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Pinto D, López-Yerena A, Almeida A, Sarmento B, Lamuela-Raventós R, Vallverdú-Queralt A, Delerue-Matos C, Rodrigues F. Metabolomic insights into phenolics-rich chestnut shells extract as a nutraceutical ingredient - A comprehensive evaluation of its impacts on oxidative stress biomarkers by an in-vivo study. Food Res Int 2023; 170:112963. [PMID: 37316050 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study attempted for the first time to explore the effects of the daily oral intake of a phenolics-rich extract from chestnut shells (CS) on the metabolomic profiling of rat tissues by liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS) targeted to polyphenolics and their metabolites and screen potential oxidative stress biomarkers, validating its use as a promising nutraceutical ingredient with outstanding antioxidant properties for the prevention and co-therapy of lifestyle-related diseases triggered by oxidative stress. The results demonstrated new insights into the metabolomic fingerprinting of polyphenols from CS, confirming their absorption and biotransformation by phase I (hydrogenation) and II (glucuronidation, methylation, and sulfation) enzymes. Phenolic acids were the main polyphenolic class, followed by hydrolyzable tannins, flavanols, and lignans. In contrast to the liver, sulfated conjugates were the principal metabolites reaching the kidneys. The multivariate data analysis predicted an exceptional contribution of polyphenols and their microbial and phase II metabolites to the in-vivo antioxidant response of the CS extract in rats, recommending its use as an appealing source of anti-aging molecules for nutraceuticals. This is the first study that explored the relation between metabolomic profiling of rat tissues and in-vivo antioxidant effects after oral treatment with a phenolics-rich CS extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pinto
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Anallely López-Yerena
- Polyphenol Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreia Almeida
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; CESPU - Institute for Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Rosa Lamuela-Raventós
- Polyphenol Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Vallverdú-Queralt
- Polyphenol Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisca Rodrigues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal.
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Sawane K, Nagatake T, Hosomi K, Kunisawa J. Anti-allergic property of dietary phytoestrogen secoisolariciresinol diglucoside through microbial and β-glucuronidase-mediated metabolism. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 112:109219. [PMID: 36375731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens play pivotal roles in controlling not only the endocrine system but also inflammatory metabolic disorders. However, the effects of dietary phytoestrogens on allergic diseases and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we revealed the unique metabolic conversion of phytoestrogen to exert anti-allergic properties, using an ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis mouse model. We found that dietary secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), a phytoestrogen abundantly present in flaxseed, alleviated allergic rhinitis by the microbial conversion to enterodiol (ED). We also found that ED circulated mainly in the glucuronide form (EDGlu) in blood, and deconjugation of EDGlu to ED aglycone occurred in the nasal passage; this activity was enhanced after the induction of allergic rhinitis, which was mediated by β-glucuronidase. We further found that IgE-mediated degranulation was inhibited by ED aglycone, but not by EDGlu, in a G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30)-dependent manner. These results provide new insights into the anti-allergic properties of phytoestrogens and their metabolism in vivo for the development of novel therapeutic strategies against allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Sawane
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagatake
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan; Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Collaborative Research Center for Health and Medicine, NIBIOHN
| | - Koji Hosomi
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Collaborative Research Center for Health and Medicine, NIBIOHN
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Collaborative Research Center for Health and Medicine, NIBIOHN; Graduate School of Medicine, Graduate School of Science and Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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3
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Costa M, Costa V, Lopes M, Paiva-Martins F. A biochemical perspective on the fate of virgin olive oil phenolic compounds in vivo. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1403-1428. [PMID: 36094444 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2116558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of the phenolic compounds found in virgin olive oil (VOO) is very complex due, not only to the different classes of polyphenols that can be found in it, but, above all, due to the existence of a very specific phenol class found only in oleaceae plants: the secoiridoids. Searching in the Scopus data base the keywords flavonoid, phenolic acid, lignin and secoiridoid, we can find a number of 148174, 79435, 11326 and 1392 research articles respectively, showing how little is devote to the latter class of compounds. Moreover, in contrast with other classes, that include only phenolic compounds, secoiridoids may include phenolic and non-phenolic compounds, being the articles concerning phenolic secoiridoids much less than the half of the abovementioned articles. Therefore, it is important to clarify the structures of these compounds and their chemistry, as this knowledge will help understand their bioactivity and metabolism studies, usually performed by researchers with a more health science's related background. In this review, all the structures found in many research articles concerning VOO phenolic compounds chemistry and metabolism was gathered, with a special attention devoted to the secoiridoids, the main phenolic compound class found in olives, VOO and olive leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Costa
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vânia Costa
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Lopes
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Paiva-Martins
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Bermudez Sanchez S, Pilla R, Sarawichitr B, Gramenzi A, Marsilio F, Steiner JM, Lidbury JA, Woods GRT, Suchodolski JS, German AJ. Untargeted fecal metabolome analysis in obese dogs after weight loss achieved by feeding a high-fiber-high-protein diet. Metabolomics 2021; 17:66. [PMID: 34228201 PMCID: PMC8260550 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-021-01815-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In humans and companion animals, obesity is accompanied by metabolic derangements. Studies have revealed differences in the composition of the fecal microbiome between obese dogs and those with an ideal body weight. OBJECTIVES We have previously reported that the fecal microbiome in obese dogs changes after controlled weight reduction, induced by feeding a diet high in fiber and protein. Despite these findings, it is unclear if taxonomic differences infer differences at the functional level between obese dogs and those with an ideal body weight. METHODOLOGY Untargeted fecal metabolome analysis was performed on dogs with obesity before and after weight loss achieved by feeding a high-fiber-high-protein diet. RESULTS Fecal metabolome analysis revealed a total of 13 compounds that changed in concentration in obese dogs after weight loss. Of these compounds, metabolites associated with bacterial metabolism decreased after weight loss including purine, L-(-)-methionine, coumestrol, and the alkaloids 1-methylxanthine and trigonelline. Conversely, the polyphenols (-)-epicatechin and matairesinol and the quinoline derivatives 1,5-isoquinolinediol and 2-hydroxiquinoline increased after weight loss. CONCLUSION These results suggest differences in intestinal microbiome at the functional level after weight loss, but further studies are needed to determine the role of these compounds in the etiology of obesity and weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Bermudez Sanchez
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
- Veterinary Medicine Sciences, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin Sarawichitr
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Veterinary Medicine Sciences, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Georgiana R T Woods
