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Machireddy M, Oberman AG, DeBiase L, Stephens M, Li J, Littlepage LE, Niebur GL. Controlled mechanical loading affects the osteocyte transcriptome in porcine trabecular bone in situ. Bone 2024; 181:117028. [PMID: 38309412 PMCID: PMC10923013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteocytes modulate bone adaptation in response to mechanical stimuli imparted by the deforming bone tissue in which they are encased by communicating with osteoclasts and osteoblasts as well as other osteocytes in the lacuna-canalicular network through secreted cytokines and chemokines. Understanding the transcriptional response of osteocytes to mechanical stimulation in situ could identify new targets to inhibit bone loss or enhance bone formation in the presence of diseases like osteoporosis or metastatic cancer. We compared the mechanically regulated transcriptional response of osteocytes in trabecular bone following one or three days of controlled mechanical loading. METHODS Porcine trabecular bone explants were cultured in a bioreactor for 48 h and subsequently loaded twice a day for one day or 3 days. RNA was isolated and sequenced, and the Tuxedo suite was used to identify differentially expressed genes and pathway analysis was conducted using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). RESULTS There were about 4000 differentially expressed genes following in situ culture relative to fresh bone. One hundred six genes were differentially expressed between the loaded and non-loaded groups following one day of loading compared to 913 genes after 3 d of loading. Only 45 of these were coincident between the two time points, indicating an evolving transcriptome. Clustering and principal component analysis indicated differences between the loaded and non-loaded groups after 3 d of loading. DISCUSSION With sustained loading, there was a nine-fold increase in the number of differentially expressed genes, suggesting that osteocytes respond to loading through sequential activation of downstream genes in the same pathways. The differentially expressed genes were related to osteoarthritis, osteocyte, and chondrocyte signaling pathways. We noted that NFkB and TNF signaling are affected by early loading and this may drive downstream effects on the mechanobiological response. Moreover, these genes may regulate catabolic effects of mechanical disuse through their actions on pre-osteoclasts in the bone marrow niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana Machireddy
- Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Alyssa G Oberman
- Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Lucas DeBiase
- Dept. of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Melissa Stephens
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Dept. of Applied Mathematics, Computations, and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Laurie E Littlepage
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Glen L Niebur
- Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Dept. of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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2
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Osborn RM, Leach J, Zanche M, Ashton JM, Chu C, Thakar J, Dewhurst S, Rosenberger S, Pavelka M, Pryhuber GS, Mariani TJ, Anderson CS. Preparation of noninfectious scRNAseq samples from SARS-CoV-2-infected epithelial cells. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281898. [PMID: 36827401 PMCID: PMC9956660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. Direct assessment, detection, and quantitative analysis using high throughput methods like single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) is imperative to understanding the host response to SARS-CoV-2. One barrier to studying SARS-CoV-2 in the laboratory setting is the requirement to process virus-infected cell cultures, and potentially infectious materials derived therefrom, under Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) containment. However, there are only 190 BSL3 laboratory facilities registered with the U.S. Federal Select Agent Program, as of 2020, and only a subset of these are outfitted with the equipment needed to perform high-throughput molecular assays. Here, we describe a method for preparing non-hazardous RNA samples from SARS-CoV-2 infected cells, that enables scRNAseq analyses to be conducted safely in a BSL2 facility-thereby making molecular assays of SARS-CoV-2 cells accessible to a much larger community of researchers. Briefly, we infected African green monkey kidney epithelial cells (Vero-E6) with SARS-CoV-2 for 96 hours, trypsin-dissociated the cells, and inactivated them with methanol-acetone in a single-cell suspension. Fixed cells were tested for the presence of infectious SARS-CoV-2 virions using the Tissue Culture Infectious Dose Assay (TCID50), and also tested for viability using flow cytometry. We then tested the dissociation and methanol-acetone inactivation method on primary human lung epithelial cells that had been differentiated on an air-liquid interface. Finally, we performed scRNAseq quality control analysis on the resulting cell populations to evaluate the effects of our virus inactivation and sample preparation protocol on the quality of the cDNA produced. We found that methanol-acetone inactivated SARS-CoV-2, fixed the lung epithelial cells, and could be used to obtain noninfectious, high-quality cDNA libraries. This methodology makes investigating SARS-CoV-2, and related high-containment RNA viruses at a single-cell level more accessible to an expanded community of researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raven M. Osborn
