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Carlsson MJ, Vollmer AS, Demuth P, Heylmann D, Reich D, Quarz C, Rasenberger B, Nikolova T, Hofmann TG, Christmann M, Fuhlbrueck JA, Stegmüller S, Richling E, Cartus AT, Fahrer J. p53 triggers mitochondrial apoptosis following DNA damage-dependent replication stress by the hepatotoxin methyleugenol. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1009. [PMID: 36446765 PMCID: PMC9708695 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05446-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most frequent tumor entities worldwide, which is causally linked to viral infection, fatty liver disease, life-style factors and food-borne carcinogens, particularly aflatoxins. Moreover, genotoxic plant toxins including phenylpropenes are suspected human liver carcinogens. The phenylpropene methyleugenol (ME) is a constituent of essential oils in many plants and occurs in herbal medicines, food, and cosmetics. Following its uptake, ME undergoes Cytochrome P450 (CYP) and sulfotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1)-dependent metabolic activation, giving rise to DNA damage. However, little is known about the cellular response to the induced DNA adducts. Here, we made use of different SULT1A1-proficient cell models including primary hepatocytes that were treated with 1'-hydroxymethyleugenol (OH-ME) as main phase I metabolite. Firstly, mass spectrometry showed a concentration-dependent formation of N2-MIE-dG as major DNA adduct, strongly correlating with SULT1A1 expression as attested in cells with and without human SULT1A1. ME-derived DNA damage activated mainly the ATR-mediated DNA damage response as shown by phosphorylation of CHK1 and histone 2AX, followed by p53 accumulation and CHK2 phosphorylation. Consistent with these findings, the DNA adducts decreased replication speed and caused replication fork stalling. OH-ME treatment reduced viability particularly in cell lines with wild-type p53 and triggered apoptotic cell death, which was rescued by pan-caspase-inhibition. Further experiments demonstrated mitochondrial apoptosis as major cell death pathway. ME-derived DNA damage caused upregulation of the p53-responsive genes NOXA and PUMA, Bax activation, and cytochrome c release followed by caspase-9 and caspase-3 cleavage. We finally demonstrated the crucial role of p53 for OH-ME triggered cell death as evidenced by reduced pro-apoptotic gene expression, strongly attenuated Bax activation and cell death inhibition upon genetic knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of p53. Taken together, our study demonstrates for the first time that ME-derived DNA damage causes replication stress and triggers mitochondrial apoptosis via the p53-Bax pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J. Carlsson
- grid.7645.00000 0001 2155 0333Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Anastasia S. Vollmer
- grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Rudolf Buchheim Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany ,grid.411544.10000 0001 0196 8249Present Address: Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Demuth
- grid.7645.00000 0001 2155 0333Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Daniel Heylmann
- grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Rudolf Buchheim Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Diana Reich
- grid.410607.4Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Caroline Quarz
- grid.7645.00000 0001 2155 0333Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Birgit Rasenberger
- grid.410607.4Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Teodora Nikolova
- grid.410607.4Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas G. Hofmann
- grid.410607.4Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Christmann
- grid.410607.4Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia A. Fuhlbrueck
- grid.7645.00000 0001 2155 0333Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Simone Stegmüller
- grid.7645.00000 0001 2155 0333Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Elke Richling
- grid.7645.00000 0001 2155 0333Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Alexander T. Cartus
- grid.7645.00000 0001 2155 0333Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jörg Fahrer
- grid.7645.00000 0001 2155 0333Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany ,grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Rudolf Buchheim Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany ,grid.410607.4Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Gerecke C, Schumacher F, Berndzen A, Homann T, Kleuser B. Vitamin C in combination with inhibition of mutant IDH1 synergistically activates TET enzymes and epigenetically modulates gene silencing in colon cancer cells. Epigenetics 2020; 15:307-322. [PMID: 31505989 PMCID: PMC7028341 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1666652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) lead to metabolic alterations and a sustained formation of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). 2-HG is an oncometabolite as it inhibits the activity of α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases such as ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes. Inhibitors of mutant IDH enzymes, like ML309, are currently tested in order to lower the levels of 2-HG. Vitamin C (VC) is an inducer of TET enzymes. To test a new therapeutic avenue of synergistic effects, the anti-neoplastic activity of inhibition of mutant IDH1 via ML309 in the presence of VC was investigated in the colon cancer cell line HCT116 IDH1R132H/+ (harbouring a mutated IDH1 allele) and the parental cells HCT116 IDH1+/+ (wild type IDH1). Measurement of the oncometabolite indicated a 56-fold higher content of 2-HG in mutated cells compared to wild type cells. A significant reduction of 2-HG was observed in mutated cells after treatment with ML 309, whereas VC produced only minimally changes of the oncometabolite. However, combinatorial treatment with both, ML309 and VC, in mutated cells induced pronounced reduction of 2-HG leading to levels comparable to those in wild type cells. The decreased level of 2-HG in mutated cells after combinatorial treatment was accompanied by an enhanced global DNA hydroxymethylation and an increased gene expression of certain tumour suppressors. Moreover, mutated cells showed an increased percentage of apoptotic cells after treatment with non-cytotoxic concentrations of ML309 and VC. These results suggest that combinatorial therapy is of interest for further investigation to rescue TET activity and treatment of IDH1/2 mutated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gerecke
