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Kao K, Geeves MA. Protocols for Myosin and Actin-Myosin Assays Using Rapid, Stopped-Flow Kinetics. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2735:191-211. [PMID: 38038850 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3527-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Fast transient kinetics using stopped-flow fluorimetry is now a powerful method for defining the ATPase cycle of myosin and its subfragments and has found wide use in defining the difference between myosin isoforms, myosins carrying disease linked mutations, and the effect of small molecules on the ATPase cycle. Here the protocols for completing the classical assays of myosin and actin.myosin using the stopped-flow are described. The assays include ATP and ADP binding to myosin and actin.myosin, displacement of ADP from myosin and actin.myosin, and the cleavage of ATP to ADP and phosphate on myosin. Single and multiple turnover assays are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Kao
- School of Medicine & College of Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael A Geeves
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK.
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2
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Walklate J, Kao K, Regnier M, Geeves MA. Exploring the super-relaxed state of myosin in myofibrils from fast-twitch, slow-twitch, and cardiac muscle. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101640. [PMID: 35090895 PMCID: PMC8867123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle myosin heads, in the absence of actin, have been shown to exist in two states, the relaxed (turnover ∼0.05 s-1) and super-relaxed states (SRX, 0.005 s-1) using a simple fluorescent ATP chase assay (Hooijman, P. et al (2011) Biophys. J.100, 1969-1976). Studies have normally used purified proteins, myosin filaments, or muscle fibers. Here we use muscle myofibrils, which retain most of the ancillary proteins and 3-D architecture of muscle and can be used with rapid mixing methods. Recording timescales from 0.1 to 1000 s provides a precise measure of the two populations of myosin heads present in relaxed myofibrils. We demonstrate that the population of SRX states is formed from rigor cross bridges within 0.2 s of relaxing with fluorescently labeled ATP, and the population of SRX states is relatively constant over the temperature range of 5 °C-30 °C. The SRX population is enhanced in the presence of mavacamten and reduced in the presence of deoxy-ATP. Compared with myofibrils from fast-twitch muscle, slow-twitch muscle, and cardiac muscles, myofibrils require a tenfold lower concentration of mavacamten to be effective, and mavacamten induced a larger increase in the population of the SRX state. Mavacamten is less effective, however, at stabilizing the SRX state at physiological temperatures than at 5 °C. These assays require small quantities of myofibrils, making them suitable for studies of model organism muscles, human biopsies, or human-derived iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Walklate
- School of Biosciences, Division of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Kerry Kao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Regnier
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael A Geeves
- School of Biosciences, Division of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.
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3
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Trojanowicz M. Flow Chemistry in Contemporary Chemical Sciences: A Real Variety of Its Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:E1434. [PMID: 32245225 PMCID: PMC7146634 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow chemistry is an area of contemporary chemistry exploiting the hydrodynamic conditions of flowing liquids to provide particular environments for chemical reactions. These particular conditions of enhanced and strictly regulated transport of reagents, improved interface contacts, intensification of heat transfer, and safe operation with hazardous chemicals can be utilized in chemical synthesis, both for mechanization and automation of analytical procedures, and for the investigation of the kinetics of ultrafast reactions. Such methods are developed for more than half a century. In the field of chemical synthesis, they are used mostly in pharmaceutical chemistry for efficient syntheses of small amounts of active substances. In analytical chemistry, flow measuring systems are designed for environmental applications and industrial monitoring, as well as medical and pharmaceutical analysis, providing essential enhancement of the yield of analyses and precision of analytical determinations. The main concept of this review is to show the overlapping of development trends in the design of instrumentation and various ways of the utilization of specificity of chemical operations under flow conditions, especially for synthetic and analytical purposes, with a simultaneous presentation of the still rather limited correspondence between these two main areas of flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Trojanowicz
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03–195 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02–093 Warsaw, Poland
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Coates C, Kerruth S, Helassa N, Török K. Kinetic Mechanisms of Fast Glutamate Sensing by Fluorescent Protein Probes. Biophys J 2019; 118:117-127. [PMID: 31787209 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed probes based on the bacterial periplasmic glutamate/aspartate binding protein with either an endogenously fluorescent protein or a synthetic fluorophore as the indicator of glutamate binding for studying the kinetic mechanism of glutamate binding. iGluSnFR variants termed iGluh, iGlum, and iGlul cover a broad range of Kd-s (5.8 μM and 2.1 and 50 mM, respectively), and a novel fluorescently labeled indicator, Fl-GluBP, has a Kd of 9.7 μM. The fluorescence response kinetics of all the probes are consistent with a two-step mechanism involving ligand binding and isomerization either of the apo or the ligand-bound binding protein. Although the previously characterized ultrafast indicators iGluu and iGluf had monophasic fluorescence enhancement that occurred in the rate limiting isomerization step, the sensors described here all have biphasic binding kinetics with fluorescence increases occurring both in the glutamate binding and the isomerization steps. For iGlum and iGlul, the data indicate prebinding conformational change followed by ligand binding. In contrast, for iGluh and Fl-GluBP, glutamate binding is followed by isomerization. Thus, the effects of structural heterogeneity introduced by single amino acid changes around the binding site on the kinetic path of interactions with glutamate are revealed. Remarkably, glutamate binding with a diffusion-limited rate constant to iGluh and Fl-GluBP is detected for the first time, hinting at the underlying mechanism of the supremely rapid activation of the highly homologous α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor by glutamate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Coates
