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Qian L, Lin X, Gao X, Khan RU, Liao JY, Du S, Ge J, Zeng S, Yao SQ. The Dawn of a New Era: Targeting the "Undruggables" with Antibody-Based Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37186942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The high selectivity and affinity of antibodies toward their antigens have made them a highly valuable tool in disease therapy, diagnosis, and basic research. A plethora of chemical and genetic approaches have been devised to make antibodies accessible to more "undruggable" targets and equipped with new functions of illustrating or regulating biological processes more precisely. In this Review, in addition to introducing how naked antibodies and various antibody conjugates (such as antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates, antibody-enzyme conjugates, etc.) work in therapeutic applications, special attention has been paid to how chemistry tools have helped to optimize the therapeutic outcome (i.e., with enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects) or facilitate the multifunctionalization of antibodies, with a focus on emerging fields such as targeted protein degradation, real-time live-cell imaging, catalytic labeling or decaging with spatiotemporal control as well as the engagement of antibodies inside cells. With advances in modern chemistry and biotechnology, well-designed antibodies and their derivatives via size miniaturization or multifunctionalization together with efficient delivery systems have emerged, which have gradually improved our understanding of important biological processes and paved the way to pursue novel targets for potential treatments of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Qian
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuefen Lin
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rizwan Ullah Khan
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jia-Yu Liao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shubo Du
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544
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2
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Capkin E, Kurt H, Gurel B, Bicak D, Akgun Bas S, Daglikoca DE, Yuce M. Characterization of FcγRIa (CD64) as a Ligand Molecule for Site-Specific IgG1 Capture: A Side-By-Side Comparison with Protein A. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:14623-14634. [PMID: 36416530 PMCID: PMC9730901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fc γ receptors (FcγRs) are one of the structures that can initiate effector function for monoclonal antibodies. FcγRIa has the highest affinity toward IgG1-type monoclonal antibodies among all FcγRs. In this study, a comprehensive characterization was performed for FcγRIa as a potential affinity ligand for IgG1-type monoclonal antibody binding. The binding interactions were assessed with the SPR technique using different immobilization techniques such as EDC-NHS coupling, streptavidin-biotin interaction, and His-tagged FcγRIa capture. The His-tagged FcγRIa capture was the most convenient method based on assay repeatability. Next, a crude IgG1 sample and its fractions with different monomer contents obtained from protein A affinity chromatography were used to evaluate FcγRIa protein in terms of monoclonal antibody binding capacity. The samples were also compared with a protein A-immobilized chip (a frequently used affinity ligand) for IgG1 binding responses. The antibody binding capacity of the protein A-immobilized chip surface was significantly better than that of the FcγRIa-immobilized chip surface due to its 5 Ig binding domains. The antibody binding responses changed similarly with protein A depending on the monomer content of the sample. Finally, a different configuration was used to assess the binding affinity of free FcγRs (FcγRIa, FcγRIIa, and FcγRIIIa) to three different immobilized IgGs by immobilizing protein L to the chip surface. Unlike previous immobilization techniques tested where the FcγRIa was utilized as a ligand, nonimmobilized or free FcγRIa resulted in a significantly higher antibody binding response than free protein A. In this configuration, kinetics data of FcγRI revealed that the association rate (ka 50-80 × 105 M-1 s-1) increased in comparison to His capture method (1.9-2.4 × 105 M-1 s-1). In addition, the dissociation rate (kd 10-5 s-1) seemed slower over the His capture method (10-4 s-1) and provided stability on the chip surface during the dissociation phase. The KD values for FcγRIa were found in the picomolar range (2.1-10.33 pM from steady-state affinity analysis and 37.5-46.2 pM from kinetic analysis) for IgG1-type antibodies. FcγRIa possesses comparable ligand potential as well as protein A. Even though the protein A-immobilized surface bound more antibodies than the FcγRIa-captured surface, FcγRIa presented a significant antibody binding capacity in protein L configuration. The results suggest FcγRIa protein as a potential ligand for site-oriented immobilization of IgG1-type monoclonal antibodies, and it needs further performance investigation on different surfaces and interfaces for applications such as sensing and antibody purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Capkin