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alide Berndzen
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | | | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
- NutriAct – Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin-Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Kobets T, Cartus AT, Fuhlbrueck JA, Brengel A, Stegmüller S, Duan JD, Brunnemann KD, Williams GM. Assessment and characterization of DNA adducts produced by alkenylbenzenes in fetal turkey and chicken livers. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:424-433. [PMID: 31077736 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Formation of DNA adducts by five alkenylbenzenes, safrole, methyl eugenol, eugenol, and asarone with either α- or β-conformation, was analyzed in fetal avian livers in two in ovo models. DNA reactivity of the carcinogens safrole and methyl eugenol was previously demonstrated in the turkey egg model, whereas non-genotoxic eugenol was negative. In the current study, alkenylbenzenes were also tested in the chicken egg model. Injections with alkenylbenzenes were administered to fertilized turkey or chicken eggs for three consecutive days. Three hours after the last injection, liver samples were evaluated for DNA adduct formation using the 32P-nucleotide postlabeling assay. DNA samples from turkey livers were also analyzed for adducts using mass spectrometry. In both species, genotoxic alkenylbenzenes safrole, methyl eugenol, α- and β-asarone produced DNA adducts, the presence and nature of which, with exception of safrole, were confirmed by mass spectrometry, validating the sensitivity of the 32P-postlabeling assay. Overall, the results of testing were congruent between fetal turkey and chicken livers, confirming that these organisms can be used interchangeably. Moreover, data obtained in both models is comparable to genotoxicity findings in other species, supporting the usefulness of avian models for the assessment of genotoxicity as a potential alternative to animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kobets
- New York Medical College, Department of Pathology, 40 Sunshine Cottage Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.
| | - Alexander T Cartus
- University of Kaiserslautern, Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Julia A Fuhlbrueck
- University of Kaiserslautern, Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Alexander Brengel
- University of Kaiserslautern, Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Simone Stegmüller
- University of Kaiserslautern, Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jian-Dong Duan
- New York Medical College, Department of Pathology, 40 Sunshine Cottage Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Klaus D Brunnemann
- New York Medical College, Department of Pathology, 40 Sunshine Cottage Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Gary M Williams
- New York Medical College, Department of Pathology, 40 Sunshine Cottage Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
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1-Methoxy-3-indolylmethyl DNA adducts in six tissues, and blood protein adducts, in mice under pak choi diet: time course and persistence. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1515-1527. [PMID: 30993378 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that purified 1-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl (1-MIM) glucosinolate, a secondary plant metabolite in Brassica species, is mutagenic in various in vitro systems and forms DNA and protein adducts in mouse models. In the present study, we administered 1-MIM glucosinolate in a natural matrix to mice, by feeding a diet containing pak choi powder and extract. Groups of animals were killed after 1, 2, 4 and 8 days of pak choi diet, directly or, in the case of the 8-day treatment, after 0, 8 and 16 days of recovery with pak choi-free diet. DNA adducts [N2-(1-MIM)-dG, N6-(1-MIM)-dA] in six tissues, as well as protein adducts [τN-(1-MIM)-His] in serum albumin (SA) and hemoglobin (Hb) were determined using UPLC-MS/MS with isotopically labeled internal standards. None of the samples from the 12 control animals under standard diet contained any 1-MIM adducts. All groups receiving pak choi diet showed DNA adducts in all six tissues (exception: lung of mice treated for a single day) as well as SA and Hb adducts. During the feeding period, all adduct levels continuously increased until day 8 (in the jejunum until day 4). During the 14-day recovery period, N2-(1-MIM)-dG in liver, kidney, lung, jejunum, cecum and colon decreased to 52, 41, 59, 11, 7 and 2%, respectively, of the peak level. The time course of N6-(1-MIM)-dA was similar. Immunohistochemical analyses indicated that cell turnover is a major mechanism of DNA adduct elimination in the intestine. In the same recovery period, protein adducts decreased more rapidly in SA than in Hb, to 0.7 and 37%, respectively, of the peak level, consistent with the differential turnover of these proteins. In conclusion, the pak choi diet lead to the formation of high levels of adducts in mice. Cell and protein turnover was a major mechanism of adduct elimination, at least in gut and blood.