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silke Kerruth
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nordine Helassa
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katalin Török
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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Walklate J, Ujfalusi Z, Behrens V, King EJ, Geeves MA. A micro-volume adaptation of a stopped-flow system; use with μg quantities of muscle proteins. Anal Biochem 2019; 581:113338. [PMID: 31201789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stopped-flow spectroscopy is a powerful method for measuring very fast biological and chemical reactions. The technique however is often limited by the volumes of reactants needed to load the system. Here we present a simple adaptation of commercial stopped-flow system that reduces the volume needed by a factor of 4 to ≈120 μl. After evaluation the volume requirements of the system we show that many standard myosin based assays can be performed using <100 μg of myosin. This adaptation both reduces the volume and therefore mass of protein required and also produces data of similar quality to that produced using the standard set up. The 100 μg of myosin required for these assays is less than that which can be isolated from 100 mg of muscle tissue. With this reduced quantity of myosin, assays using biopsy samples become possible. This will allow assays to be used to assist diagnoses, to examine the effects of post translational modifications on muscle proteins and to test potential therapeutic drugs using patient derived samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Walklate
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Zoltan Ujfalusi
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom; Department of Biophysics, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti Street 12, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Vincent Behrens
- Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Edward J King
- TgK Scientific Limited, 7 Long's Yard, St. Margaret's Street, Bradford on Avon, BA15 1DH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Geeves
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom.
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Johnson CA, Walklate J, Svicevic M, Mijailovich SM, Vera C, Karabina A, Leinwand LA, Geeves MA. The ATPase cycle of human muscle myosin II isoforms: Adaptation of a single mechanochemical cycle for different physiological roles. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14267-14278. [PMID: 31387944 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Striated muscle myosins are encoded by a large gene family in all mammals, including humans. These isoforms define several of the key characteristics of the different striated muscle fiber types, including maximum shortening velocity. We have previously used recombinant isoforms of the motor domains of seven different human myosin isoforms to define the actin·myosin cross-bridge cycle in solution. Here, we present data on an eighth isoform, the perinatal, which has not previously been characterized. The perinatal is distinct from the embryonic isoform, appearing to have features in common with the adult fast-muscle isoforms, including weak affinity of ADP for actin·myosin and fast ADP release. We go on to use a recently developed modeling approach, MUSICO, to explore how well the experimentally defined cross-bridge cycles for each isoform in solution can predict the characteristics of muscle fiber contraction, including duty ratio, shortening velocity, ATP economy, and load dependence of these parameters. The work shows that the parameters of the cross-bridge cycle predict many of the major characteristics of each muscle fiber type and raises the question of what sequence changes are responsible for these characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe A Johnson
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Walklate
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Svicevic
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | | | - Carlos Vera
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Anastasia Karabina
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Leslie A Leinwand
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Michael A Geeves
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
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Lee LA, Karabina A, Broadwell LJ, Leinwand LA. The ancient sarcomeric myosins found in specialized muscles. Skelet Muscle 2019; 9:7. [PMID: 30836986 PMCID: PMC6402096 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-019-0192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Striated muscles express an array of sarcomeric myosin motors that are tuned to accomplish specific tasks. Each myosin isoform found in muscle fibers confers unique contractile properties to the fiber in order to meet the demands of the muscle. The sarcomeric myosin heavy chain (MYH) genes expressed in the major cardiac and skeletal muscles have been studied for decades. However, three ancient myosins, MYH7b, MYH15, and MYH16, remained uncharacterized due to their unique expression patterns in common mammalian model organisms and due to their relatively recent discovery in these genomes. This article reviews the literature surrounding these three ancient sarcomeric myosins and the specialized muscles in which they are expressed. Further study of these ancient myosins and how they contribute to the functions of the specialized muscles may provide novel insight into the history of striated muscle evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Anastasia Karabina
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Lindsey J. Broadwell
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Leslie A. Leinwand
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