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Justin Leach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Michelle Zanche
- Genomics Research Center, Center for Advanced Research Technologies, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - John M. Ashton
- Genomics Research Center, Center for Advanced Research Technologies, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - ChinYi Chu
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Children’s Health Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Juilee Thakar
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Biophysics, Structural, and Computational Biology Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephen Dewhurst
- Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Sonia Rosenberger
- Department of Environmental Health and Safety, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Biosafety Level 3 Facility, Center for Advanced Research Technologies, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Martin Pavelka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Biosafety Level 3 Facility, Center for Advanced Research Technologies, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Gloria S. Pryhuber
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Children’s Health Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Mariani
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Children’s Health Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher S. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Children’s Health Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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Tissue dissociation for single-cell and single-nuclei RNA sequencing for low amounts of input material. Front Zool 2022; 19:27. [DOI: 10.1186/s12983-022-00472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Recent technological advances opened the opportunity to simultaneously study gene expression for thousands of individual cells on a genome-wide scale. The experimental accessibility of such single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) approaches allowed gaining insights into the cell type composition of heterogeneous tissue samples of animal model systems and emerging models alike. A major prerequisite for a successful application of the method is the dissociation of complex tissues into individual cells, which often requires large amounts of input material and harsh mechanical, chemical and temperature conditions. However, the availability of tissue material may be limited for small animals, specific organs, certain developmental stages or if samples need to be acquired from collected specimens. Therefore, we evaluated different dissociation protocols to obtain single cells from small tissue samples of Drosophila melanogaster eye-antennal imaginal discs.
Results
We show that a combination of mechanical and chemical dissociation resulted in sufficient high-quality cells. As an alternative, we tested protocols for the isolation of single nuclei, which turned out to be highly efficient for fresh and frozen tissue samples. Eventually, we performed scRNAseq and single-nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) to show that the best protocols for both methods successfully identified relevant cell types. At the same time, snRNAseq resulted in less artificial gene expression that is caused by rather harsh dissociation conditions needed to obtain single cells for scRNAseq. A direct comparison of scRNAseq and snRNAseq data revealed that both datasets share biologically relevant genes among the most variable genes, and we showed differences in the relative contribution of the two approaches to identified cell types.
Conclusion
We present two dissociation protocols that allow isolating single cells and single nuclei, respectively, from low input material. Both protocols resulted in extraction of high-quality RNA for subsequent scRNAseq or snRNAseq applications. If tissue availability is limited, we recommend the snRNAseq procedure of fresh or frozen tissue samples as it is perfectly suited to obtain thorough insights into cellular diversity of complex tissue.
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Laoharawee K, Johnson MJ, Lahr WS, Sipe CJ, Kleinboehl E, Peterson JJ, Lonetree CL, Bell JB, Slipek NJ, Crane AT, Webber BR, Moriarity BS. A Pan-RNase Inhibitor Enabling CRISPR-mRNA Platforms for Engineering of Primary Human Monocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9749. [PMID: 36077152 PMCID: PMC9456164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and their downstream effectors are critical components of the innate immune system. Monocytes are equipped with chemokine receptors, allowing them to migrate to various tissues, where they can differentiate into macrophage and dendritic cell subsets and participate in tissue homeostasis, infection, autoimmune disease, and cancer. Enabling genome engineering in monocytes and their effector cells will facilitate a myriad of applications for basic and translational research. Here, we demonstrate that CRISPR-Cas9 RNPs can be used for efficient gene knockout in primary human monocytes. In addition, we demonstrate that intracellular RNases are likely responsible for poor and heterogenous mRNA expression as incorporation of pan-RNase inhibitor allows efficient genome engineering following mRNA-based delivery of Cas9 and base editor enzymes. Moreover, we demonstrate that CRISPR-Cas9 combined with an rAAV vector DNA donor template mediates site-specific insertion and expression of a transgene in primary human monocytes. Finally, we demonstrate that SIRPa knock-out monocyte-derived macrophages have enhanced activity against cancer cells, highlighting the potential for application in cellular immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanut Laoharawee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Matthew J. Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Walker S. Lahr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Christopher J. Sipe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Evan Kleinboehl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joseph J. Peterson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Cara-lin Lonetree