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, UK
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Alexander J German
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, UK
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Yang X, Guo Y, Tse TJ, Purdy SK, Mustafa R, Shen J, Alcorn J, Reaney MJT. Oral Pharmacokinetics of Enriched Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside and Its Polymer in Rats. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:1816-1822. [PMID: 34043363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is the principal lignan of flaxseed and precursor of its aglycone, secoisolariciresinol (SECO), and the mammalian lignans enterolactone (EL) and enterodiol (ED), the putative bioactive forms of oral administration of SDG. SDG is present in the seed hull as an ester-linked polymer. Although extraction and purification of SDG monomer is costly, the use of naturally occurring SDG in polymer form may offer a more economical approach for delivery of this precursor. The extent of SDG release from the polymer and subsequent bioavailability of SDG metabolites are unknown. To understand the relative bioavailability of SDG polymer, this study examined the comparative bioavailability of enriched SDG and SDG polymer in rats after a single oral SDG equivalent dose (40 mg/kg). A validated LC-MS/MS method quantified SDG and its metabolites in rat plasma following serial blood collections. SDG remained undetectable in rat plasma samples. Unconjugated SECO was detected in plasma after 0.25 h. Unconjugated ED was observed after 8 h (3.4 ± 3.3 ng/mL) and 12 h (6.2 ± 3.3 ng/mL) for enriched SDG and SDG polymer, respectively. Total (conjugated and unconjugated) ED and EL resulting from enriched SDG and SDG polymer reached similar maximal concentrations between 11 and 12 h and demonstrated similar total body exposures (AUC values). These data suggest a similar pharmacokinetic profile between the enriched and polymer form of SDG, providing support for the use of SDG polymer as a more economical precursor for SECO, ED, and EL in applications of chronic disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Yajia Guo
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Timothy J Tse
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Sarah K Purdy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Rana Mustafa
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Jianheng Shen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Jane Alcorn
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Martin J T Reaney
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
- Prairie Tide Diversified Inc., 102 Melville Street, Saskatoon, SK S7J 0R1, Canada
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
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Kirsch V, Bakuradze T, Richling E. Toxicological testing of syringaresinol and enterolignans. Curr Res Toxicol 2020; 1:104-110. [PMID: 34345839 PMCID: PMC8320611 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignans are secondary plant constituents with dibenzylbutane skeletons found in cereals, oilseeds, and nuts. Two members of this class, syringaresinol (Syr) and secoisolariciresinol (Seco), occur at relatively high levels in cereals and processed food products as well as in coniferous trees. In vitro studies have shown that Seco and its metabolites enterodiol (END) and enterolactone (ENL), which are formed by intestinal microbes, exhibit strong antioxidant activity because of their phenolic character. The biological activity and discussion of dietary supplementation with these substances led to questions about the potential adverse health effects of these compounds, which are explored here. Syr and the metabolites END and ENL were investigated by combining structural information generated in silico with practical testing in vitro. An in silico structure-activity analysis was performed using ToxTree and NexusPrediction to suggest plausible mechanisms of toxicity and estimate toxicological endpoints of these compounds. Structural alerts were generated based on the presence of phenolic units with coordinating substituents that could potentially form quinoid structures, promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, bind to cellular structures, or damage chromosomes. To assess the in silico results, the cytotoxicity and genotoxic potential of the studied compounds were tested in vitro using the resazurin reduction and comet assays, respectively. Incubating HepG2 and HT29 cells for 1 h or 24 h with 0–100 μM Syr, END, or ENL induced no cytotoxic effects. Additionally, even the highest tested concentrations of END and ENL showed no modulation of background and total DNA damage. The initial in silico screen thus generated structural alerts linked to toxicological endpoints, but experimental assessments of the studied compounds revealed no detectable toxicity, demonstrating the need for individual mechanistic experimental verification of in silico predictions. This approach makes it possible to connect known biological activity, such as reported antioxidative effects, to underlying mechanisms such as proton abstraction or donation. This in turn can yield insights – for example, that a compound's tendency to act as a pro- or anti-oxidant (and hence to exert adverse or beneficial health effects) may depend on its concentration and the cellular state. Potential of toxicologic mechanisms: cellular stress and chromosomal damage were identified in silico for syringaresinol, enterdiol and enterlactone. However, in confirmatory in vitro assays (cytotoxicity, DNA damage and DNA strand breaks) in HepG2 and HT29 cells no such toxicities were induced by physiological and higher concentrations of syringaresinol and enterolignans. This study serves as a cautionary tale of using in silico prediction of toxicity mechanisms. Experimental verification of in silico predictions is needed as these methodologies are still under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kirsch
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Str. 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Tamara Bakuradze
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Str. 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Elke Richling
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Str. 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Rocchetti G, Giuberti G, Lucchini F, Lucini L. Polyphenols and Sesquiterpene Lactones from Artichoke Heads: Modulation of Starch Digestion, Gut Bioaccessibility, and Bioavailability following In Vitro Digestion and Large Intestine Fermentation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E306. [PMID: 32290151 PMCID: PMC7222196 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Artichoke is a relevant source of health-promoting compounds such as polyphenols and sesquiterpene lactones. In this study, the bioaccessibility and gut bioavailability of artichoke constituents were evaluated by combining in vitro digestion and large intestine fermentation, metabolomics, and Caco-2 human intestinal cells model. Moreover, the ability of artichoke polyphenols to modulate the in vitro starch digestibility was also explored. An untargeted metabolomic approach based on liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight (UHPLC/QTOF) mass spectrometry coupled with multivariate statistics was used to comprehensively screen the phytochemical composition of raw, digested, and fermented artichoke. Overall, a large abundance of phenolic acids and sesquiterpene lactones was detected, being 13.77 and 11.99 mg·g-1, respectively. After 20 h of in vitro large intestine fermentation, a decrease in polyphenols and sesquiterpene lactones content was observed. The most abundant compounds characterizing the raw material (i.e., chlorogenic acid and cynaropicrin equivalents) showed an average % bioaccessibility of 1.6%. The highest % bioaccessibility values were recorded for flavonoids such as anthocyanin and flavone equivalents (on average, 13.6%). However, the relatively high bioavailability values recorded for flavonols, phenolic acids, and sesquiterpene lactones (from 71.6% up to 82.4%) demonstrated that these compounds are able to be transported through the Caco-2 monolayer. The phenolic compounds having the highest permeation rates through the Caco-2 model included low molecular weight phenolics such as tyrosol and 4-ethylcatechol; the isoflavonoids 3'-O-methylviolanone, equol 4'-O-glucuronide, and hydroxyisoflavone; together with the methyl and acetyl derivatives of glycosylated anthocyanins. Therefore, although human in vivo confirmatory trials are deemed possible, current findings provide insights into the mechanistic effects underlying artichoke polyphenols and sesquiterpenoids bioavailability following gastrointestinal and large intestine processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
