
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Abstract
Though we may still sing today, as did Pindar in his eighth Olympian Victory Ode, "… of no contest greater than Olympia, Mother of Games, gold-wreathed Olympia…", we must sadly admit that today, besides blatant over-commercialization, there is no more ominous threat to the Olympic games than doping. Drug-use methods are steadily becoming more sophisticated and ever harder to detect, increasingly demanding the use of complex analytical procedures of biotechnology and molecular medicine. Special emphasis is thus given to anabolic androgenic steroids, recombinant growth hormone and erythropoietin as well as to gene doping, the newly developed mode of hormones abuse which, for its detection, necessitates high-tech methodology but also multidisciplinary individual measures incorporating educational and psychological methods. In this Olympic year, the present review offers an update on the current technologically advanced endocrine methods of doping while outlining the latest procedures applied-including both the successes and pitfalls of proteomics and metabolomics-to detect doping while contributing to combating this scourge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas H Duntas
- Endocrine Unit, Evgenidion Hospital, University of Athens, 20 Papadiamantopoulou Street, 11528, Athens, Greece.
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15
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Mørkeberg J, Sharpe K, Karstoft K, Ashenden MJ. Detection of microdoses of rhEPO with the MAIIA test. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2013; 24:634-41. [PMID: 23347069 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The detection of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) is difficult and becomes more challenging when only microdoses are administered intravenously. Twenty-three subjects were divided into two groups: EPO group (n = 7) and CONTROL group (n = 16). Seven urine and blood samples per subject were collected at least 5 days apart to determine within- and between-subject standard deviations in the percentage of migrating isoforms by the MAIIA test. Six injections of 50 IU/kg bw (boosting dosage) of epoetin beta (Neorecormon, Roche Diagnostics, Hvidovre, Denmark) were performed intravenously during a 3-week period, followed by two microinjections of only 10 IU/kg bw. Blood and urine samples were collected 2, 6, 12, and 72 h after the microinjection, as well as 72 h after the last boosting dose. Sensitivities and specificities of the MAIIA test were examined by absolute and passport thresholds. Sensitivity was 100% for at least 12 h after the microinjection, with ∼30% of plasma samples still exceeding the 99.9% passport threshold 72 h after a microinjection. The specificity was higher for the passport approach compared to the absolute approach, but there were no differences in sensitivities between approaches or between specimens (urine and plasma). We conclude that the MAIIA test shows potential for detecting very small doses of rhEPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mørkeberg
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Sharpe
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - K Karstoft
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M J Ashenden
- Science and Industry Against Blood Doping (SIAB) Research Consortium, Surfers Paradise, Queensland, Australia
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16
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:1-19. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory, United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14; 00380; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Cologne; Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Cologne; Germany
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17
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Reichel C. Application of high-throughput IEF-PAGE for EPO-doping testing. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:728-32. [PMID: 22991138 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Since its first publication in 2000, the isoelectric focusing (IEF) method of erythropoietin (EPO) used in doping control has been considered a procedure with relatively small sample number capacity. To overcome this limitation, a variation of the current protocol was evaluated, which uses double-sized gels with 48-120 wells plus three electrodes and hence multiplies the capacity of the electrophoretic chamber. With this modification up to 120 samples and standards can be run on a single gel - thus, making IEF-PAGE of EPO a high-throughput method. The protocol is ideally suited for large-scale screening purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control Laboratory, AIT Seibersdorf Laboratories, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria.
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18
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Ashenden M, Sharpe K, Garnham A, Gore CJ. Evaluation of the MAIIA dipstick test to detect recombinant human erythropoietin in plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 67-68:123-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Detection of recombinant human EPO administered to horses using MAIIA lateral flow isoform test. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:1619-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5972-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Debeljak N, Sytkowski AJ. Erythropoietin and erythropoiesis stimulating agents. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:805-12. [PMID: 22508651 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is the main hormonal regulator of red blood cell production. Recombinant EPO has become the leading drug for treatment of anaemia from a variety of causes; however, it is sometimes misused in sport with the aim of improving performance and endurance. This paper presents an introductory overview of EPO, its receptor, and a variety of recombinant human EPOs/erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) available on the market (e.g. epoetins and their long acting analogs--darbepoetin alfa and continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator). Recent efforts to improve on EPO's pharmaceutical properties and to develop novel replacement products are also presented. In most cases, these efforts have emphasized a reduction in frequency of injections or complete elimination of intravenous or subcutaneous injections of the hormone (biosimilars, EPO mimetic peptides, fusion proteins, endogenous EPO gene activators and gene doping). Isoelectric focusing (IEF) combined with double immunoblotting can detect the subtle differences in glycosylation/sialylation, enabling differentiation among endogenous and recombinant EPO analogues. This method, using the highly sensitive anti-EPO monoclonal antibody AE7A5, has been accepted internationally as one of the methods for detecting misuse of ESAs in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Debeljak
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Lundby C, Robach P, Saltin B. The evolving science of detection of 'blood doping'. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1306-15. [PMID: 22225538 PMCID: PMC3372716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood doping practices in sports have been around for at least half a century and will likely remain for several years to come. The main reason for the various forms of blood doping to be common is that they are easy to perform, and the effects on exercise performance are gigantic. Yet another reason for blood doping to be a popular illicit practice is that detection is difficult. For autologous blood transfusions, for example, no direct test exists, and the direct testing of misuse with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) has proven very difficult despite a test exists. Future blood doping practice will likely include the stabilization of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor which leads to an increased endogenous erythropoietin synthesis. It seems unrealistic to develop specific test against such drugs (and the copies hereof originating from illegal laboratories). In an attempt to detect and limit blood doping, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has launched the Athlete Biological Passport where indirect markers for all types of blood doping are evaluated on an individual level. The approach seemed promising, but a recent publication demonstrates the system to be incapable of detecting even a single subject as 'suspicious' while treated with rhEpo for 10-12 weeks. Sad to say, the hope that the 2012 London Olympics should be cleaner in regard to blood doping seems faint. We propose that WADA strengthens the quality and capacities of the National Anti-Doping Agencies and that they work more efficiently with the international sports federations in an attempt to limit blood doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Lundby
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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