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Li C, Dong L, Kamali A, Sugimoto H, Abdul-Hadi K, Chen S, Abu-Yousif A, Qian MG. An LC/MS based method to quantify DNA adduct in tumor and organ tissues. Anal Biochem 2019; 568:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Gronke K, Hernández PP, Zimmermann J, Klose CSN, Kofoed-Branzk M, Guendel F, Witkowski M, Tizian C, Amann L, Schumacher F, Glatt H, Triantafyllopoulou A, Diefenbach A. Interleukin-22 protects intestinal stem cells against genotoxic stress. Nature 2019; 566:249-253. [PMID: 30700914 PMCID: PMC6420091 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental genotoxic factors pose a challenge to the genomic integrity of epithelial cells at barrier surfaces that separate host organisms from the environment. They can induce mutations that, if they occur in epithelial stem cells, contribute to malignant transformation and cancer development1-3. Genome integrity in epithelial stem cells is maintained by an evolutionarily conserved cellular response pathway, the DNA damage response (DDR). The DDR culminates in either transient cell-cycle arrest and DNA repair or elimination of damaged cells by apoptosis4,5. Here we show that the cytokine interleukin-22 (IL-22), produced by group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) and γδ T cells, is an important regulator of the DDR machinery in intestinal epithelial stem cells. Using a new mouse model that enables sporadic inactivation of the IL-22 receptor in colon epithelial stem cells, we demonstrate that IL-22 is required for effective initiation of the DDR following DNA damage. Stem cells deprived of IL-22 signals and exposed to carcinogens escaped DDR-controlled apoptosis, contained more mutations and were more likely to give rise to colon cancer. We identified metabolites of glucosinolates, a group of phytochemicals contained in cruciferous vegetables, to be a widespread source of genotoxic stress in intestinal epithelial cells. These metabolites are ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)6, and AhR-mediated signalling in ILC3 and γδ T cells controlled their production of IL-22. Mice fed with diets depleted of glucosinolates produced only very low levels of IL-22 and, consequently, the DDR in epithelial cells of mice on a glucosinolate-free diet was impaired. This work identifies a homeostatic network protecting stem cells against challenge to their genome integrity by AhR-mediated 'sensing' of genotoxic compounds from the diet. AhR signalling, in turn, ensures on-demand production of IL-22 by innate lymphocytes directly regulating components of the DDR in epithelial stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Gronke
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pedro P Hernández
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Macrophages and Development of Immunity, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jakob Zimmermann
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph S N Klose
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Kofoed-Branzk
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Guendel
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mario Witkowski
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Caroline Tizian
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lukas Amann
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hansruedi Glatt
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Potsdam, Germany
- Department Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antigoni Triantafyllopoulou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Innate Immunity in Rheumatic Diseases, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Lai W, Mo J, Yin J, Lyu C, Wang H. Profiling of epigenetic DNA modifications by advanced liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technologies. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Vitamin C promotes decitabine or azacytidine induced DNA hydroxymethylation and subsequent reactivation of the epigenetically silenced tumour suppressor CDKN1A in colon cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:32822-32840. [PMID: 30214687 PMCID: PMC6132357 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic silencing of tumour suppressor genes is a key hallmark of colorectal carcinogenesis. Despite this, the therapeutic potential of epigenetic agents capable of reactivating these silenced genes remains relatively unexplored. Evidence has shown the dietary antioxidant vitamin C (ascorbate) acts as an inducer of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) dioxygenases, an enzyme family that catalyses a recently described mechanism of DNA demethylation linked to gene re-expression. In this study, we set out to determine whether vitamin C can enhance the known anti-neoplastic actions of the DNA-demethylating agents decitabine (DAC) and azacytidine (AZA) in colorectal cancer cells. Administration of vitamin C alone significantly enhanced global levels of 5-hydroxymethyl-2’-deoxycytidine (5-hmdC), without altering 5-methyl-2’-deoxycytidine (5-mdC), as would be expected upon the activation of TET dioxygenases. Concomitant treatment of vitamin C with either AZA or DAC resulted in an unexpectedly high increase of global 5-hmdC levels, one that administration of any these compounds alone could not achieve. Notably, this was also accompanied by increased expression of the tumour suppressor p21 (CDKN1A), and a significant increase in apoptotic cell induction. Our in vitro data leads us to hypothesize that the reactivation of genes in colorectal cancer cells by AZA or DAC can be improved when the 5-hmdC levels are simultaneously increased by the TET activator vitamin C. The dual administration of demethylating agents and vitamin C to colorectal cancer patients, a demographic in which vitamin C deficiencies are common, may improve responses to epigenetic therapies.