- Research Centre for Nutrigenomics and Proteomics (PRONUTRIGEN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giuberti
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Franco Lucchini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
- Research Centre for Nutrigenomics and Proteomics (PRONUTRIGEN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
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Min J, Wang Z, Liang C, Li W, Shao J, Zhu K, Zhou L, Cheng J, Luo S, Yu L, Wu Y, Xie M, Hu X. Detection of Phytoestrogen Metabolites in Breastfed Infants' Urine and the Corresponding Breast Milk by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3485-3494. [PMID: 32093471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To date, there has been limited information on phytoestrogen (PE) exposure and metabolism in breastfed infants. In the present work, 50 sample pairs of Chinese breastfed infants' urine and the corresponding breast milk were collected. The contents of the relevant PE metabolites in the biosamples were detected via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The correlations between the PE metabolite contents in breastfed infants' urine and those in the corresponding breast milk were analyzed. The average concentrations of total PE metabolites in breast milk and urine were 0.27 and 0.23 nmol/mL, respectively. Genistein and enterolactone levels in the infant urine were positively correlated with their concentrations in the corresponding breast milk samples, which implies that urine excretion can be utilized as a noninvasive parameter for precise genistein and enterolactone intake assessment. Additionally, the efficiency of PE urine excretion showed significant differences across infants with different ages, genders, and durations of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Min
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Zitong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Queen Mary School, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Chenglin Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jie Shao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Kunrui Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Shihong Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Lehan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yudong Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Mingyong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiaojuan Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
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9
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Serum enterolactone concentrations are low in colon but not in rectal cancer patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11209. [PMID: 31371751 PMCID: PMC6671944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47622-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The dietary lignan metabolite, enterolactone, has been suggested to have anti-cancer functions, and high serum enterolactone concentrations have been associated with decreased risk of breast and prostate cancers. We hypothesized that serum enterolactone concentrations as a marker of plant-based foods are associated with decreased risk in colorectal cancer (CRC). We measured serum enterolactone glucuronide and sulfate concentrations by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in 115 CRC patients and 76 sex- and age-matched controls and analyzed the results with respect to tumor parameters, clinical parameters, and systemic inflammatory markers. Patients with colon cancer had significant lower serum enterolactone glucuronide and sulfate concentrations than controls (glucuronide: median 3.14 nM vs. 6.32 nM, P < 0.001; sulfate: median 0.13 nM vs. 0.17 nM, P = 0.002), whereas rectal cancer patients had similar enterolactone levels as controls (glucuronide: median 5.39 nM vs. 6.32 nM, P = 0.357; sulfate: median 0.19 nM vs. 0.17 nM, P = 0.452). High serum enterolactone concentrations were associated with low tumor grade, high serum creatinine levels, and concomitant diabetes. In summary, our results suggest that serum enterolactone concentrations are decreased in colon but not in rectal cancer. Further investigations are required to assess whether this reflects an altered lignan metabolism by the colon microbiome.
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Hunyadi A. The mechanism(s) of action of antioxidants: From scavenging reactive oxygen/nitrogen species to redox signaling and the generation of bioactive secondary metabolites. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:2505-2533. [PMID: 31074028 DOI: 10.1002/med.21592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule, dietary antioxidants exert a remarkably broad range of bioactivities, and many of these can be explained by the influence of antioxidants on the redox homeostasis. Such compounds help to modulate the levels of harmful reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, and therefore participate in the regulation of various redox signaling pathways. However, upon ingestion, antioxidants usually undergo extensive metabolism that can generate a wide range of bioactive metabolites. This makes it difficult, but otherwise a need, to identify the ones responsible for the different activities of antioxidants. By better understanding their ways of action, the use of antioxidants in therapy can be improved. This review provides a summary on the role of the in vivo metabolic changes and the oxidized metabolites on the mechanisms behind the bioactivity of antioxidants. A special attention is given to metabolites described as products of biomimetic oxidative chemical reactions, which can be considered as models of free radical scavenging. During such reactions a wide variety of metabolites are formed, and they can exert completely different specific bioactivities as compared to their parent antioxidants. This implies that exploring the free radical scavenging-related metabolite fingerprint of each antioxidant molecule, collectively defined here as the scavengome, will lead to a deeper understanding of the bioactivity of these compounds. Furthermore, this paper aims to be a working tool for systematic studies on oxidized metabolic fingerprints of antioxidants, which will certainly reveal an often-neglected segment of chemical space that is a treasury of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Hunyadi
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Eötvös str. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Natural Products, University of Szeged, Eötvös str. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
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De Silva SF, Alcorn J. Flaxseed Lignans as Important Dietary Polyphenols for Cancer Prevention and Treatment: Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Targets. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E68. [PMID: 31060335 PMCID: PMC6630319 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer causes considerable morbidity and mortality across the world. Socioeconomic, environmental, and lifestyle factors contribute to the increasing cancer prevalence, bespeaking a need for effective prevention and treatment strategies. Phytochemicals like plant polyphenols are generally considered to have anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory effects, which explain their promotion for human health. The past several decades have contributed to a growing evidence base in the literature that demonstrate ability of polyphenols to modulate multiple targets of carcinogenesis linking models of cancer characteristics (i.e., hallmarks and nutraceutical-based targeting of cancer) via direct or indirect interaction or modulation of cellular and molecular targets. This evidence is particularly relevant for the lignans, an ubiquitous, important class of dietary polyphenols present in high levels in food sources such as flaxseed. Literature evidence on lignans suggests potential benefit in cancer prevention and treatment. This review summarizes the relevant chemical and pharmacokinetic properties of dietary polyphenols and specifically focuses on the biological targets of flaxseed lignans. The consolidation of the considerable body of data on the diverse targets of the lignans will aid continued research into their potential for use in combination with other cancer chemotherapies, utilizing flaxseed lignan-enriched natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Franklyn De Silva
- Drug Discovery & Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 104 Clinic Place, Health Sciences Building, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (SK), S7N 2Z4, Canada.
| | - Jane Alcorn
- Drug Discovery & Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 104 Clinic Place, Health Sciences Building, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (SK), S7N 2Z4, Canada.
