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Ovais M, Hoque MZ, Khalil AT, Ayaz M, Ahmad I. Mechanisms underlying the anticancer applications of biosynthesized nanoparticles. BIOGENIC NANOPARTICLES FOR CANCER THERANOSTICS 2021:229-248. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821467-1.00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Nassar AY, Mahgoub SA, Omar HEDM, Bakkar SM, Osman AA. Comparative ameliorative actions of extracted bradykinin potentiating fraction from cobra snake venom and synthetic antioxidants on hepatic tissue of aflatoxicosed rats. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2020.1850459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Y. Nassar
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Safaa A. Mahgoub
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Sally M. Bakkar
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amany A. Osman
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Cairo, Egypt
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4
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Milczarek A, Starzyński RR, Styś A, Jończy A, Staroń R, Grzelak A, Lipiński P. A drastic superoxide-dependent oxidative stress is prerequisite for the down-regulation of IRP1: Insights from studies on SOD1-deficient mice and macrophages treated with paraquat. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176800. [PMID: 28542246 PMCID: PMC5438123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) is a cytosolic bifunctional [4Fe-4S] protein which exhibits aconitase activity or binds iron responsive elements (IREs) in untranslated regions of specific mRNA encoding proteins involved in cellular iron metabolism. Superoxide radical (O2.-) converts IRP1 from a [4Fe-4S] aconitase to a [3Fe-4S] „null” form possessing neither aconitase nor trans-regulatory activity. Genetic ablation of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), an antioxidant enzyme that acts to reduce O2.- concentration, revealed a new O2.--dependent regulation of IRP1 leading to the reduction of IRP1 protein level and in consequence to the diminution of IRP1 enzymatic and IRE-binding activities. Here, we attempted to establish whether developmental changes in SOD1 activity occurring in the mouse liver, impact IRP1 expression. We show no correlation between hepatic SOD1 activity and IRP1 protein level neither in pre- nor postnatal period probably because the magnitude of developmental fluctuations in SOD1 activity is relatively small. The comparison of SOD1 activity in regards to IRP1 protein level in the liver of threeSOD1 genotypes (Sod1+/+, Sod1+/- and Sod1-/-) demonstrates that only drastic SOD1 deficiency leads to the reduction of IRP1 protein level. Importantly, we found that in the liver of fetuses lacking SOD1, IRP1 is not down-regulated. To investigate O2.--dependent regulation of IRP1 in a cellular model, we exposed murine RAW 264.7 and bone marrow-derived macrophages to paraquat, widely used as a redox cycler to stimulate O2.-production in cells. We showed that IRP1 protein level as well as aconitase and IRE-binding activities are strongly reduced in macrophages treated with paraquat. The analysis of the expression of IRP1-target genes revealed the increase in L-ferritin protein level resulting from the enhanced transcriptional regulation of the LFt gene and diminished translational repression of L-ferritin mRNA by IRP1. We propose that O2.--dependent up-regulation of this cellular protectant in paraquat-treated macrophages may counterbalance iron-related toxic effects of O2.-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Milczarek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Rafał R. Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Styś
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Aneta Jończy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Robert Staroń
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Grzelak
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Ovais M, Raza A, Naz S, Islam NU, Khalil AT, Ali S, Khan MA, Shinwari ZK. Current state and prospects of the phytosynthesized colloidal gold nanoparticles and their applications in cancer theranostics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:3551-3565. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ovais M, Khalil AT, Raza A, Khan MA, Ahmad I, Islam NU, Saravanan M, Ubaid MF, Ali M, Shinwari ZK. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles via plant extracts: beginning a new era in cancer theranostics. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:3157-3177. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of the latest technologies, scientists are looking to design novel strategies for the treatment and diagnosis of cancer. Advances in medicinal plant research and nanotechnology have attracted many researchers to the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles due to its several advantages over conventional synthesis (simple, fast, energy efficient, one pot processes, safer, economical and biocompatibility). Medicinally active plants have proven to be the best reservoirs of diverse phytochemicals for the synthesis of biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). In this review, we discuss mechanistic advances in the synthesis and optimization of AgNPs from plant extracts. Moreover, we have thoroughly discussed the recent developments and milestones achieved in the use of biogenic AgNPs as cancer theranostic agents and their proposed mechanism of action. Anticipating all of the challenges, we hope that biogenic AgNPs may become a potential cancer theranostic agent in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ovais