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci
University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasan Kurt
- School
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul
Medipol University, Beykoz 34810, Istanbul, Turkey
- SABITA
Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul Medipol University, Beykoz 34810, Istanbul, Turkey
- Nanosolar
Plasmonics Ltd., Gebze 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Busra Gurel
- SUNUM
Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilan Bicak
- ILKO ARGEM
Biotechnology R&D Center, Pendik 34906, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sibel Akgun Bas
- ILKO ARGEM
Biotechnology R&D Center, Pendik 34906, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Meral Yuce
- SUNUM
Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Gurel B, Berksoz M, Capkin E, Parlar A, Pala MC, Ozkan A, Capan Y, Daglikoca DE, Yuce M. Structural and Functional Analysis of CEX Fractions Collected from a Novel Avastin® Biosimilar Candidate and Its Innovator: A Comparative Study. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081571. [PMID: 36015197 PMCID: PMC9415858 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Avastin® is a humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody used to treat cancer by targeting VEGF-A to inhibit angiogenesis. SIMAB054, an Avastin® biosimilar candidate developed in this study, showed a different charge variant profile than its innovator. Thus, it is fractionated into acidic, main, and basic isoforms and collected physically by Cation Exchange Chromatography (CEX) for a comprehensive structural and functional analysis. The innovator product, fractionated into the same species and collected by the same method, is used as a reference for comparative analysis. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) ESI-QToF was used to analyze the modifications leading to charge heterogeneities at intact protein and peptide levels. The C-terminal lysine clipping and glycosylation profiles of the samples were monitored by intact mAb analysis. The post-translational modifications, including oxidation, deamidation, and N-terminal pyroglutamic acid formation, were determined by peptide mapping analysis in the selected signal peptides. The relative binding affinities of the fractionated charge isoforms against the antigen, VEGF-A, and the neonatal receptor, FcRn, were revealed by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) studies. The results show that all CEX fractions from the innovator product and the SIMAB054 shared the same structural variants, albeit in different ratios. Common glycoforms and post-translational modifications were the same, but at different percentages for some samples. The dissimilarities were mostly originating from the presence of extra C-term Lysin residues, which are prone to enzymatic degradation in the body, and thus they were previously assessed as clinically irrelevant. Another critical finding was the presence of different glyco proteoforms in different charge species, such as increased galactosylation in the acidic and afucosylation in the basic species. SPR characterization of the isolated charge variants further confirmed that basic species found in the CEX analyses of the biosimilar candidate were also present in the innovator product, although at lower amounts. The charge variants’ in vitro antigen- and neonatal receptor-binding activities varied amongst the samples, which could be further investigated in vivo with a larger sample set to reveal the impact on the pharmacokinetics of drug candidates. Minor structural differences may explain antigen-binding differences in the isolated charge variants, which is a key parameter in a comparability exercise. Consequently, such a biosimilar candidate may not comply with high regulatory standards unless the binding differences observed are justified and demonstrated not to have any clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Gurel
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Melike Berksoz
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Eda Capkin
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Ayhan Parlar
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Meltem Corbacioglu Pala
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Aylin Ozkan
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yılmaz Capan
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Duygu Emine Daglikoca
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.E.D.); (M.Y.)
| | - Meral Yuce
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (D.E.D.); (M.Y.)