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12
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Berk K, Drygalski K, Harasim-Symbor E, Charytoniuk T, Iłowska N, Łukaszuk B, Chabowski A, Konstantynowicz-Nowicka K. The effect of enterolactone on liver lipid precursors of inflammation. Life Sci 2019; 221:341-347. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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Mali AV, Padhye SB, Anant S, Hegde MV, Kadam SS. Anticancer and antimetastatic potential of enterolactone: Clinical, preclinical and mechanistic perspectives. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 852:107-124. [PMID: 30771348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently cancer is the second leading cause of death globally and worldwide incidence and mortality rates of all cancers of males and females are rising tremendously. In spite of advances in chemotherapy and radiation, metastasis and recurrence are considered as the major causes of cancer related deaths. Hence there is a mounting need to develop new therapeutic modalities to treat metastasis and recurrence in cancers. A significant amount of substantiation from epidemiological, clinical and laboratory research highlights the importance of diet and nutrition in cancer chemoprevention. Enterolactone (EL) is a bioactive phenolic metabolite known as a mammalian lignan derived from dietary lignans. Here in we review the reported anti-cancer properties of EL at preclinical as well as clinical level. Several in-vivo and in-vitro studies have provided strong evidence that EL exhibits potent anti-cancer and/or protective properties against different cancers including breast, prostate, colo-rectal, lung, ovarian, endometrial, cervical cancers and hepatocellular carcinoma. Reported laboratory studies indicate a clear role for EL in preventing cancer progression at various stages including cancer cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, inflammation and metastasis. In clinical settings, EL has been reported to reduce risk, decrease mortality rate and improve overall survival particularly in breast, prostate, colon, gastric and lung cancer. Further, the in-vitro human cell culture studies provide strong evidence of the anticancer and antimetastatic mechanisms of EL in several cancers. This comprehensive review supports an idea of projecting EL as a promising candidate for developing anticancer drug or adjunct dietary supplements and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket V Mali
- Center for Innovation in Nutrition Health and Disease (CINHD), Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Dhankawadi, Pune, Maharashtra 411043, India; Pharmaceutical Sciences, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, Maharashtra 411038, India
| | - Subhash B Padhye
- Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Research Academy, Abeda Inamdar College, University of Pune, Pune 411001, India; Cancer Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Cancer Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Mahabaleshwar V Hegde
- Center for Innovation in Nutrition Health and Disease (CINHD), Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Dhankawadi, Pune, Maharashtra 411043, India.
| | - Shivajirao S Kadam
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, Maharashtra 411038, India
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Brito AF, Zang Y. A Review of Lignan Metabolism, Milk Enterolactone Concentration, and Antioxidant Status of Dairy Cows Fed Flaxseed. Molecules 2018; 24:E41. [PMID: 30583523 PMCID: PMC6337492 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignans are polyphenolic compounds with a wide spectrum of biological functions including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic activities, therefore, there is an increasing interest in promoting the inclusion of lignan-rich foods in humans' diets. Flaxseed is the richest source of the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside-a compound found in the outer fibrous-containing layers of flax. The rumen appears to be the major site for the conversion of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside to the enterolignans enterodiol and enterolactone, but only enterolactone has been detected in milk of dairy cows fed flaxseed products (whole seeds, hulls, meal). However, there is limited information regarding the ruminal microbiota species involved in the metabolism of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Likewise, little is known about how dietary manipulation such as varying the nonstructural carbohydrate profile of rations affects milk enterolactone in dairy cows. Our review covers the gastrointestinal tract metabolism of lignans in humans and animals and presents an in-depth assessment of research that have investigated the impacts of flaxseed products on milk enterolactone concentration and animal health. It also addresses the pharmacokinetics of enterolactone consumed through milk, which may have implications to ruminants and humans' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- André F Brito
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
| | - Yu Zang
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
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15
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Linoorbitides and enterolactone mitigate inflammation-induced oxidative stress and loss of intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 64:42-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Bolvig AK, Nørskov NP, van Vliet S, Foldager L, Curtasu MV, Hedemann MS, Sørensen JF, Lærke HN, Bach Knudsen KE. Rye Bran Modified with Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes Influences the Kinetics of Plant Lignans but Not of Enterolignans in Multicatheterized Pigs. J Nutr 2017; 147:2220-2227. [PMID: 28978677 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.258483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Whole-grain intake is associated with a lower risk of chronic Western-style diseases, possibly brought about by the high concentration of phytochemicals, among them plant lignans (PLs), in the grains.Objective: We studied whether treatment of rye bran with cell wall-degrading enzymes changed the solubility and kinetics of PLs in multicatheterized pigs.Methods: Ten female Duroc × Danish Landrace × Yorkshire pigs (60.3 ± 2.3 kg at surgery) fitted with permanent catheters were included in an incomplete crossover study. The pigs were fed 2 experimental diets for 1-7 d. The diets were rich in PLs and based on nontreated lignan-rich [LR; lignan concentration: 20.2 mg dry matter (DM)/kg] or enzymatically treated lignan-rich (ENZLR; lignan concentration: 27.8 mg DM/kg) rye bran. Plasma concentrations of PLs and enterolignans were quantified with the use of targeted LC-tandem mass spectrometry. Data were log transformed and analyzed with mixed-effects, 1-compartment, and asymptotic regression models.Results: The availability of PLs was 38% greater in ENZLR than in LR, and the soluble fraction of PLs was 49% in ENZLR compared with 35% in LR diets. PLs appeared in the circulation 30 min after intake of both the ENZLR and LR diets. Postprandially, consumption of ENZLR resulted in a 4-times-greater (P < 0.0001) plasma PL concentration compared with LR. The area under the curve (AUC) measured 0-360 min after ENZLR intake was ∼2 times higher than after LR intake. A 1-compartment model could describe the postprandial increase in plasma concentration after ENZLR intake, whereas an asymptotic regression model described the plasma concentrations after LR intake. Despite increased available and soluble PLs, ENZLR did not increase plasma enterolignans.Conclusion: The modification of rye bran with cell wall-degrading enzymes resulted in significantly greater plasma concentrations of PLs and the 4-h AUC, particularly syringaresinol, in multicatheterized pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Leslie Foldager
- Department of Animal Science and.,Bioinformatics Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and
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Ghedini C, Whitehouse N, Moura D, Oliveira A, Brito A. Short communication: The mammalian lignan enterolactone is absorbed by newborn dairy calves fed enterolactone-enriched milk. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8170-8175. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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18
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García-Mateos D, García-Villalba R, Marañón JA, Espín JC, Merino G, Álvarez AI. The Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP/ABCG2) influences the levels of enterolignans and their metabolites in plasma, milk and mammary gland. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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19
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Wang Y, DiSalvo M, Gunasekara DB, Dutton J, Proctor A, Lebhar MS, Williamson IA, Speer J, Howard RL, Smiddy NM, Bultman SJ, Sims CE, Magness ST, Allbritton NL. Self-renewing Monolayer of Primary Colonic or Rectal Epithelial Cells. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 4:165-182.e7. [PMID: 29204504 PMCID: PMC5710741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Three-dimensional organoid culture has fundamentally changed the in vitro study of intestinal biology enabling novel assays; however, its use is limited because of an inaccessible luminal compartment and challenges to data gathering in a three-dimensional hydrogel matrix. Long-lived, self-renewing 2-dimensional (2-D) tissue cultured from primary colon cells has not been accomplished. METHODS The surface matrix and chemical factors that sustain 2-D mouse colonic and human rectal epithelial cell monolayers with cell repertoires comparable to that in vivo were identified. RESULTS The monolayers formed organoids or colonoids when placed in standard Matrigel culture. As with the colonoids, the monolayers exhibited compartmentalization of proliferative and differentiated cells, with proliferative cells located near the peripheral edges of growing monolayers and differentiated cells predominated in the central regions. Screening of 77 dietary compounds and metabolites revealed altered proliferation or differentiation of the murine colonic epithelium. When exposed to a subset of the compound library, murine organoids exhibited similar responses to that of the monolayer but with differences that were likely attributable to the inaccessible organoid lumen. The response of the human primary epithelium to a compound subset was distinct from that of both the murine primary epithelium and human tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that a self-renewing 2-D murine and human monolayer derived from primary cells can serve as a physiologically relevant assay system for study of stem cell renewal and differentiation and for compound screening. The platform holds transformative potential for personalized and precision medicine and can be applied to emerging areas of disease modeling and microbiome studies.