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Yin J, Chen S, Zhang N, Wang H. Multienzyme Cascade Bioreactor for a 10 min Digestion of Genomic DNA into Single Nucleosides and Quantitative Detection of Structural DNA Modifications in Cellular Genomic DNA. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:21883-21890. [PMID: 29882639 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Identification and quantification of chemical DNA modifications provide essential information on genomic DNA changes, for example, epigenetic modifications and abnormal DNA lesions. In this vein, it requires to digest genomic DNA strands into single nucleosides, facilitating the mass spectrometry analysis. However, rapid digestion of such supramacromolecule DNA of several millions Daltons (molecular weight) into single nucleosides remains very challenging. Here, we constructed an immobilized benzonase capillary bioreactor and further tandemly coupled with immobilized snake venom phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphatase capillary bioreactor to form a novel three-enzyme cascade bioreactor (BenzoSAC bioreactor). In these constructions, the chosen enzymes were immobilized onto synthetic porous capillary silica monoliths. With the tailor-made porous structure and high immobilized capacity and high digestion rate of benzonase, genomic DNA of >99.5% can be digested into single nucleosides within only 10 min when passing through the BenzoSAC bioreactor by microinjection pump. In contrast, traditional digestion requires 8-24 h. By offline coupling this benzoSAC bioreactor with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we detected 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, a major oxidation product of the epigenetically crucial 5-methylcytosine, in genomic DNA isolated from ladder cancer (T24) cells. The newly synthesized BenzoSAC bioreactor and the proposed mass spectrometry detection are promising for fast identification and analysis of structural modifications in DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfa Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Shaokun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Hailin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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10
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Formation and fate of DNA adducts of alpha- and beta-asarone in rat hepatocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 116:138-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Arsenic-containing hydrocarbons: effects on gene expression, epigenetics, and biotransformation in HepG2 cells. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1751-1765. [PMID: 29602950 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic-containing hydrocarbons (AsHCs), a subgroup of arsenolipids found in fish and algae, elicit substantial toxic effects in various human cell lines and have a considerable impact on cellular energy levels. The underlying mode of action, however, is still unknown. The present study analyzes the effects of two AsHCs (AsHC 332 and AsHC 360) on the expression of 44 genes covering DNA repair, stress response, cell death, autophagy, and epigenetics via RT-qPCR in human liver (HepG2) cells. Both AsHCs affected the gene expression, but to different extents. After treatment with AsHC 360, flap structure-specific endonuclease 1 (FEN1) as well as xeroderma pigmentosum group A complementing protein (XPA) and (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) showed time- and concentration-dependent alterations in gene expression, thereby indicating an impact on genomic stability. In the subsequent analysis of epigenetic markers, within 72 h, neither AsHC 332 nor AsHC 360 showed an impact on the global DNA methylation level, whereas incubation with AsHC 360 increased the global DNA hydroxymethylation level. Analysis of cell extracts and cell media by HPLC-mass spectrometry revealed that both AsHCs were considerably biotransformed. The identified metabolites include not only the respective thioxo-analogs of the two AsHCs, but also several arsenic-containing fatty acids and fatty alcohols, contributing to our knowledge of biotransformation mechanisms of arsenolipids.
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Selenium increases hepatic DNA methylation and modulates one-carbon metabolism in the liver of mice. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 48:112-119. [PMID: 28810182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The average intake of the essential trace element selenium (Se) is below the recommendation in most European countries, possibly causing sub-optimal expression of selenoproteins. It is still unclear how a suboptimal Se status may affect health. To mimic this situation, mice were fed one of three physiologically relevant amounts of Se. We focused on the liver, the organ most sensitive to changes in the Se supply indicated by hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity. In addition, liver is the main organ for synthesis of methyl groups and glutathione via one-carbon metabolism. Accordingly, the impact of Se on global DNA methylation, methylation capacity, and gene expression was assessed. We observed higher global DNA methylation indicated by LINE1 methylation, and an increase of the methylation potential as indicated by higher S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)/S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) ratio and by elevated mRNA expression of serine hydroxymethyltransferase in both or either of the Se groups. Furthermore, increasing the Se supply resulted in higher plasma concentrations of triglycerides. Hepatic expression of glycolytic and lipogenic genes revealed consistent Se-dependent up-regulation of glucokinase. The sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (Srebf1) was also up-regulated by Se. Both effects were confirmed in primary hepatocytes. In contrast to the overall Se-dependent increase of methylation capacity, the up-regulation of Srebf1 expression was paralleled by reduced local methylation of a specific CpG site within the Srebf1 gene. Thus, we provided evidence that Se-dependent effects on lipogenesis involve epigenetic mechanisms.