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jason B. Bell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Slipek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Andrew T. Crane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Beau R. Webber
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Branden S. Moriarity
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Lagerwall C, Shahin H, Abdallah S, Steinvall I, Elmasry M, Sjöberg F, El-Serafi AT. Xeno-free workflow exhibits comparable efficiency and quality of keratinocytes isolated from human skin biopsies. Regen Ther 2021; 18:401-407. [PMID: 34722836 PMCID: PMC8531849 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Regenerative solutions of the skin represent a hope for burn victims with extensive skin loss and chronic wound patients. The development of xeno-free workflow is crucial for clinical application in compliance with the directives of the European Medicines Agency. This study aimed at evaluating the outcome of the xeno-free isolation workflow of keratinocytes from human skin biopsy. METHODS Skin biopsies were obtained from volunteers. The epidermis was digested with TrypLE™ Select, which was deactivated by dilution or with trypsin, deactivated by media with fetal bovine serum. Freshly isolated cells were compared for total cell number, viability, activity of caspase 3, gene expression and the presence of the keratinocyte surface markers cytokeratin 14. The cells were cultured in xeno-free conditions for one week and characterized regarding the number and viability as well as the metalloproteinase secretion. RESULTS The number of obtained cells was similar in both workflows. The cell viability was less in the TrypLE group, with slight reduction of the cell surface marker cytokeratin 14. Caspase 3 activity was comparable as well as the gene expression of the apoptotic markers BAX, BCL2 and SLUG, as well as the keratinocyte markers cytokeratin 14, stratifin and filaggrin. Upon culture, the number of keratinocytes, their viability and secretion of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 10 were equal in both groups. CONCLUSION This study reports the possibility of isolating functioning and viable keratinocytes through a xeno-free workflow for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Lagerwall
- Department of Hand Surgery and Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Hady Shahin
- Department of Hand Surgery and Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, Sweden
- The Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Sweden
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Modern Sciences and Arts University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sallam Abdallah
- The Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Steinvall
- Department of Hand Surgery and Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, Sweden
- The Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Moustafa Elmasry
- Department of Hand Surgery and Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, Sweden
- The Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Folke Sjöberg
- Department of Hand Surgery and Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, Sweden
- The Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Ahmed T. El-Serafi
- Department of Hand Surgery and Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, Sweden
- The Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Sweden
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
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Albumin Microspheres as "Trans-Ferry-Beads" for Easy Cell Passaging in Cell Culture Technology. Gels 2021; 7:gels7040176. [PMID: 34707076 PMCID: PMC8552077 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein hydrogels represent ideal materials for advanced cell culture applications, including 3D-cultivation of even fastidious cells. Key properties of fully functional and, at the same time, economically successful cell culture materials are excellent biocompatibility and advanced fabrication processes allowing their easy production even on a large scale based on affordable compounds. Chemical crosslinking of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N’-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) in a water-in-oil emulsion with isoparaffinic oil as the continuous phase and sorbitan monooleate as surfactant generates micro-meter-scale spherical particles. They allow a significant simplification of an indispensable and laborious step in traditional cell culture workflows. This cell passaging (or splitting) to fresh culture vessels/flasks conventionally requires harsh trypsinization, which can be omitted by using the “trans-ferry-beads” presented here. When added to different pre-cultivated adherent cell lines, the beads are efficiently boarded by cells as passengers and can be easily transferred afterward for the embarkment of novel flasks. After this procedure, cells are perfectly viable and show normal growth behavior. Thus, the trans-ferry-beads not only may become extremely affordable as a final product but also may generally replace trypsinization in conventional cell culture, thereby opening new routes for the establishment of optimized and resource-efficient workflows in biological and medical cell culture laboratories.