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Key Words
- 2-D, two-dimensional
- 3-D, three-dimensional
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- CAG, cytomegalovirus enhancer plus chicken actin promoter
- CI, confidence interval
- Colonic Epithelial Cells
- Compound Screening
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EDU, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- ENR-W, cell medium with [Wnt-3A] of 30 ng/mL
- ENR-w, cell medium with [Wnt-3A] of 10 ng/mL
- HISC, human intestinal stem cell medium
- IACUC, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
- ISC, intestinal stem cell
- Monolayer
- Organoids
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PDMS, polydimethylsiloxane
- RFP, red fluorescent protein
- SEM, scanning electron microscope
- SSMD, strictly standardized mean difference
- UNC, University of North Carolina
- α-ChgA, anti-chromogranin A
- α-Muc2, anti-mucin2
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Matthew DiSalvo
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Dulan B. Gunasekara
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Johanna Dutton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Angela Proctor
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael S. Lebhar
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Ian A. Williamson
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer Speer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Riley L. Howard
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nicole M. Smiddy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott J. Bultman
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christopher E. Sims
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott T. Magness
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina,Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Nancy L. Allbritton, MD, PhD, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599. fax: (919) 962-2388.Department of ChemistryUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina 27599
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Zhu Y, Kawaguchi K, Kiyama R. Differential and directional estrogenic signaling pathways induced by enterolignans and their precursors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171390. [PMID: 28152041 PMCID: PMC5289560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian lignans or enterolignans are metabolites of plant lignans, an important category of phytochemicals. Although they are known to be associated with estrogenic activity, cell signaling pathways leading to specific cell functions, and especially the differences among lignans, have not been explored. We examined the estrogenic activity of enterolignans and their precursor plant lignans and cell signaling pathways for some cell functions, cell cycle and chemokine secretion. We used DNA microarray-based gene expression profiling in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells to examine the similarities, as well as the differences, among enterolignans, enterolactone and enterodiol, and their precursors, matairesinol, pinoresinol and sesamin. The profiles showed moderate to high levels of correlation (R values: 0.44 to 0.81) with that of estrogen (17β-estradiol or E2). Significant correlations were observed among lignans (R values: 0.77 to 0.97), and the correlations were higher for cell functions related to enzymes, signaling, proliferation and transport. All the enterolignans/precursors examined showed activation of the Erk1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathways, indicating the involvement of rapid signaling through the non-genomic estrogen signaling pathway. However, when their effects on specific cell functions, cell cycle progression and chemokine (MCP-1) secretion were examined, positive effects were observed only for enterolactone, suggesting that signals are given in certain directions at a position closer to cell functions. We hypothesized that, while estrogen signaling is initiated by the enterolignans/precursors examined, their signals are differentially and directionally modulated later in the pathways, resulting in the differences at the cell function level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhu
- Advanced Biomeasurements Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Scinet Company, 4-21-12 Takanawa, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kayoko Kawaguchi
- Advanced Biomeasurements Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryoiti Kiyama
- Advanced Biomeasurements Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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β-glucuronidase activity and enterolactone concentration in ruminal fluid, plasma, urine, and milk of Holstein cows fed increased levels of flax (Linum usitatissimum) meal. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Comparative pharmacokinetics of purified flaxseed and associated mammalian lignans in male Wistar rats. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:749-57. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514004371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of flaxseed lignans is associated with various health benefits; however, little is known about the bioavailability of purified lignans in flaxseed. Data on their bioavailability and hence pharmacokinetics (PK) are necessary to better understand their role in putative health benefits. In the present study, we conducted a comparative PK analysis of the principal lignan of flaxseed, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), and its primary metabolites, secoisolariciresinol (SECO), enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone (EL) in rats. Purified lignans were intravenously or orally administered to each male Wistar rat. SDG and its primary metabolites SECO, ED and EL were administered orally at doses of 40, 40, 10 and 10 mg/kg, respectively, and intravenously at doses of 20, 20, 5 and 1 mg/kg, respectively. Blood samples were collected at 0 (pre-dose), 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 45 min, and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h post-dosing, and serum samples were analysed. PK parameters and oral bioavailability of purified lignans were determined by non-compartmental methods. In general, administration of the flaxseed lignans SDG, SECO and ED demonstrated a high systemic clearance, a large volume of distribution and short half-lives, whereas administration of EL at the doses of 1 mg/kg (intravenously) and 10 mg/kg (orally administered) killed the rats within a few hours of dosing, precluding a PK analysis of this lignan. PK parameters of flaxseed lignans exhibited the following order: systemic clearance, SDG < SECO < ED; volume of distribution, SDG < SECO < ED; half-life, SDG < ED < SECO. The percentage of oral bioavailability was 0, 25 and < 1 % for SDG, SECO and ED, respectively.