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13
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Liu LY, Zheng J, Kong C, An J, Yu YX, Zhang XY, Elfarra AA. Characterization of the Major Purine and Pyrimidine Adducts Formed after Incubations of 1-Chloro-3-buten-2-one with Single-/Double-Stranded DNA and Human Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:552-563. [PMID: 27977153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that 1-chloro-3-buten-2-one (CBO), a potential reactive metabolite of 1,3-butadiene (BD), exhibits potent cytotoxicity and genotoxicity that have been attributed in part to its reactivity toward DNA. In an effort to identify the DNA adducts of CBO, we characterized the CBO reactions with 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG), 2'-deoxycytidine (dC), and 2'-deoxyadenosine (dA) under in vitro physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37 °C). In the present study, we investigated the CBO reaction with 2'-deoxythymidine (dT) and compared the rate constants of the reactions of CBO with dA, dC, dG, and dT at both individual- and mixed-nucleosides levels. We also investigated the reactions of CBO with single- and double-stranded DNA using HPLC with UV detection after adducts were released by either acid or enzymatic hydrolysis of DNA. Consistent with the results from the nucleoside reactions and the rate constant experiments, 1,N6-(1-hydroxy-1-chloromethylpropan-1,3-diyl)adenine (A-2D) was identified as the major DNA adduct detected after acid hydrolysis, followed by N7-(4-chloro-3-oxobutyl)guanine (CG-2H) and a small amount of 1,N6-(1-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethylpropan-1,3-diyl)adenine (A-1D). After enzymatic hydrolysis, 1,N6-(1-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethylpropan-1,3-diyl)-2'-dexoyadenosine (dA-1), 3,N4-(1-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethylpropan-1,3-diyl)-2'-deoxycytidine (dC-1/2), and 1,N2-(3-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethylpropan-1,3-diyl)-2'-dexoyguanosine (CG-1) were detected, with dA-1 being the major product, followed by dC-1/2. When a nontoxic concentration of CBO (1 μM) was incubated with HepG2 cells, no adducts could be detected by LC-MS. However, pretreatment of cells with l-buthionine sulfoximine to deplete GSH levels allowed A-2D to be consistently detected in cellular DNA. These results may contribute to a better understanding of the role of the DNA adducts in CBO genotoxicity and mutagenicity. It also suggests that A-2D could be developed as a biomarker of CBO formation after BD exposure in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yan Liu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jin Zheng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Cong Kong
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Jing An
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ying-Xin Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Adnan A Elfarra
- Department of Comparative Biosciences and the Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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14
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Yin J, Xu T, Zhang N, Wang H. Three-Enzyme Cascade Bioreactor for Rapid Digestion of Genomic DNA into Single Nucleosides. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7730-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junfa Yin
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Tian Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hailin Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Herrmann K, Engst W, Florian S, Lampen A, Meinl W, Glatt HR. The influence of the SULT1A status - wild-type, knockout or humanized - on the DNA adduct formation by methyleugenol in extrahepatic tissues of mice. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:808-815. [PMID: 30090391 PMCID: PMC6060700 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00358j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyleugenol, present in herbs and spices, has demonstrated carcinogenic activity in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in extrahepatic tissues of rats and mice. It forms DNA adducts after hydroxylation and sulphation. As previously reported, hepatic DNA adduct formation by methyleugenol in mice is strongly affected by their sulphotransferase (SULT) 1A status. Now, we analysed the adduct formation in extrahepatic tissues. The time course of the adduct levels was determined in transgenic (tg) mice, expressing human SULT1A1/2, after oral administration of methyleugenol (50 mg per kg body mass). Nearly maximal adduct levels were observed 6 h after treatment. They followed the order: liver > caecum > kidney > colon > stomach > small intestine > lung > spleen. We then selected liver, caecum, kidney and stomach for the main study, in which four mouse lines [wild-type (wt), Sult1a1-knockout (ko), tg, and humanized (ko-tg)] were treated with methyleugenol at varying dose levels. In the liver, caecum and kidney, adduct formation was nearly completely dependent on the expression of SULT1A enzymes. In the liver, human SULT1A1/2 led to higher adduct levels than mouse Sult1a1, and the effects of both enzymes were approximately additive. In the caecum, human SULT1A1/2 and mouse Sult1a1 were nearly equally effective, again with additive effects in tg mice. In the kidney, only human SULT1A1/2 played a role: no adducts were detected in wt and ko mice even at the highest dose tested and the adduct levels were similar in tg and ko-tg mice. In the stomach, adduct formation was unaffected by the SULT1A status. IN CONCLUSION (i) the SULT1A enzymes only affected adduct formation in those tissues in which they are highly expressed (mouse Sult1a1 in the liver and caecum, but not in the kidney and stomach; human SULT1A1/2 in the liver, caecum and kidney, not in the stomach of tg mice and humans), indicating a dominating role of local bioactivation; (ii) the additivity of the effects of both enzymes in the liver and caecum implies that the enzyme level was limiting in the adduct formation; (iii) SULT1A forms dominated the activation of methyleugenol in several tissues, but non-Sult1a1 forms or SULT-independent mechanisms were involved in its adduct formation in the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Herrmann
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke , Department of Nutritional Toxicology , Nuthetal , Germany
| | - W Engst
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke , Department of Nutritional Toxicology , Nuthetal , Germany
| | - S Florian
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke , Department of Nutritional Toxicology , Nuthetal , Germany
| | - A Lampen
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Food Safety , Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: +49 (0)30-691-6846