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Chouquet A, Pinto AJ, Hennicke J, Ling WL, Bally I, Schwaigerlehner L, Thielens NM, Kunert R, Reiser JB. Biophysical Characterization of the Oligomeric States of Recombinant Immunoglobulins Type-M and Their C1q-Binding Kinetics by Biolayer Interferometry. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:816275. [PMID: 35685087 PMCID: PMC9173649 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.816275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins type-M (IgMs) are one of the first antibody classes mobilized during immune responses against pathogens and tumor cells. Binding to specific target antigens enables the interaction with the C1 complex which strongly activates the classical complement pathway. This biological function is the basis for the huge therapeutic potential of IgMs. But, due to their high oligomeric complexity, in vitro production, biochemical characterization, and biophysical characterization are challenging. In this study, we present recombinant production of two IgM models (IgM617 and IgM012) in pentameric and hexameric states and the evaluation of their polymer distribution using different biophysical methods (analytical ultracentrifugation, size exclusion chromatography coupled to multi-angle laser light scattering, mass photometry, and transmission electron microscopy). Each IgM construct is defined by a specific expression and purification pattern with different sample quality. Nevertheless, both purified IgMs were able to activate complement in a C1q-dependent manner. More importantly, BioLayer Interferometry (BLI) was used for characterizing the kinetics of C1q binding to recombinant IgMs. We show that recombinant IgMs possess similar C1q-binding properties as IgMs purified from human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Chouquet
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Andrea J Pinto
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Julia Hennicke
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wai Li Ling
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Bally
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Linda Schwaigerlehner
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole M Thielens
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Baptiste Reiser
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
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5
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Optimized Methods for Analytical and Functional Comparison of Biosimilar mAb Drugs: A Case Study for Avastin, Mvasi, and Zirabev. Sci Pharm 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm90020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bevacizumab is a humanized therapeutic monoclonal antibody used to reduce angiogenesis, a hallmark of cancer, by binding to VEGF-A. Many pharmaceutical companies have developed biosimilars of Bevacizumab in the last decade. The official reports provided by the FDA and EMA summarize the analytical performance of biosimilars as compared to the originators without giving detailed analytical procedures. In the current study, several key methods were optimized and reported for analytical and functional comparison of bevacizumab originators (Avastin, Altuzan) and approved commercial biosimilars (Zirabev and Mvasi). This case study presents a comparative analysis of a set of biosimilars under optimized analytical conditions for the first time in the literature. The chemical structure of all products was analyzed at intact protein and peptide levels by high-resolution mass spectrometry; the major glycoforms and posttranslational modifications, including oxidation, deamidation, N-terminal PyroGlu addition, and C-terminal Lys clipping, were compared. The SPR technique was used to reveal antigen and some receptor binding kinetics of all products, and the ELISA technique was used for C1q binding affinity analysis. Finally, the inhibition performance of the samples was evaluated by an MTS-based proliferation assay in vitro. Major glycoforms were similar, with minor differences among the samples. Posttranslational modifications, except C-terminal Lys, were determined similarly, while unclipped Lys percentage was higher in Zirabev. The binding kinetics for VEGF, FcRn, FcγRIa, and C1q were similar or in the value range of originators. The anti-proliferative effect of Zirabev was slightly higher than the originators and Mvasi. The analysis of biosimilars under the same conditions could provide a new aspect to the literature in terms of the applied analytical techniques. Further studies in this field would be helpful to better understand the inter-comparability of the biosimilars.
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6
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Dash R, Singh SK, Chirmule N, Rathore AS. Assessment of Functional Characterization and Comparability of Biotherapeutics: a Review. AAPS J 2021; 24:15. [PMID: 34931298 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) biosimilars is a complex process. The key to their successful development and commercialization is an in-depth understanding of the key product attributes that impact safety and efficacy and the strategies to control them. Functional assessment of mAb is a crucial part of the comparability of biopharmaceutical drugs. The development of a relevant and robust functional assay requires an interdisciplinary approach and sufficient flexibility to balance regulatory concerns as well as dynamics and variability during the manufacturing process. Although many advanced tools are available to study and compare the potency and bioactivity of the protein, most of these techniques suffer from major shortcomings that limit their routine use. These include the complexity of the task, establishment of the relevance of the chosen method with the mechanism of action (MOA) of the biosimilar, cost and extended time of analysis, and often the ambiguity in interpretation of the resulting data. To overcome or to address these challenges, the use of multiple orthogonal state-of-the-art techniques is a necessary prerequisite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozaleen Dash
- Department of Chemical Engineering, DBT Center of Excellence for Biopharmaceutical Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, DBT Center of Excellence for Biopharmaceutical Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.,School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT-BHU, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, DBT Center of Excellence for Biopharmaceutical Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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7