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Mukker JK, Michel D, Muir AD, Krol ES, Alcorn J. Permeability and conjugative metabolism of flaxseed lignans by Caco-2 human intestinal cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:29-34. [PMID: 24417583 DOI: 10.1021/np4004905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Reports in the literature associate the dietary intake of flaxseed lignans with a number of health benefits. The major lignan found in flaxseed, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (1), undergoes metabolism principally to secoisolariciresinol (2), enterodiol (3), and enterolactone (4) in the human gastrointestinal tract. Systemically, lignans are present largely as phase II enzyme conjugates. To improve understanding of the oral absorption characteristics, a systematic evaluation of the intestinal permeation was conducted and the conjugative metabolism potential of these lignans using the polarized Caco-2 cell system was analyzed. For permeation studies, lignans (100 μM) were added to acceptor or donor compartments and samples were taken at 2 h. For metabolism studies, lignans (100 μM) were incubated in Caco-2 for a maximum of 48 h. Cell lysates and media were treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase, and lignan concentrations were determined using HPLC. Apical-to-basal permeability coefficients for 2-4 were 8.0 ± 0.4, 7.7 ± 0.2, and 13.7 ± 0.2 (×10(-6)) cm/s, respectively, whereas efflux ratios were 0.8-1.2, consistent with passive diffusion. The permeation of compound 1 was not detected. The extent of conjugation after 48 h was <3%, ∼95%, ∼90%, and >99% for 1-4, respectively. These data suggest 2-4, but not 1 undergo passive permeation and conjugative metabolism by Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Kaur Mukker
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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Controlled flax interventions for the improvement of menopausal symptoms and postmenopausal bone health. Menopause 2013; 20:1207-15. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3182896ae5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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During A, Debouche C, Raas T, Larondelle Y. Among plant lignans, pinoresinol has the strongest antiinflammatory properties in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. J Nutr 2012; 142:1798-805. [PMID: 22955517 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.162453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary lignans show some promising health benefits, but little is known about their fate and activities in the small intestine. The purpose of this study was thus to investigate whether plant lignans are taken up by intestinal cells and modulate the intestinal inflammatory response using the Caco-2 cell model. Six lignan standards [secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), secoisolariciresinol (SECO), pinoresinol (PINO), lariciresinol, matairesinol (MAT), and hydroxymatairesinol] and their colonic metabolites [enterolactone (ENL) and enterodiol] were studied. First, differentiated cells were exposed to SDG, SECO, PINO, or ENL at increasing concentrations for 4 h, and their cellular contents (before and after deconjugation) were determined by HPLC. Second, in IL-1β-stimulated confluent and/or differentiated cells, lignan effects were tested on different soluble proinflammatory mediators quantified by enzyme immunoassays and on the NF-κB activation pathway by using cells transiently transfected. SECO, PINO, and ENL, but not SDG, were taken up and partly conjugated by cells, which is a saturable conjugation process. PINO was the most efficiently conjugated (75% of total in cells). In inflamed cells, PINO significantly reduced IL-6 by 65% and 30% in confluent and differentiated cells, respectively, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-derived prostaglandin E(2) by 62% in confluent cells. In contrast, MAT increased significantly COX-2-derived prostaglandin E(2) in confluent cells. Moreover, PINO dose-dependently decreased IL-6 and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 secretions and NF-κB activity. Our findings suggest that plant lignans can be absorbed and metabolized in the small intestine and, among the plant lignans tested, PINO exhibited the strongest antiinflammatory properties by acting on the NF-κB signaling pathway, possibly in relation to its furofuran structure and/or its intestinal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandrine During
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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van de Wetering K, Sapthu S. ABCG2 functions as a general phytoestrogen sulfate transporter in vivo. FASEB J 2012; 26:4014-24. [PMID: 22707564 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-210039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
ABCG2 is an ATP-dependent efflux transporter that limits the systemic exposure of its substrates. The preferred substrates of ABCG2 in vivo are largely unknown. We aimed to identify the compounds transported by ABCG2 under physiological conditions. In vitro, ABCG2 transports several sulfate conjugates at high rates. We therefore used targeted metabolomics, specifically detecting compounds conjugated to sulfate, to search in plasma, urine, and bile samples of wild-type and Abcg2-/- mice for differentially present compounds, which are likely to represent in vivo ABCG2 substrates. Levels of many sulfate conjugates were up to 15-fold higher in plasma and urine of Abcg2-/- than of wild-type mice, with the opposite effect seen in bile. These differentially present compounds were identified as the sulfate conjugates of phytoestrogens, compounds with weak pro- or antiestrogenic properties. We confirmed that these sulfate conjugates were ABCG2 substrates using transportomics, a method that uses vesicular transport assays to screen for substrates of ABC transporters in body fluids. In conclusion, our results show that ABCG2 limits the systemic exposure to many different phytoestrogens, a class of compounds to which mammals are exposed on a daily basis via food of plant origin, by directing their sulfate conjugates for excretion via the feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen van de Wetering
- Division of Molecular Oncology (H5), Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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27
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Landete J. Plant and mammalian lignans: A review of source, intake, metabolism, intestinal bacteria and health. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Krumpochova P, Sapthu S, Brouwers JF, de Haas M, de Vos R, Borst P, van de Wetering K. Transportomics: screening for substrates of ABC transporters in body fluids using vesicular transport assays. FASEB J 2011; 26:738-47. [PMID: 22034653 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-195743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) genes encode the largest family of transmembrane proteins. ABC transporters translocate a wide variety of substrates across membranes, but their physiological function is often incompletely understood. We describe a new method to study the substrate spectrum of ABC transporters: We incubate extracts of mouse urine with membrane vesicles prepared from Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 insect cells overproducing an ABC transporter and determine the compounds transported into the vesicles by LC/MS-based metabolomics. We illustrate the power of this simple "transportomics" approach using ABCC2, a protein present at sites of uptake and elimination. We identified many new substrates of ABCC2 in urine. These included glucuronides of plant-derived xenobiotics, a class of compounds to which humans are exposed on a daily basis. Moreover, we show that the excretion of these compounds in vivo depends on ABCC2: compared to wild-type mice, the urinary excretion of several glucuronides was increased up to 20-fold in Abcc2(-/-) mice. Transportomics has broad applicability, as it is not restricted to urine and can be applied to other ATP-dependent transport proteins as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Krumpochova