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Talha Khalil
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abida Raza
- National Institute for Lasers & Optronics, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adeeb Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Life sciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazar Ul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muthupandian Saravanan
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | | | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zabta Khan Shinwari
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 2-imino-4-thiazolidinone derivatives as potent anti-cancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5361-5368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Czaja AJ. Nature and Implications of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stresses in Autoimmune Hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:2784-2803. [PMID: 27411555 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrosative stresses can damage cellular membranes, disrupt mitochondrial function, alter gene expression, promote the apoptosis and necrosis of hepatocytes, and increase fibrosis in diverse acute and chronic liver diseases, including autoimmune hepatitis. The objectives of this review are to describe the mechanisms of oxidative and nitrosative stresses in inflammatory liver disease, indicate the pathogenic implications of these stresses in autoimmune hepatitis, and suggest investigational opportunities to develop interventions that counter them. The principal antioxidant defenses, including glutathione production, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and the release of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, may be inadequate or suppressed by transforming growth factor beta. The generation of reactive oxygen species can intensify nitrosative stress, and this stress may not be adequately modulated by the thioredoxin-thioredoxin reductase system and induce post-translational modifications of proteins that further disrupt hepatocyte function. The unfolded protein response and autophagy may be unable to restore redox stability, meet metabolic demands, and maintain hepatocyte survival. Emerging interventions with highly selective site- and organelle-specific actions may improve outcomes, and they include inhibitors of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, nitric oxide synthase, and transforming growth factor beta. Pharmacological manipulation of nuclear transcription factors may favor expression of antioxidant genes, and stimulation of chaperone proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum and modulation of autophagy may prevent hepatic fibrosis and enhance cell survival. These interventions constitute investigational opportunities to improve the management of autoimmune hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Manivasagan P, Bharathiraja S, Bui NQ, Lim IG, Oh J. Paclitaxel-loaded chitosan oligosaccharide-stabilized gold nanoparticles as novel agents for drug delivery and photoacoustic imaging of cancer cells. Int J Pharm 2016; 511:367-379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Mukherjee S, Dasari M, Priyamvada S, Kotcherlakota R, Bollu VS, Patra CR. A green chemistry approach for the synthesis of gold nanoconjugates that induce the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation through induction of oxidative stress and their in vivo toxicity study. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:3820-3830. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00244c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and fabrication of green chemistry based biocompatible gold nanoparticles could be clinically effective towards cancer therapeutics in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Mukherjee
- Biomaterials Group
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad - 500007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Mamatha Dasari
- Biomaterials Group
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad - 500007
- India
| | - Sumahitha Priyamvada
- Biomaterials Group
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad - 500007
- India
| | - Rajesh Kotcherlakota
- Biomaterials Group
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad - 500007
- India
| | - Vishnu Sravan Bollu
- Biomaterials Group
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad - 500007
- India
| | - Chitta Ranjan Patra
- Biomaterials Group
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad - 500007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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Mukherjee S, Chowdhury D, Kotcherlakota R, Patra S, B V, Bhadra MP, Sreedhar B, Patra CR. Potential theranostics application of bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles (4-in-1 system). Theranostics 2014; 4:316-35. [PMID: 24505239 PMCID: PMC3915094 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we have designed a simple and efficient green chemistry approach for the synthesis of colloidal silver nanoparticles (b-AgNPs) that is formed by the reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution using Olax scandens leaf extract. The colloidal b-AgNPs, characterized by various physico-chemical techniques exhibit multifunctional biological activities (4-in-1 system). Firstly, bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles (b-AgNPs) shows enhanced antibacterial activity compared to chemically synthesize silver nanoparticles (c-AgNPs). Secondly, b-AgNPs show anti-cancer