| | - W Meinl
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke , Department of Nutritional Toxicology , Nuthetal , Germany
| | - H R Glatt
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke , Department of Nutritional Toxicology , Nuthetal , Germany
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Food Safety , Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: +49 (0)30-691-6846
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16
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Budnowski J, Hanske L, Schumacher F, Glatt H, Platz S, Rohn S, Blaut M. Glucosinolates Are Mainly Absorbed Intact in Germfree and Human Microbiota-Associated Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8418-8428. [PMID: 26365197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemoprotective or genotoxic effects of glucosinolates occurring in Brassica vegetables are attributed to their hydrolysis products formed upon tissue damage by plant myrosinase. Since Brassica vegetables, in which myrosinase has been heat-inactivated, still display bioactivity, glucosinolate activation has been attributed to intestinal bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this is true. Glucoraphanin (172 mg/kg body weight) and neoglucobrassicin (297 mg/kg body weight) were administered intragastrically to germ free and human microbiota associated (HMA) mice. Approximately 30% of the applied doses of glucoraphanin and neoglucobrassicin were excreted unchanged in the urine of both germ free and HMA mice. Isothiocyanates, sulforaphane, and erucin, formed from glucoraphanin, were mainly excreted as urinary N-acetyl-l-cysteine conjugates. N-Methoxyindole-3-carbinol formed from neoglucobrassicin was observed in small amounts in both germ free and HMA mice. Formation of DNA adducts from neoglucobrassicin was also independent from bacterial colonization of the mice. Hence, intestinal bacteria are involved in the bioactivation of glucosinolates in the gut, but their contribution to glucosinolate transformation in HMA mice is apparently very small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Budnowski
- Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke , Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Laura Hanske
- Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke , Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke , Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Hansruedi Glatt
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke , Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Stefanie Platz
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Blaut
- Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke , Nuthetal, Germany
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17
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Ehlers A, Florian S, Schumacher F, Meinl W, Lenze D, Hummel M, Heise T, Seidel A, Glatt H, Lampen A. The glucosinolate metabolite 1-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl alcohol induces a gene expression profile in mouse liver similar to the expression signature caused by known genotoxic hepatocarcinogens. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:685-97. [PMID: 25559983 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Breakdown products of certain glucosinolates induce detoxifying enzymes and demonstrate preventive activities against chemically induced tumourigenesis in animal models. However, other breakdown products are genotoxic. 1-Methoxy-3-indolylmethyl alcohol (1-MIM-OH) is mutagenic in bacterial and mammalian cells upon activation by sulphotransferases and forms DNA adducts in mouse tissues. This effect is enhanced in mice transgenic for human sulphotransferases 1A1/2 (FVB/N-hSULT1A1/2). Therefore, we explored gene expression changes induced by 1-MIM-OH in mouse liver. METHODS AND RESULTS FVB/N-hSULT1A1/2 mice were orally treated with 1-MIM-OH for 21 or 90 days, leading to high levels of hepatic 1-MIM-DNA adducts. Genome-wide expression analyses demonstrated no influence on detoxifying enzymes, but up-regulation of many mediators of the tumour suppressor p53 and down-regulation of Fhit and other long genes. While this p53 response might indicate protection, it was unable to prevent the accumulation of DNA adducts. However, various epidemiological studies reported inverse associations between the intake of cruciferous vegetables and cancer. This association may be due to the presence of other glucosinolates with tumour-preventing influences possibly outweighing adverse effects of some metabolites. CONCLUSION 1-MIM-OH is a genotoxic substance inducing a gene expression profile similar to the expression signature caused by known genotoxic hepatocarcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Ehlers
- Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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18
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Monien BH, Schumacher F, Herrmann K, Glatt H, Turesky RJ, Chesné C. Simultaneous detection of multiple DNA adducts in human lung samples by isotope-dilution UPLC-MS/MS. Anal Chem 2014; 87:641-8. [PMID: 25423194 PMCID: PMC4287830 DOI: 10.1021/ac503803m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Recent studies have demonstrated
that various DNA adducts can be
detected in human tissues and fluids using liquid chromatography connected
to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). However, the utility of a
single DNA adduct as a biomarker in risk assessment is debatable because
humans are exposed to many genotoxicants. We established a method
to measure DNA adducts derived from 16 ubiquitous genotoxicants and
developed an analytical technique for their simultaneous quantification
by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS. Methods for
the enrichment of the analytes from DNA hydrolysates and chromatographic
separation preceding mass spectrometric analysis were optimized, and
the resultant technique was used for the simultaneous analysis of
the 16 DNA adducts in human lung biopsy specimens. Eleven adducts
(formed by benzo[a]pyrene, 1-methylpyrene, 4-aminobiphenyl,
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine,
1-methoxy-3-indolylmethylglucosinolate, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and
malondialdehyde) were not detected in any tissue sample (limits of
detection: 0.02–7.1 adducts/108 nucleosides). 3,N4-etheno-2′-deoxycytidine and 1,N6-etheno-2′-deoxyadenosine, formed from
2,3-epoxyaldehydes of endogenous lipid peroxidation products, were
present in all subjects (16.9–115.3 and 27.2–179/108 nucleosides, respectively). The same was true for N2-(trans-methylisoeugenol-3′-yl)-2′-deoxyguanosine,
the major adduct of methyleugenol (1.7–23.7/108 nucleosides).