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Sopp JM, Peters SJ, Rowley TF, Oldham RJ, James S, Mockridge I, French RR, Turner A, Beers SA, Humphreys DP, Cragg MS. On-target IgG hexamerisation driven by a C-terminal IgM tail-piece fusion variant confers augmented complement activation. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1031. [PMID: 34475514 PMCID: PMC8413284 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of depleting monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs elicit responses via Fc-FcγR and Fc-C1q interactions. Optimal C1q interaction is achieved through hexameric Fc:Fc interactions at the target cell surface. Herein is described an approach to exploit the tailpiece of the naturally multimeric IgM to augment hexamerisation of IgG. Fusion of the C-terminal tailpiece of IgM promoted spontaneous hIgG hexamer formation, resulting in enhanced C1q recruitment and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) but with off-target complement activation and reduced in-vivo efficacy. Mutation of the penultimate tailpiece cysteine to serine (C575S) ablated spontaneous hexamer formation, but facilitated reversible hexamer formation after concentration in solution. C575S mutant tailpiece antibodies displayed increased complement activity only after target binding, in-line with the concept of 'on-target hexamerisation', whilst retaining efficient in-vivo efficacy and augmented target cell killing in the lymph node. Hence, C575S-tailpiece technology represents an alternative format for promoting on-target hexamerisation and enhanced CDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Sopp
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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8
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Yüce M, Sert F, Torabfam M, Parlar A, Gürel B, Çakır N, Dağlıkoca DE, Khan MA, Çapan Y. Fractionated charge variants of biosimilars: A review of separation methods, structural and functional analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1152:238189. [PMID: 33648647 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The similarity between originator and biosimilar monoclonal antibody candidates are rigorously assessed based on primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures, and biological functions. Minor differences in such parameters may alter target-binding, potency, efficacy, or half-life of the molecule. The charge heterogeneity analysis is a prerequisite for all biotherapeutics. Monoclonal antibodies are prone to enzymatic or non-enzymatic structural modifications during or after the production processes, leading to the formation of fragments or aggregates, various glycoforms, oxidized, deamidated, and other degraded residues, reduced Fab region binding activity or altered FcR binding activity. Therefore, the charge variant profiles of the monoclonal antibodies must be regularly and thoroughly evaluated. Comparative structural and functional analysis of physically separated or fractioned charged variants of monoclonal antibodies has gained significant attention in the last few years. The fraction-based charge variant analysis has proved very useful for the biosimilar candidates comprising of unexpected charge isoforms. In this report, the key methods for the physical separation of monoclonal antibody charge variants, structural and functional analyses by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and surface plasmon resonance techniques were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meral Yüce
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Sert
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey; ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, 34906, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Milad Torabfam
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Parlar
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Büşra Gürel
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilüfer Çakır
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey; ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, 34906, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu E Dağlıkoca
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, 34906, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mansoor A Khan
- Texas A&M Health Sciences Centre, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yılmaz Çapan
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, 34906, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey; Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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9
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Láng JA, Balogh ZC, Nyitrai MF, Juhász C, Gilicze AKB, Iliás A, Zólyomi Z, Bodor C, Rábai E. In vitro functional characterization of biosimilar therapeutic antibodies. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2020; 37:41-50. [PMID: 34895654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The key factor in successful development and marketing of biosimilar antibodies is a deep understanding of their critical quality attributes and the ability to control them. Comprehensive functional characterization is therefore at the heart of the process and is a crucial part of regulatory requirements. Establishment of a scientifically sound molecule-specific functional in vitro assay panel requires diligent planning and high flexibility in order to respond to both regulatory requirements and the ever-changing demands relevant to the different stages of the development and production process. Relevance of the chosen assays to the in vivo mechanism of action is of key importance to the stepwise evidence-based demonstration of biosimilarity. Use of a sound interdisciplinary approach and orthogonal state-of-the-art techniques is also unavoidable for gaining in-depth understanding of the biosimilar candidate. The aim of the present review is to give a snapshot on the methodic landscape as depicted by the available literature discussing the in vitro techniques used for the functional characterization of approved biosimilar therapeutic antibodies. Emerging hot topics of the field and relevant structure-function relationships are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Anna Láng
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Zsófia Cselovszkiné Balogh
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary.