activities to different cancer cells (A549: human lung cancer cell lines, B16: mouse melanoma cell line & MCF7: human breast cancer cells) (anti-cancer). Thirdly, these nanoparticles are biocompatible to rat cardiomyoblast normal cell line (H9C2), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) which indicates the future application of b-AgNPs as drug delivery vehicle. Finally, the bio-synthesized AgNPs show bright red fluorescence inside the cells that could be utilized to detect the localization of drug molecules inside the cancer cells (a diagnostic approach). All results together demonstrate the multifunctional biological activities of bio-synthesized AgNPs (4-in-1 system) that could be applied as (i) anti-bacterial & (ii) anti-cancer agent, (iii) drug delivery vehicle, and (iv) imaging facilitator. To the best of our knowledge, there is not a single report of biosynthesized AgNPs that demonstrates the versatile applications (4-in-1 system) towards various biomedical applications. Additionally, a plausible mechanistic approach has been explored for the synthesis of b-AgNPs and its anti-bacterial as well as anti-cancer activity. We strongly believe that bio-synthesized AgNPs will open a new direction towards various biomedical applications in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Mukherjee
- 1. Biomaterials Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad - 500007, AP, India
| | - Debabrata Chowdhury
- 2. Centre for Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad - 500007, AP, India
| | - Rajesh Kotcherlakota
- 1. Biomaterials Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad - 500007, AP, India
| | - Sujata Patra
- 1. Biomaterials Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad - 500007, AP, India
| | - Vinothkumar B
- 1. Biomaterials Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad - 500007, AP, India
| | - Manika Pal Bhadra
- 2. Centre for Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad - 500007, AP, India
| | - Bojja Sreedhar
- 3. Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad - 500007, AP, India
| | - Chitta Ranjan Patra
- 1. Biomaterials Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad - 500007, AP, India
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Kang SG, Lee WH, Lee YH, Lee YS, Kim SG. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α inhibition by a pyrrolopyrazine metabolite of oltipraz as a consequence of microRNAs 199a-5p and 20a induction. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:661-669. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Velayutham M, Hemann C, Zweier JL. Removal of H₂O₂ and generation of superoxide radical: role of cytochrome c and NADH. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:160-70. [PMID: 21545835 PMCID: PMC3112007 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In cells, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and peroxisomes are the major sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Cytochrome c (cyt c) is known to participate in mitochondrial electron transport and has antioxidant and peroxidase activities. Under oxidative or nitrative stress, the peroxidase activity of Fe³⁺cyt c is increased. The level of NADH is also increased under pathophysiological conditions such as ischemia and diabetes and a concurrent increase in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production occurs. Studies were performed to understand the related mechanisms of radical generation and NADH oxidation by Fe³⁺cyt c in the presence of H₂O₂. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping studies using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) were performed with NADH, Fe³⁺cyt c, and H₂O₂ in the presence of methyl-β-cyclodextrin. An EPR spectrum corresponding to the superoxide radical adduct of DMPO encapsulated in methyl-β-cyclodextrin was obtained. This EPR signal was quenched by the addition of the superoxide scavenging enzyme Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1). The amount of superoxide radical adduct formed from the oxidation of NADH by the peroxidase activity of Fe³⁺cyt c increased with NADH and H₂O₂ concentration. From these results, we propose a mechanism in which the peroxidase activity of Fe³⁺cyt c oxidizes NADH to NAD(•), which in turn donates an electron to O₂, resulting in superoxide radical formation. A UV-visible spectroscopic study shows that Fe³⁺cyt c is reduced in the presence of both NADH and H₂O₂. Our results suggest that Fe³⁺cyt c could have a novel role in the deleterious effects of ischemia/reperfusion and diabetes due to increased production of superoxide radical. In addition, Fe³⁺cyt c may play a key role in the mitochondrial "ROS-induced ROS-release" signaling and in mitochondrial and cellular injury/death. The increased oxidation of NADH and generation of superoxide radical by this mechanism may have implications for the regulation of apoptotic cell death, endothelial dysfunction, and neurological diseases. We also propose an alternative electron transfer pathway, which may protect mitochondria and mitochondrial proteins from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Velayutham
- Address correspondence to: Murugesan Velayutham, Ph.D, TMRF, Room 130, 420, W. 12th Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH - 43210, Phone: 614-292-9082, Fax: 614-292-8454, , Jay L. Zweier, MD, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, 473 W. 12th Ave, Room 611C, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH - 43210, Phone: 614-247-7788, Fax: 614-292-8778,
| | | | - Jay L. Zweier