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Helassa N, Dürst CD, Coates C, Kerruth S, Arif U, Schulze C, Wiegert JS, Geeves M, Oertner TG, Török K. Ultrafast glutamate sensors resolve high-frequency release at Schaffer collateral synapses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:5594-5599. [PMID: 29735711 PMCID: PMC6003469 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720648115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamatergic synapses display a rich repertoire of plasticity mechanisms on many different time scales, involving dynamic changes in the efficacy of transmitter release as well as changes in the number and function of postsynaptic glutamate receptors. The genetically encoded glutamate sensor iGluSnFR enables visualization of glutamate release from presynaptic terminals at frequencies up to ∼10 Hz. However, to resolve glutamate dynamics during high-frequency bursts, faster indicators are required. Here, we report the development of fast (iGlu f ) and ultrafast (iGlu u ) variants with comparable brightness but increased Kd for glutamate (137 μM and 600 μM, respectively). Compared with iGluSnFR, iGlu u has a sixfold faster dissociation rate in vitro and fivefold faster kinetics in synapses. Fitting a three-state model to kinetic data, we identify the large conformational change after glutamate binding as the rate-limiting step. In rat hippocampal slice culture stimulated at 100 Hz, we find that iGlu u is sufficiently fast to resolve individual glutamate release events, revealing that glutamate is rapidly cleared from the synaptic cleft. Depression of iGlu u responses during 100-Hz trains correlates with depression of postsynaptic EPSPs, indicating that depression during high-frequency stimulation is purely presynaptic in origin. At individual boutons, the recovery from depression could be predicted from the amount of glutamate released on the second pulse (paired pulse facilitation/depression), demonstrating differential frequency-dependent filtering of spike trains at Schaffer collateral boutons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nordine Helassa
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, SW17 0RE London, United Kingdom
| | - Céline D Dürst
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Catherine Coates
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, SW17 0RE London, United Kingdom
| | - Silke Kerruth
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, SW17 0RE London, United Kingdom
| | - Urwa Arif
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, SW17 0RE London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Schulze
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Simon Wiegert
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Geeves
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, CT2 7NZ Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas G Oertner
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katalin Török
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, SW17 0RE London, United Kingdom;
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Karatzaferi C, Adamek N, Geeves MA. Modulators of actin-myosin dissociation: basis for muscle type functional differences during fatigue. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 313:C644-C654. [PMID: 28931538 PMCID: PMC5814585 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00023.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The muscle types present with variable fatigue tolerance, in part due to the myosin isoform expressed. However, the critical steps that define “fatigability” in vivo of fast vs. slow myosin isoforms, at the molecular level, are not yet fully understood. We examined the modulation of the ATP-induced myosin subfragment 1 (S1) dissociation from pyrene-actin by inorganic phosphate (Pi), pH, and temperature using a specially modified stopped-flow system that allowed fast kinetics measurements at physiological temperature. We contrasted the properties of rabbit psoas (fast) and bovine masseter (slow) myosins (obtained from samples collected from New Zealand rabbits and from a licensed abattoir, respectively, according to institutional and national ethics permits). To identify ATP cycling biochemical intermediates, we assessed ATP binding to a preequilibrated mixture of actomyosin and variable [ADP], pH (pH 7 vs. pH 6.2), and Pi (zero, 15, or 30 added mM Pi) in a range of temperatures (5 to 45°C). Temperature and pH variations had little, if any, effect on the ADP dissociation constant (KADP) for fast S1, but for slow S1, KADP was weakened with increasing temperature or low pH. In the absence of ADP, the dissociation constant for phosphate (KPi) was weakened with increasing temperature for fast S1. In the presence of ADP, myosin type differences were revealed at the apparent phosphate affinity, depending on pH and temperature. Overall, the newly revealed kinetic differences between myosin types could help explain the in vivo observed muscle type functional differences at rest and during fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Karatzaferi
- Muscle Physiology and Mechanics Group, DPESS, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece.,Experimental Myology and Integrative Physiology Cluster, FSHS, University of St Mark and St John , Plymouth , United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Adamek
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
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Mijailovich SM, Nedic D, Svicevic M, Stojanovic B, Walklate J, Ujfalusi Z, Geeves MA. Modeling the Actin.myosin ATPase Cross-Bridge Cycle for Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Myosin Isoforms. Biophys J 2017; 112:984-996. [PMID: 28297657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Modeling the complete actin.myosin ATPase cycle has always been limited by the lack of experimental data concerning key steps of the cycle, because these steps can only be defined at very low ionic strength. Here, using human β-cardiac myosin-S1, we combine published data from transient and steady-state kinetics to model a minimal eight-state ATPase cycle. The model illustrates the occupancy of each intermediate around the cycle and how the occupancy is altered by changes in actin concentration for [actin] = 1-20Km. The cycle can be used to predict the maximal velocity of contraction (by motility assay or sarcomeric shortening) at different actin concentrations (which is consistent with experimental velocity data) and predict the effect of a 5 pN load on a single motor. The same exercise was repeated for human α-cardiac myosin S1 and rabbit fast skeletal muscle S1. The data illustrates how the motor domain properties can alter the ATPase cycle and hence the occupancy of the key states in the cycle. These in turn alter the predicted mechanical response of the myosin independent of other factors present in a sarcomere, such as filament stiffness and regulatory proteins. We also explore the potential of this modeling approach for the study of mutations in human β-cardiac myosin using the hypertrophic myopathy mutation R453C. Our modeling, using the transient kinetic data, predicts mechanical properties of the motor that are compatible with the single-molecule study. The modeling approach may therefore be of wide use for predicting the properties of myosin mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srbolujub M Mijailovich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Djordje Nedic
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marina Svicevic
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Boban Stojanovic
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jonathan Walklate
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Zoltan Ujfalusi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Geeves
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom.
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