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Gharaibeh L, Alshaer W, Wehaibi S, Al Buqain R, Alqudah DA, Al-Kadash A, Al-Azzawi H, Awidi A, Bustanji Y. Fabrication of aptamer-guided siRNA loaded lipopolyplexes for gene silencing of notch 1 in MDA-mb-231 triple negative breast cancer cell line. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Stem Cells in Adult Mice Ovaries Form Germ Cell Nests, Undergo Meiosis, Neo-oogenesis and Follicle Assembly on Regular Basis During Estrus Cycle. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1695-1711. [PMID: 34455541 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Very small embryonic-like (VSELs) and ovarian (OSCs) stem cells are located in adult mammalian ovary surface epithelium (OSE). OSCs can expand long-term and differentiate into oocyte-like structures in vitro and have resulted in birth of fertile pups. Lineage tracing studies have provided evidence to suggest OSCs differentiation into oocytes in vivo. But how these stem cells function under normal physiological conditions has not yet been well worked out. Besides studying STRA-8 and SCP-3 expression in enzymatically isolated OSE cells smears, mice were injected BrdU to track mitosis, meiosis and follicle assembly. H&E stained OSE cells during late diestrus and proestrus showed VSELs undergoing asymmetrical cell divisions to give rise to slightly bigger OSCs which in turn underwent symmetrical cell divisions followed by clonal expansion (rapid expansion with incomplete cytokinesis) during early estrus to form germ cell nests (GCN). OCT-4, SSEA-1, MVH and DAZL positive cells in GCN expressed Erα, Erβ and FSHR, were interconnected by ring canals (TEX-14), showed mitochondrial aggregation (Cytochrome C) and Balbiani Body (TRAL). Apoptosis in 'nurse' cells was marked by PARP and putative oocytes were clearly visualized. BrdU was detected in cells undergoing mitosis/meiosis and also in an oocyte of secondary follicle. FACS sorted, green fluorescent protein (GFP) positive VSELs upon transplantation resulted in GFP positive GCN suggesting crucial role for VSELs in adult ovaries. Results suggest that various events described during oogenesis and follicle assembly in fetal ovaries are recapitulated on regular basis in adult ovary and result in the formation of follicles.
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Marima R, Hull R, Dlamini Z, Penny C. The profiling, identification, quantification and analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to drug treatment in lung cancer. MethodsX 2021; 8:101381. [PMID: 34430277 PMCID: PMC8374453 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The profiling and identification of genes that are differentially expressed is frequently used to underpin the underlying molecular mechanisms of biological conditions and provides a molecular foothold on biological questions of interest. However, this can be a daunting task since there is a cross talk and overlap of some of the components of the signalling pathways. The deregulation of the cell cycle signalling pathway is a hallmark of cancer, including lung cancer. Proper regulation of the cell cycle results in cellular homeostasis between cell proliferation and cell death. The comprehension of the cell cycle regulation in drug metabolism studies is of significance. This study aimed at elucidating the regulation of cell cycle genes' in response to LPV/r in lung cells. Thus, this study describes methodology for revealing molecular mechanisms employed by LPV/r to induce stress on genomic DNA. This approach is based on the interrogation of a panel of 84 genes related to the cell cycle pathway, and how the differentially expressed genes' expression pattern corroborates loss in nuclear integrity (phenotypic observation). MAD2L2, AURKB and CASP3 gene expressions were further confirmed by RT-qPCR. Furthermore, the use of in-silico bioinformatics tools integrates the molecular profiles and phenotypic changes. This approach revealed the activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway in response to LPV/r treatment. The proposed methodology will aid in the comprehension of drug metabolism at genotypic and phenotypic levels.•Gene profiling often reveals the underlying molecular mechanisms.•RT2 PCR gene arrays have integrated patented quality controls and allow reliable gene expression analysis.•In-silico bioinformatics analysis help reveal pathways affected, that often correspond to phenotypic changes/features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahaba Marima
- SAMRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV‐Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Rodney Hull
- SAMRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV‐Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- SAMRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV‐Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Clement Penny
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
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Søreide K, Roalsø M, Aunan JR. Is There a Trojan Horse to Aggressive Pancreatic Cancer Biology? A Review of the Trypsin-PAR2 Axis to Proliferation, Early Invasion, and Metastasis. J Pancreat Cancer 2020; 6:12-20. [PMID: 32064449 PMCID: PMC7014313 DOI: 10.1089/pancan.2019.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal of solid tumors and is associated with aggressive cancer biology. The purpose is to review the role of trypsin and effect on molecular and cellular processes potentially explaining the aggressive biology in pancreatic cancer. Methods: A narrative literature review of studies investigating trypsin and its effect on protease systems in cancer, with special reference to pancreatic cancer biology. Results: Proteases, such as trypsin, provides a significant advantage to developing tumors through the ability to remodel the extracellular matrix, promote cell invasion and migration, and facilitate angiogenesis. Trypsin is a digestive enzyme produced by the exocrine pancreas that is also related to mechanisms of proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Several of these mechanisms may be co-regulated or influenced by activation of proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2). The current role in pancreatic cancer is not clear but emerging data suggest several potential mechanisms. Trypsin may act as a Trojan horse in the pancreatic gland, facilitating several molecular pathways from the onset, which leads to rapid progression of the disease. Pancreatic cancer cell lines containing PAR-2 proliferate upon exposure to trypsin, whereas cancer cell lines not containing PAR-2 fail to proliferate upon trypsin expression. Several mechanisms of action include a proinflammatory environment, signals inducing proliferation and migration, and direct and indirect evidence for mechanisms promoting invasion and metastasis. Novel techniques (such as organoid models) and increased understanding of mechanisms (such as the microbiome) may yield improved understanding into the role of trypsin in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Conclusion: Trypsin is naturally present in the pancreatic gland and may experience pathological activation intracellularly and in the neoplastic environment, which speeds up molecular mechanisms of proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Further investigation of these processes will provide important insights into how pancreatic cancer evolves, and suggest new ways for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjetil Søreide