- Address correspondence to: Murugesan Velayutham, Ph.D, TMRF, Room 130, 420, W. 12th Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH - 43210, Phone: 614-292-9082, Fax: 614-292-8454, , Jay L. Zweier, MD, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, 473 W. 12th Ave, Room 611C, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH - 43210, Phone: 614-247-7788, Fax: 614-292-8778,
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Pandey MK, Kumar S, Thimmulappa RK, Parmar VS, Biswal S, Watterson AC. Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel PEGylated curcumin analogs as potent Nrf2 activators in human bronchial epithelial cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 43:16-24. [PMID: 21426935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is a central transcription factor that regulates the anti-oxidant defense system and is considered as a modifier for several inflammatory diseases. Thus, activation of Nrf2 provides pivotal therapeutic target for developing therapy against these diseases. Herein, a chemo-enzymatic methodology is designed and developed to make PEGylated curcumins as water soluble drug candidates with enhanced aqueous solubility and bioavailability. For this, curcumin was judiciously converted to diester (1) using ethyl α-bromoacetate and potassium carbonate. The diester 1 in subsequent step was copolymerized with poly(ethylene glycol) using Candida antarctica lipase [CAL-B, Novozym 435] under solventless condition. C. antarctica selectively does trans-esterification and only catalyses reaction of the primary hydroxyls of poly(ethylene glycol). It does not affect the secondary enolic hydroxyls of curcumin, thus leaving behind the active group unaltered. A luciferase based reporter gene assay was used for primary screening for identifying a novel Nrf2 activator. Most of the PEGylated curcumin analogs strongly activate Nrf2 several folds higher than the free curcumin but copolymer 3a was identified as the most potent Nrf2 activator. Copolymer 3a induces Nrf2-driven NQO1 expression in a concentration dependent manner. Furthermore, a plausible mechanism for quantitative structure-activity relationship is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh K Pandey
- Institute of Nano-science and Engineering Technology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
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Bhattacharyya S, Zhou H, Seiner DR, Gates KS. Inactivation of protein tyrosine phosphatases by oltipraz and other cancer chemopreventive 1,2-dithiole-3-thiones. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:5945-9. [PMID: 20655236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dithiolethiones upregulate the expression of cancer-preventive proteins via modification of thiol residues in the Keap1-Nrf2 transcription factor complex. In addition to Keap1-Nrf2, dithiolethiones have the potential to modify a variety of cysteine-containing proteins in the cell. Such 'off target' reactions could contribute to either side effects or cancer-preventive efficacy. Evidence is presented here that cancer chemopreventive dithiolethiones inactivate protein tyrosine phosphatases via covalent, but thiol-labile, modification of active site residues. This observation may explain a number of previously reported cellular responses to dithiolethiones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Holland R, Navamal M, Velayutham M, Zweier JL, Kensler TW, Fishbein JC. Hydrogen peroxide is a second messenger in phase 2 enzyme induction by cancer chemopreventive dithiolethiones. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 22:1427-34. [PMID: 19785463 DOI: 10.1021/tx900110n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability of three dithiolethione cancer chemopreventives, oltipraz 1, anetholedithione (ADT) 2, 1,2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T) 3, and the major metabolite, 4, of 1, to induce the cytoprotective enzyme NQO1 in Hepa 1c1c7 cells and the inhibition of this induction by catalase are demonstrated. The ability of 1, 3, and 4 to form O(2)(*) has been reported, and it is here demonstrated that 2 decomposes in the presence of GSH to form, upon addition of the nitrone spin trap DMPO, the DMPO-OH adduct that is detectable by EPR. Decomposition of 2 in the presence of GSH elicits, upon the addition of hydroethidine and excitation at 510 nm, fluorescence at 580 nm that is diminished by the addition of superoxide dismutase. The compound 4, is a product of the reduction of 1, and it is demonstrated that 2 and 3 decompose in the presence of reductants such as thiolates and NaBH(4), followed by addition of CH(3)I, to form the dimethylated products of reductive cleavage of the S(1)-S(2) bond. The same products are isolated subsequent to lysis in buffer containing CH(3)I of Hepa 1c1c7 cells treated with 2 or 3. Reductive cleavage of 2 and 3 in aqueous ethanol by NaBH(4) in an argon atmosphere, followed by acidic destruction of remaining borohydride and neutralization and introduction of O(2) results in the reformation of 2 and 3 to the extent of 80 and 33%, respectively. The data in toto are consistent with a model in which dithiolethiones, generally, undergo reductive cleavage in Hepa 1c1c7 cells, thereby resulting in the generation of O(2)(*) that dismutates to H(2)O(2), that subsequently, by direct or indirect means, effects the nuclear translocation of transcription factor Nrf2, that upregulates phase 2 enzyme expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Holland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA. CA91032