A minor adduct of methyleugenol and two adducts of furfuryl alcohol
were detected in several pulmonary specimens. Taken together, we developed
a targeted approach for the simultaneous mass spectrometric analyses
of 16 DNA adducts, which can be easily extended by adducts formed
from other mutagens. The method allowed one to detect adducts of furfuryl
alcohol and methyleugenol in samples of human lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard H Monien
- Research Group Genotoxic Food Contaminants, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) , 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
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19
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Hanschen FS, Lamy E, Schreiner M, Rohn S. Reactivity and stability of glucosinolates and their breakdown products in foods. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11430-50. [PMID: 25163974 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of glucosinolates and their behavior during food processing is very complex. Their instability leads to the formation of a bunch of breakdown and reaction products that are very often reactive themselves. Although excessive consumption of cabbage varieties has been thought for long time to have adverse, especially goitrogenic effects, nowadays, epidemiologic studies provide data that there might be beneficial health effects as well. Especially Brassica vegetables, such as broccoli, radish, or cabbage, are rich in these interesting plant metabolites. However, information on the bioactivity of glucosinolates is only valuable when one knows which compounds are formed during processing and subsequent consumption. This review provides a comprehensive, in-depth overview on the chemical reactivity of different glucosinolates and breakdown products thereof during food preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska S Hanschen
- Department of Quality, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Großbeeren and Erfurt e.V. Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Großbeeren (Germany) http://www.igzev.de.
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Hanschen FS, Lamy E, Schreiner M, Rohn S. Reaktivität und Stabilität von Glucosinolaten und ihren Abbauprodukten in Lebensmitteln. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Quantitative analysis of heterocyclic amines in urine by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2014; 447:169-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Barknowitz G, Engst W, Schmidt S, Bernau M, Monien BH, Kramer M, Florian S, Glatt H. Identification and Quantification of Protein Adducts Formed by Metabolites of 1-Methoxy-3-indolylmethyl Glucosinolate in Vitro and in Mouse Models. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:188-99. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400277w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gitte Barknowitz
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Wolfram Engst
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Mareike Bernau
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Bernhard H. Monien
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Markus Kramer
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simone Florian
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Hansruedi Glatt
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
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23
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Herrmann K, Engst W, Meinl W, Florian S, Cartus AT, Schrenk D, Appel KE, Nolden T, Himmelbauer H, Glatt H. Formation of hepatic DNA adducts by methyleugenol in mouse models: drastic decrease by Sult1a1 knockout and strong increase by transgenic human SULT1A1/2. Carcinogenesis 2013; 35:935-41. [PMID: 24318996 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyleugenol--a natural constituent of herbs and spices--is hepatocarcinogenic in rodent models. It can form DNA adducts after side-chain hydroxylation and sulfation. We previously demonstrated that human sulfotransferases (SULTs) 1A1 and 1A2 as well as mouse Sult1a1, expressed in Salmonella target strains, are able to activate 1'-hydroxymethyleugenol (1'-OH-ME) and 3'-hydroxymethylisoeugenol (3'-OH-MIE) to mutagens. Now we investigated the role of these enzymes in the formation of hepatic DNA adducts by methyleugenol in the mouse in vivo. We used FVB/N mice [wild-type (wt)] and genetically modified strains in this background: Sult1a1 knockout (ko), transgenic for human SULT1A1/2 (tg) and the combination of both modifications (ko-tg). Methyleugenol (50mg/kg body mass) formed 23, 735, 3770 and 4500 N (2)-(trans-methylisoeugenol-3'-yl)-2'-deoxyguanosine adducts per 10(8) 2'-deoxyribonucleosides (dN) in ko, wt, ko-tg and tg mice, respectively. The corresponding values for an equimolar dose of 1'-OH-ME were 12, 1490, 12 400 and 13 300 per 10(8) dN. Similar relative levels were observed for the minor adduct, N (6)-(trans-methylisoeugenol-3'-yl)-2'-deoxyadenosine. Thus, the adduct formation by both compounds was nearly completely dependent on the presence of SULT1A enzymes, with human SULT1A1/2 producing stronger effects than mouse Sult1a1. Moreover, a dose of 0.05 mg/kg methyleugenol (one-fourth of the estimated average daily exposure of humans) was sufficient to form detectable adducts in humanized (ko-tg) mice. Although 3'-OH-MIE was equally mutagenic to 1'-OH-ME in Salmonella strains expressing human SULT1A1 or 1A2, it only formed 0.14% of hepatic adducts in ko-tg mice compared with an equimolar dose of 1'-OH-ME, suggesting an important role of detoxifying pathways for this isomer in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Herrmann