| | - Mónika Fizilné Nyitrai
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Cintia Juhász
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Anna Katalin Baráné Gilicze
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Attila Iliás
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Zsolt Zólyomi
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Csaba Bodor
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Rábai
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
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10
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Abstract
Immune complexes (ICs) formed by foreign or self-antigens and antibodies in biological fluids affect various tissues and are thought to cause several diseases. Biological and physical properties of IC, abnormal IC amounts, IC deposition and their relationships with disease pathogenesis had been studied. However, the relationship between ICs and each disease is not well understood and little is known of what determined ICs deposition in particular organ and why different organs are affected in different diseases. Recent technological advance enables identification of ICs in particular its antigens in tissues and body fluids, which may provide a key to discover an important trigger for immunological abnormality occurrence. Further identification of their epitopes, that are the exact origin of antigenicity, is developing and may be useful for diagnosis, elucidation of pathogenesis and treatment against IC-induced diseases. Here, we first make an overview of clearance of ICs, IC-induced pathogenesis and biological properties of ICs. Then, we introduce various methods developed to recover ICs from biological fluids or to identify antigens incorporated into ICs. Furthermore, several methods that can be used in epitope mapping for IC antigens are also documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Aibara
- Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kaname Ohyama
- Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
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Jovic M, Cymer F. Qualification of a surface plasmon resonance assay to determine binding of IgG-type antibodies to complement component C1q. Biologicals 2019; 61:76-79. [PMID: 31445761 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction of therapeutic antibodies with complement component C1q are frequently part of pharmaceutical characterization and production process comparability studies. Assays currently used to assess this interaction and/or the activation of the complement cascade are often cumbersome, time consuming or imprecise. We here report the further development, successful qualification and suitability evaluation of an SPR-based C1q binding assay for the characterization of IgG-C1q interactions. We evaluate different IgG subtypes and well-described mutants of IgG1. The assay offers a suitable alternative for extended characterization of interactions of IgG1 and IgG3 with complement component C1q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Jovic
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics Biologics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Cymer
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics Biologics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
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Bhatti MM, Cai AG, Theunissen JW. Binding affinities of human IgG1 and chimerized pig and rabbit derivatives to human, pig and rabbit Fc gamma receptor IIIA. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219999. [PMID: 31323052 PMCID: PMC6641210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While pigs and rabbits are used as models for human immune diseases, FcγR binding is poorly characterized in both test species. To evaluate antibody binding to FcγRIIIA, a receptor involved in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, chimerized antibodies were generated by grafting the variable regions of a human IgG1 onto scaffolds from both species. The affinities of the parent and chimeric antibodies to the FcγRIIIA proteins from all three species were determined. While the human IgG1 and rabbit IgG had similar affinities for each FcγRIIIA with notable differences across species, pig IgG1 only bound pig FcγRIIIA with appreciable affinity. Also, the functional pig and rabbit proteins described here can be used in future experiments, such as pharmacology and mechanism of action studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam M. Bhatti
- Iconic Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Allen G. Cai
- Iconic Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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13
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Shiraiwa H, Narita A, Kamata-Sakurai M, Ishiguro T, Sano Y, Hironiwa N, Tsushima T, Segawa H, Tsunenari T, Ikeda Y, Kayukawa Y, Noguchi M, Wakabayashi T, Sakamoto A, Konishi H, Kuramochi T, Endo M, Hattori K, Nezu J, Igawa T. Engineering a bispecific antibody with a common light chain: Identification and optimization of an anti-CD3 epsilon and anti-GPC3 bispecific antibody, ERY974. Methods 2018; 154:10-20. [PMID: 30326272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The antibody drug market is rapidly expanding, and various antibody engineering technologies are being developed to create antibodies that can provide better benefit to patients. Although bispecific antibody drugs have been researched for more than 30 years, currently only a limited number of bispecific antibodies have achieved regulatory approval. Of the few successful examples of industrially manufacturing a bispecific antibody, the "common light chain format" is an elegant technology that simplifies the purification of a whole IgG-type bispecific antibody. Using this IgG format, the bispecific function can be introduced while maintaining the natural molecular shape of the antibody. In this article, we will first introduce the outline, prospects, and limitations of the common light chain format. Then, we will describe the identification and optimization process for ERY974, an anti-glypican-3 × anti-CD3ε T cell-redirecting bispecific antibody with a common light chain. This format includes one of Chugai's proprietary technologies, termed ART-Ig technology, which consists of a method to identify a common light chain, isoelectric point (pI) engineering to purify the desired bispecific IgG antibody from byproducts, and Fc heterodimerization by an electrostatic steering effect. Furthermore, we describe some tips for de-risking the antibody when engineering a T cell redirecting antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotake Shiraiwa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Narita
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mika Kamata-Sakurai
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishiguro
- Translational Clinical Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Sano
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoka Hironiwa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Segawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tsunenari
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ikeda
- Chugai Pharma Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Kayukawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mizuho Noguchi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Wakabayashi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akihisa Sakamoto
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroko Konishi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Mika Endo
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Hattori
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Junichi Nezu
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Igawa
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., Biopolis Drive, Singapore
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14
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Zhou W, Lin S, Chen R, Liu J, Li Y. Characterization of antibody-C1q interactions by Biolayer Interferometry. Anal Biochem 2018; 549:143-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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