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Choi SH, Kim YM, Lee JM, Kim SG. Antioxidant and mitochondrial protective effects of oxidized metabolites of oltipraz. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:213-24. [PMID: 20095791 DOI: 10.1517/17425250903427972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Comprehensive studies indicate that oltipraz exerts cancer chemopreventive effects. Oltipraz has other therapeutic potentials, which include anti-fibrotic effect, inhibition of insulin resistance, mitochondrial protection and cytoprotective effect against oxidative stress. Although antioxidant mechanisms may account for its cancer chemopreventive effect, details on the molecular mechanism still remain to be clarified. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Two major metabolic pathways of oltipraz include oxidative desulfuration of the thione to yield 4-methyl-5-(pyrazin-2-yl)-3H-1,2-dithiol-3-one and molecular rearrangement to 7-methyl-6,8-bis(methylthio)H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine. In addition to the diverse pharmacological effects of oltipraz, the oxidized metabolites may have distinct biological effects on cell survival. The AMP-activated protein kinase pathway has been recognized as a key cascade for mitochondrial protection and cell survival events, which can be activated by the oxidized metabolites of oltipraz. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN In this review, the metabolic activation of oltipraz and the role of the cell signaling pathways in regulating the expression of Phase II genes and antioxidant activity are discussed with particular reference to their effects on mitochondrial protection and cell survival. TAKE HOME MESSAGE In terms of therapeutic potential, the findings reviewed here demonstrate a therapeutic potential for oxidized metabolite of oltipraz and offer comparison of antioxidant capacity between metabolites and parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hwa Choi
- Seoul National University, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea, Republic of Korea.
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Kwon YN, Shin SM, Cho IJ, Kim SG. Oxidized metabolites of oltipraz exert cytoprotective effects against arachidonic acid through AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent cellular antioxidant effect and mitochondrial protection. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1187-97. [PMID: 19299524 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.025908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oltipraz protects cells from chemical-induced carcinogenesis partly because of phase 2 enzyme induction. Certain oltipraz metabolites also induce phase 2 enzymes. This study investigated the cytoprotective effects of the oxidized metabolites of oltipraz against arachidonic acid (AA), a proinflammatory fatty acid that causes cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial impairment, and the mechanistic basis of their action in HepG2 cells. Treatment with 4-methyl-5-(pyrazin-2-yl)-3H-1,2-dithiol-3-one (M1) or 7-methyl-6,8-bis(methylthio)H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]-pyrazine (M2), but not 7-methyl-8-(methylsulfinyl)-6-(methylthio)H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine (M3) or 7-methyl-6,8-bis(methylsulfinyl)H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine (M4), enabled cells to protect against AA-induced apoptosis. M1 and M2 treatment protected cells from ROS produced by AA and inhibited AA-induced glutathione depletion. Moreover, both M1 and M2 effectively inhibited mitochondrial dysfunction induced by AA, although M2 alone slightly elicited it at a relatively high concentration. M1 and M2 activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), but M3 and M4 failed to do so. AMPK activation by M1 and M2 contributed to cell survival against AA through a decrease in cellular ROS production and prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction, as shown by the reversal of the metabolites' restoration of mitochondrial membrane potential by compound C treatment or overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant AMPK. Consistently, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-d-ribofuranoside, an AMPK activator, also had a cytoprotective and antioxidant effect against AA. Our results demonstrate that, of the major metabolites of oltipraz, M1 and M2 are capable of protecting cells from AA-induced ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction, which may be associated with AMPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Nam Kwon
- Innovative Drug Research Center for Metabolic and Inflammatory Disease, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
Dithiolethiones are a well-known class of cancer chemopreventive agents; the key mechanism of action of dithiolethiones involves activation of Nrf2 signaling and induction of phase II enzymes. In the past, attention has been focused mainly on 4-methyl-5-pyrazinyl-3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (oltipraz), which showed ability as a wide-spectrum inhibitor of chemical carcinogenesis in preclinical models. However, clinical trials of oltipraz have shown questionable efficacy, and at the high doses employed in such studies, significant side effects were observed. Dithiolethiones that are markedly more effective and potent than oltipraz in both induction of phase II enzymes and inhibition of chemical carcinogenesis in preclinical studies have been identified, and these compounds have shown pronounced organ specificity in vivo. Further investigation of these compounds may lead to development of effective and safe agents for cancer prevention in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuesheng Zhang