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
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A secondary metabolite of Brassicales, 1-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate, as well as its degradation product, 1-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl alcohol, forms DNA adducts in the mouse, but in varying tissues and cells. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:823-36. [PMID: 24154822 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1-Methoxy-3-indolylmethyl (1-MIM) glucosinolate, a secondary metabolite of Brassicales species, and its breakdown product 1-MIM alcohol are mutagenic in cells in culture after activation by plant β-thioglucosidase and human sulphotransferase, respectively. In the present study, we administered these compounds orally to mice to study time course, dose dependence, tissue distribution and cellular localization of the 1-MIM DNA adducts formed. We used isotope-dilution ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to quantify the adducts and raised an antiserum for their immunohistochemical localization. Both compounds formed the same adducts, N(2)-(1-MIM)-2'-deoxyguanosine and N(6)-(1-MIM)-2'-deoxyadenosine, approximately in a 3.3:1 ratio. 1-MIM glucosinolate primarily formed these adducts in the large intestine, with a luminal-basal gradient, probably due to activation by thioglucosidase from intestinal bacteria. 1-MIM alcohol formed higher levels of adduct than the glucosinolate. Unlike after treatment with the glucosinolate, luminal and basal enterocytes were similarly affected in caecum, and liver and stomach were additional important target tissues. Maximal adduct levels were reached 8 h after the administration of both compounds. The hepatic DNA adducts persisted for the entire observation period (48 h), whereas those in large intestine rapidly declined due to cell turnover, as verified by immunohistochemistry. Hepatic adduct formation was focused on the periportal hepatocytes with concomitant depletion of glycogen, p53 activation and p21 induction. Adduct formation in caecum was associated with massive apoptosis, p53 activation and p21 induction, in particular after treatment with 1-MIM alcohol. It remains to be studied whether similar effects occur in humans after the consumption of Brassicales species.
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Hu CW, Lee H, Chen JL, Li YJ, Chao MR. Optimization of global DNA methylation measurement by LC-MS/MS and its application in lung cancer patients. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8859-69. [PMID: 23978937 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Global analyses of DNA methylation contribute important insights into biology and the wide-ranging role of DNA methylation. We describe the use of online solid-phase extraction and isotope-dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous measurement of 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5-medC) and 2'-deoxycytidine (dC) in DNA. With the incorporation of isotope internal standards and online enrichment techniques, the detection limit of this method was estimated to be as low as 0.065 pg which enables human global DNA methylation detection using only picogram amounts of DNA. This method was applied to assess the optimal amounts of enzymes required for DNA digestion regarding an accurate global DNA methylation determination and completeness of digestion and to determine global methylation in human tumor adjacent lung tissue of 79 lung cancer patients. We further determined methylated (N7-methylguanine (N7-meG), O (6)-methylguanine (O (6)-meG), and N3-methyladenine (N3-meA)) and oxidized DNA lesions (8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG)) in lung cancer patients by LC-MS/MS. Optimization experiments revealed that dC was liberated from DNA much more readily than 5-medC by nuclease P1 and alkaline phosphatase (AP) in DNA, which could lead to an error in the global DNA methylation measurement following digestion with insufficient enzymes. Nuclease P1 showed more differential activity for 5-medC and dC than AP. Global DNA methylation levels in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma patients were similar in the range of 3.16-4.01 %. Global DNA methylation levels were not affected by smoking and gender and were not correlated with N7-meG or 8-oxodG in lung cancer patients. Levels of O (6)-meG and N3-meA were however found to be undetectable in all lung tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Wen Hu
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
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Herrmann K, Schumacher F, Engst W, Appel KE, Klein K, Zanger UM, Glatt H. Abundance of DNA adducts of methyleugenol, a rodent hepatocarcinogen, in human liver samples. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1025-30. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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