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Peterson J, Dwyer J, Adlercreutz H, Scalbert A, Jacques P, McCullough ML. Dietary lignans: physiology and potential for cardiovascular disease risk reduction. Nutr Rev 2010; 68:571-603. [PMID: 20883417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review of the literature on lignan physiology and lignan intervention and epidemiological studies was conducted to determine if lignans decrease the risks of cardiovascular disease in Western populations. Five intervention studies using flaxseed lignan supplements indicated beneficial associations with C-reactive protein, and a meta-analysis that included these studies also suggested lignans have a lowering effect on plasma total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Three intervention studies using sesamin supplements indicated possible lipid- and blood pressure-lowering associations. Eleven human observational epidemiological studies examined dietary intakes of lignans in relation to cardiovascular disease risk. Five showed decreased risk with either increasing dietary intakes of lignans or increased levels of serum enterolactone (an enterolignan used as a biomarker of lignan intake), five studies were of borderline significance, and one was null. The associations between lignans and decreased risk of cardiovascular disease are promising, but they are yet not well established, perhaps due to low lignan intakes in habitual Western diets. At the higher doses used in intervention studies, associations were more evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Peterson
- Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachussets, USA
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Corsini E, Dell'Agli M, Facchi A, De Fabiani E, Lucchi L, Boraso MS, Marinovich M, Galli CL. Enterodiol and enterolactone modulate the immune response by acting on nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:6678-6684. [PMID: 20446732 DOI: 10.1021/jf100471n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Lignan-rich whole-grain cereals, beans, berries, and nuts show protective effects against a variety of chronic diseases, including cancer. Lignans are converted by intestinal microflora to enterolactone (EL) and its oxidation product enterodiol (ED). To investigate the immunomodulatory effect of EL and ED in human cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes were treated with increasing physiologically relevant concentrations of EL and ED (0-1000 microM) and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies. A dose-related inhibition of cell proliferation and cytokine production was observed, with EL being the most active. Molecular investigations in THP-1 cells showed that both EL and ED prevented inhibitory-kappaB (I-kappaB) degradation and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation, which in turn resulted in decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production. EL and ED were also able to pass the intestinal barrier and modulate cytokine production. The findings of the present study reveal potential mechanisms that could explain some in vivo beneficial effects of lignans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Cui HS, Sok DE, Min BS, Kim MR. Protective action of 9-hydroxypinoresinol against oxidative damage in brain of mice challenged with kainic acid. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:521-8. [PMID: 17430635 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.4.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The neuroprotective effect of 9-hydroxypinoresinol was examined in mice challenged with kainic acid (KA), a potent central nervous system excitotoxin. For this purpose, mice were administered intraperitoneally with 9-hydroxypinoresinol before KA injection. A remarkable neuroprotective effect was observed with a single dose of 9-hydroxypinoresinol (30 mg kg−1) 24 h before KA challenge. Furthermore, 9-hydroxypinoresinol (20 mg kg−1) administered for 3 days before KA challenge reduced the mortality (60%) induced by KA to zero, and alleviated behavioural signs of KA neurotoxicity. Additionally, pretreatment with 9-hydroxypinoresinol (20 mg kg−1) prevented the decrease in the levels of total glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (P <0.05). GSH peroxidase activity in brain tissue was restored to control levels, although GSH reductase activity and GSH S-transferase activity were not affected. Such a protective action was also observed even with a lower dose (10 mg kg−1) of 9-hydroxypinoresinol administered for 3 days, albeit to a lesser extent. From the results, it is proposed that 9-hydroxypinoresinol exerts a potent neuroprotective effect mainly by preventing oxidative stress in brain tissue of mice challenged with KA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Song Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Gung-dong 220, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
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van de Wetering K, Feddema W, Helms JB, Brouwers JF, Borst P. Targeted metabolomics identifies glucuronides of dietary phytoestrogens as a major class of MRP3 substrates in vivo. Gastroenterology 2009; 137:1725-35. [PMID: 19577570 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The physiologic function of the efflux transporter Multidrug Resistance Protein 3 (MRP3) remains poorly defined. In vitro, MRP3 transports several glucuronidated compounds, but the compounds transported under physiologic conditions are unknown. Knowledge of the compounds transported by MRP3 in vivo would greatly contribute to the elucidation of the physiologic function of this transport protein. METHODS We used targeted metabolomics to identify substrates of MRP3 in vivo. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was used to specifically screen in plasma and urine of mice for compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety. RESULTS We found that several highly abundant compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety have a much lower abundance in plasma and urine of Mrp3((-/-)) than of wild-type mice. We identified these as phytoestrogen-glucuronides, and we show that MRP3 transports these compounds at high rates and with high affinity in vitro. CONCLUSIONS We have identified the efflux transporter MRP3 as a major factor in the disposition of phytoestrogens, a class of compounds to which mammals are exposed via food of plant origin. Our targeted metabolomics approach is not restricted to MRP3 but applicable to many other transport proteins for which knockout mouse models are available. Similar screens could be developed for sulpho- and glutathione-conjugates, further increasing the potential of identifying new physiologic transporter substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen van de Wetering
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ruminal metabolism of flaxseed ( Linum usitatissimum) lignans to the mammalian lignan enterolactone and its concentration in ruminal fluid, plasma, urine and milk of dairy cows. Br J Nutr 2009; 102:1015-23. [PMID: 19393113 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509344104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside is the main flax (Linum usitatissimum) lignan that is converted to the mammalian lignans enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone (EL) by gastrointestinal microbiota. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the role of ruminal microbiota and the effects of flax oil on in vivo metabolism of flax lignans and concentration of EL in biological fluids. Four rumen-cannulated dairy cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. There were four periods of 21 d each and four treatments utilising flax hulls (1800 g/d) and oil (400 g/d) supplements. The treatments were: (1) oil and hulls administered in the rumen and abomasal infusion of water; (2) oil and hulls administered in the abomasum; (3) oil infused in the abomasum and hulls placed in the rumen; (4) oil placed in the rumen and hulls administered in the abomasum. Samples were collected during the last week of each period and subjected to chemical analysis. The site of supplementation of oil and hulls had no effect on ruminal EL concentration. Supplementing flax oil in the rumen and the abomasum led to similar EL concentrations in urine, plasma and milk. Concentrations of EL were higher in the urine, plasma and milk of cows supplemented with hulls in the rumen than in those placed with hulls in the abomasum. The present study demonstrated that ruminal microbiota play an important role in the metabolism of flax lignans.