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Velayutham M, Muthukumaran RB, Sostaric JZ, McCraken J, Fishbein JC, Zweier JL. Interactions of the major metabolite of the cancer chemopreventive drug oltipraz with cytochrome c: a novel pathway for cancer chemoprevention. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:1076-85. [PMID: 17761303 PMCID: PMC4073605 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The major metabolite of the cancer chemopreventive agent oltipraz, a pyrrolopyrazine thione (PPD), has been shown to be a phase 2 enzyme inducer, an activity thought to be key to the cancer chemopreventive action of the parent compound. In cells, mitochondria are the major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytochrome c (cyt c) is known to participate in mitochondrial electron transport and confer antioxidant and peroxidase activities. To understand possible mechanisms by which PPD acts as a phase 2 enzyme inducer, a study of its interaction with cyt c was undertaken. UV-visible spectroscopic results demonstrate that PPD is capable of reducing oxidized cyt c. The reduced cyt c is stable for a long period of time in the absence of an oxidizing agent. In the presence of ferricyanide, the reduced cyt c is rapidly oxidized back to its oxidized form. Further, UV-visible spectroscopic studies show that during the reduction process the coordination environment and redox state of iron in cyt c are changed. Low-temperature EPR studies show that during the reduction process, the heme iron changes from a low-spin state of s = 1/2 to a low-spin state of s = 0. Room-temperature EPR studies demonstrate that PPD inhibits the peroxidase activity of cyt c. EPR spin trapping experiments using DMPO show that PPD inhibits the superoxide radical scavenging activity of oxidized cyt c. From these results, we propose that PPD interacts with cyt c, binding to and then reducing the heme, and this may enhance ROS levels in mitochondria. This in turn could contribute to the mechanism by which the parent compound, oltipraz, might trigger the cancer chemopreventive increase in transcription of phase 2 enzymes. The modifications of cyt c function by the oltipraz metabolite may have implications for the regulation of apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Velayutham
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, the Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Address correspondence to: Jay L. Zweier, MD, Director, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, 473 W. 12 Ave, Room 110G, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, Phone: 614–247–7857, Fax: 614–247–7845, E-mail: and Murugesan Velayutham, Ph.D, TMRF, Room 130, 420, W. 12 Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH - 43210, Phone: 614–292–9082, Fax: 614–292–8454, E-mail:
| | | | - Joe Z. Sostaric
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, the Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - John McCraken
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - James C. Fishbein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250
| | - Jay L. Zweier
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, the Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Address correspondence to: Jay L. Zweier, MD, Director, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, 473 W. 12 Ave, Room 110G, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, Phone: 614–247–7857, Fax: 614–247–7845, E-mail: and Murugesan Velayutham, Ph.D, TMRF, Room 130, 420, W. 12 Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH - 43210, Phone: 614–292–9082, Fax: 614–292–8454, E-mail:
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Jia Z, Zhu H, Trush MA, Misra HP, Li Y. Generation of superoxide from reaction of 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione with thiols: implications for dithiolethione chemoprotection. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 307:185-91. [PMID: 17891450 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9598-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
3H-1,2-Dithiole-3-thione (D3T), a potent member of dithiolethiones, induces phase 2 enzymes by activating an Nrf2/Keap1-dependent signaling pathway. It was proposed that interaction between D3T and two adjacent sulfhydryl groups of Keap1 might cause dissociation of Keap1 from Nrf2, leading to Nrf2 activation. This study was undertaken to investigate the reactions between D3T and thiols, including the dithiol compound, dithiothreitol (DTT), and the monothiol, glutathione (GSH). We reported here that under physiologically relevant conditions incubation of D3T with DTT caused remarkable oxygen consumption, indicating a redox reaction between D3T and the dithiol molecule. Incubation of D3T with GSH also led to oxygen consumption, but to a less extent. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies showed that the redox reaction between D3T and DTT generated superoxide. Superoxide was also formed from the redox reaction of D3T with GSH. These findings demonstrate that D3T reacts with thiols, particularly a dithiol, generating superoxide, which may provide a mechanistic explanation for induction of Nrf2-dependent phase 2 enzymes by D3T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenquan Jia
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Edward Via Virginia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Virginia Tech Corporate Research Center, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
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