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, HPB Unit, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marcus Roalsø
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, HPB Unit, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jan Rune Aunan
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, HPB Unit, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
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Cell detachment rapidly induces changes in noncoding RNA expression in human mesenchymal stromal cells. Biotechniques 2019; 67:286-293. [PMID: 31621398 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2019-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: To identify differential expression of noncoding RNAs after trypsinization in human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs), focusing on miRNAs, piRNAs and circRNAs. Methods: hMSCs from the bone marrow of three donors were collected for RNA extraction, either lysed directly in monolayer or trypsinized and lysed within 30 min. Total RNA was isolated and sequenced for the evaluation of miRNA and piRNA expression or RNaseR treated and labeled for circRNA array hybridization. RT-qPCR was performed to evaluate the stability of candidate reference genes. Results & conclusions: Alterations in levels of several noncoding RNAs are rapidly induced after trypsinization of hMSCs, affecting critical pathways. This should be carefully considered for a proper experimental design.
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Culturing primary neurons from rat hippocampus and cortex. Neuronal Signal 2019; 3:NS20180207. [PMID: 32714598 PMCID: PMC7363313 DOI: 10.1042/ns20180207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary neurons from rodent brain hippocampus and cortex have served as important tools in biomedical research over the years. However, protocols for the preparation of primary neurons vary, which often lead to conflicting results. This report provides a robust and reliable protocol for the production of primary neuronal cultures from the cortex and hippocampus with minimal contribution of non-neuronal cells. The neurons were grown in serum-free media and maintained for several weeks without any additional feeder cells. The neuronal cultures maintained according to this protocol differentiate and by 3 weeks develop extensive axonal and dendritic branching. The cultures produced by this method show excellent reproducibility and can be used for histological, molecular and biochemical methods.
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AlJanahi AA, Danielsen M, Dunbar CE. An Introduction to the Analysis of Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Data. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2018; 10:189-196. [PMID: 30094294 PMCID: PMC6072887 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The recent development of single-cell RNA sequencing has deepened our understanding of the cell as a functional unit, providing new insights based on gene expression profiles of hundreds to hundreds of thousands of individual cells, and revealing new populations of cells with distinct gene expression profiles previously hidden within analyses of gene expression performed on bulk cell populations. However, appropriate analysis and utilization of the massive amounts of data generated from single-cell RNA sequencing experiments are challenging and require an understanding of the experimental and computational pathways taken between preparation of input cells and output of interpretable data. In this review, we will discuss the basic principles of these new technologies, focusing on concepts important in the analysis of single-cell RNA-sequencing data. Specifically, we summarize approaches to quality-control measures for determination of which single cells to include for further examination, methods of data normalization and scaling to overcome the relatively inefficient capture rate of mRNA from each cell, and clustering and visualization algorithms used for dimensional reduction of the data to a two-dimensional plot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha A. AlJanahi
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mark Danielsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Cynthia E. Dunbar
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Bevilacqua C, Ducos B. Laser microdissection: A powerful tool for genomics at cell level. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 59:5-27. [PMID: 28927943 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Laser microdissection (LM) has become widely democratized over the last fifteen years. Instruments have evolved to offer more powerful and efficient lasers as well as new options for sample collection and preparation. Technological evolutions have also focused on the post-microdissection analysis capabilities, opening up investigations in all disciplines of experimental and clinical biology, thanks to the advent of new high-throughput methods of genome analysis, including RNAseq and proteomics, now globally known as microgenomics, i.e. analysis of biomolecules at the cell level. In spite of the advances these rapidly developing methods have allowed, the workflow for sampling and collection by LM remains a critical step in insuring sample integrity in terms of histology (accurate cell identification) and biochemistry (reliable analyzes of biomolecules). In this review, we describe the sample processing as well as the strengths and limiting factors of LM applied to the specific selection of one or more cells of interest from a heterogeneous tissue. We will see how the latest developments in protocols and methods have made LM a powerful and sometimes essential tool for genomic and proteomic analyzes of tiny amounts of biomolecules extracted from few cells isolated from a complex tissue, in their physiological context, thus offering new opportunities for understanding fundamental physiological and/or patho-physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bevilacqua
- GABI, Plateforme @BRIDGE, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France.
| | - Bertrand Ducos
- LPS-ENS, CNRS UMR 8550, UPMC, Université Denis Diderot, PSL Research University, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris France; High Throughput qPCR Core Facility, IBENS, 46 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris France; Laser Microdissection Facility of Montagne Sainte Geneviève, CIRB Collège de France, Place Marcellin Berthelot, 75005 Paris France.
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15
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Volovitz I, Shapira N, Ezer H, Gafni A, Lustgarten M, Alter T, Ben-Horin I, Barzilai O, Shahar T, Kanner A, Fried I, Veshchev I, Grossman R, Ram Z. A non-aggressive, highly efficient, enzymatic method for dissociation of human brain-tumors and brain-tissues to viable single-cells. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:30. [PMID: 27251756 PMCID: PMC4888249 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0262-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Conducting research on the molecular biology, immunology, and physiology of brain tumors (BTs) and primary brain tissues requires the use of viably dissociated single cells. Inadequate methods for tissue dissociation generate considerable loss in the quantity of single cells produced and in the produced cells’ viability. Improper dissociation may also demote the quality of data attained in functional and molecular assays due to the presence of large quantities cellular debris containing immune-activatory danger associated molecular patterns, and due to the increased quantities of degraded proteins and RNA. Results Over 40 resected BTs and non-tumorous brain tissue samples were dissociated into single cells by mechanical dissociation or by mechanical and enzymatic dissociation. The quality of dissociation was compared for all frequently used dissociation enzymes (collagenase, DNase, hyaluronidase, papain, dispase) and for neutral protease (NP) from Clostridium histolyticum. Single-cell-dissociated cell mixtures were evaluated for cellular viability and for the cell-mixture dissociation quality. Dissociation quality was graded by the quantity of subcellular debris, non-dissociated cell clumps, and DNA released from dead cells. Of all enzymes or enzyme combinations examined, NP (an enzyme previously not evaluated on brain tissues) produced dissociated cell mixtures with the highest mean cellular viability: 93 % in gliomas, 85 % in brain metastases, and 89 % in non-tumorous brain tissue. NP also produced cell mixtures with significantly less cellular debris than other enzymes tested. Dissociation using NP was non-aggressive over time—no changes in cell viability or dissociation quality were found when comparing 2-h dissociation at 37 °C to overnight dissociation at ambient temperature. Conclusions The use of NP allows for the most effective dissociation of viable single cells from human BTs or brain tissue. Its non-aggressive dissociative capacity may enable ambient-temperature shipping of tumor pieces in multi-center clinical trials, meanwhile being dissociated. As clinical grade NP is commercially available it can be easily integrated into cell-therapy clinical trials in neuro-oncology. The high quality viable cells produced may enable investigators to conduct more consistent research by avoiding the experimental artifacts associated with the presence dead cells or cellular debris. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12868-016-0262-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Volovitz
- Cancer Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Weizmann 6, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Weizmann 6, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Netanel Shapira
- Cancer Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Weizmann 6, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Haim Ezer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Galilee Medical Center, Lohamei HaGeta'ot 5, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Aviv Gafni
- Cancer Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Weizmann 6, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Merav Lustgarten
- Cancer Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Weizmann 6, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Alter
- Cancer Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Weizmann 6, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Idan Ben-Horin
- Cancer Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Weizmann 6, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ori Barzilai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Weizmann 6, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Shahar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Weizmann 6, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Andrew Kanner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Weizmann 6, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Itzhak Fried
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Weizmann 6, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Igor Veshchev
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Weizmann 6, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rachel Grossman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Weizmann 6, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zvi Ram
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Weizmann 6, Tel Aviv, Israel
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