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Antignac JP, Gaudin-Hirret I, Naegeli H, Cariou R, Elliott C, Le Bizec B. Multi-functional sample preparation procedure for measuring phytoestrogens in milk, cereals, and baby-food by liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with subsequent determination of their estrogenic activity using transcriptomic assay. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 637:55-63. [PMID: 19286012 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A method dedicated to the determination of a multiple range of phytoestrogens as endocrine disruptor compounds in infant food products was developed, with as double objective the specific measurement of 13 parameters and the evaluation of the estrogenic potency associated to this quantitative profile. A combined enzymatic and acidic chemical hydrolysis followed by a double purification on two successive C(18) and SiOH Solid Phase Extraction cartridges permitted to efficiently purify milk, cereals and baby-food samples while eliminating naturally occurring estrogen hormones. A specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric measurement authorised unambiguous identification and quantification of the target compounds. The proposed methodology was fully validated and applied to a set of around 30 real samples, demonstrating the presence of phytoestrogens at levels globally ranging from several microgkg(-1) (ppb) to several tens mgkg(-1) (ppm). The prepared sample extracts were proven to be suitable and compatible with the evaluation of their induced biological transcriptional activity on MCF-7 cell lines. Because permitting to cope with difficult issues such as low-dose and mixture effects, this proposed methodology may appear of particular interest for further exposure assessment studies and hazard characterisation investigations related to this class of endocrine disruptor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Antignac
- Laboratoire d'étude des résidus et contaminants dans les aliments (LABERCA), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes (ENVN), USC INRA 2013, BP 50707, 44307, Nantes, France
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Leppälä E, Pohjoispää M, Koskimies J, Wähälä K. Synthesis of new deuterium-labelled lignanolactones. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Fuchs D, Piller R, Linseisen J, Daniel H, Wenzel U. The human peripheral blood mononuclear cell proteome responds to a dietary flaxseed-intervention and proteins identified suggest a protective effect in atherosclerosis. Proteomics 2007; 7:3278-88. [PMID: 17708591 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Flaxseed is one of the richest sources of lignans that are converted to enterolactone by the intestinal microflora. Enterolactone has been suggested to be the prime active compound mediating atherosclerosis-protective effects that were shown for flaxseed. The effects of a 1-wk intervention with 0.4 g of flaxseed/kg body weight per day on enterolactone plasma levels in seven healthy men revealed that all participants (PAs) responded with enhanced enterolactone plasma levels. Proteome analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from donors before, during, and after the intervention showed that flaxseed consumption affected significantly the steady-state levels of 16 proteins of which four were altered in a similar manner when blood mononuclear cells were exposed ex vivo to enterolactone. Enhanced levels of peroxiredoxin and reduced levels of the long-chain fatty acid beta-oxidation multienzyme complex may be taken as indicators of a reduced oxidative stress whereas reduced levels of glycoprotein IIIa/II could indicate improved protection from thrombotic and inflammatory processes. In conclusion, the blood mononuclear cell proteome responds to dietary flaxseed intake with changes in a number of atherosclerosis-relevant proteins that may be taken as biomarkers of exposure and some of these changes observed can be attributed to the action of the lignan metabolite enterolactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Fuchs
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Molecular Nutrition Unit, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Hu C, Yuan YV, Kitts DD. Antioxidant activities of the flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, its aglycone secoisolariciresinol and the mammalian lignans enterodiol and enterolactone in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:2219-27. [PMID: 17624649 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and mammalian lignans enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone (EL) were previously shown to be effective antioxidants against DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. Others reported inhibition of activated cell chemiluminescence by supra-physiological concentrations of secoisolariciresinol (SECO), ED and EL. Thus, we evaluated the antioxidant efficacy of potential physiological concentrations of SDG, SECO, ED and EL against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH()), and 2,2'-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-initiated peroxyl radical plasmid DNA damage and phosphatidylcholine liposome lipid peroxidation. SDG and SECO were effective (p<0.01) antioxidants against DPPH() at 25-200muM; whereas, ED and EL were inactive. Efficacy of lignans and controls against AAPH peroxyl radical-induced DNA damage was: SDG>SECO=17alpha-estradiol>ED=EL>genistein>daidzein. Lignan efficacy against AAPH-induced liposome lipid peroxidation was: SDG>SECO=ED=EL. Plant lignan antioxidant activity was attributed to the 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyl substituents of SDG and SECO, versus the meta mono-phenol structures of ED and EL. Benzylic hydrogen abstraction and potential resonance stabilization of phenoxyl radicals in an aqueous environment likely contributed to the antioxidant activity of the mammalian lignans. These represent likely extra- and intracellular antioxidant activities of flax-derived lignans at concentrations potentially achievable in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Hu
- Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
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39
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Alternaria toxins: DNA strand-breaking activity in mammalian cellsin vitro. Mycotoxin Res 2007; 23:152-7. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02951512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Moazzami AA, Andersson RE, Kamal-Eldin A. Quantitative NMR analysis of a sesamin catechol metabolite in human urine. J Nutr 2007; 137:940-4. [PMID: 17374658 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.4.940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sesamin, the major sesame oil lignan, is recognized for its health-promoting effects, including the lowering of cholesterol and elevation of gamma-tocopherol in rats and humans. However, little is known about the absorption and metabolism of sesamin in humans. In this study, 6 healthy volunteers took a single dose of sesame oil (508 micromol sesamin) and their urine was collected for four 12-h periods. The urine samples were treated with beta-glucuronidase/sulphatase and extracted with chloroform. The major urinary sesamin metabolite in the chloroform extract was collected using HPLC diode array detector and characterized as (1R,2S,5R,6S)-6-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo-[3,3,0]octane using NMR and mass spectroscopy. A quantitative (1)H-NMR technique, based on the methylenedioxyphenyl protons signal (delta 5.91), was used for the quantification of the metabolite in the chloroform extracts of urine. The excretion of the sesamin catechol metabolite ranged from 22.2 to 38.6% (mean +/- SD, 29.3 +/- 5.6) of the ingested dose and happened mainly in the 1st 12 h after ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Moazzami
- Department of Food Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abstract
Dietary lignans are phyto-oestrogens that possibly influence human health. The present review deals with lignan bioavailability, the study of which is crucial to determine to what extent metabolism, absorption and excretion of lignans alter their biological properties. Since intestinal bacteria play a major role in lignan conversion, for instance by producing the enterolignans enterodiol and enterolactone, emphasis is put on data obtained in recent bacteriological studies.
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Cui HS, Kim MR, Sok DE. Protection by petaslignolide A, a major neuroprotective compound in the butanol extract of Petasites japonicus leaves, against oxidative damage in the brains of mice challenged with kainic acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:8526-32. [PMID: 16248548 DOI: 10.1021/jf051595q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The neuroprotective effect of petaslignolide A (PA), a furfuran lignan isolated from butanol fraction of Petasites japonicus (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim. (Compositae) leaves, on the oxidative damage in the brain of mice challenged with kainic acid was examined using behavioral signs and biochemical parameters of oxidative stress. PA (40 mg/kg) was administered to ICR male mice through a gavage for 4 days consecutively, and on the final day, kainic acid (50 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally. During the 4-day treatment with PA, the body weight gain was not significantly different from that of vehicle-treated control animals. PA (40 mg/kg) alleviated the behavioral signs of kainic acid neurotoxicity and reduced the mortality (50%) by kainic acid to 12.5%. Moreover, the administration of PA restored the levels of glutathione and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances as well as GSH-peroxidase activity in the brains of mice administered kainic acid to control levels (P < 0.05). In comparison, PA (40 mg/kg) was approximately comparable to the butanol fraction (200 mg/kg) of P. japonicus extract in reducing kainic acid neurotoxicity. On the basis of these results, PA is suggested to be a major neuroprotective agent primarily responsible for the protective action of the butanol fraction of P. japonicus extract against kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity in the brains of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Song Cui
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Gung-Dong 220, Yuseong-Gu, Taejon 305-764, Korea
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Kuijsten A, Buijsman MNCP, Arts ICW, Mulder PPJ, Hollman PCH. A validated method for the quantification of enterodiol and enterolactone in plasma using isotope dilution liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 822:178-84. [PMID: 15996537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 05/27/2005] [Accepted: 06/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enterolactone and enterodiol are phytoestrogens with structural similarity to endogenous estrogens. Because of their biological activities, they may affect the development of several diseases. To quantify enterodiol and enterolactone in plasma, we developed and validated a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method with electrospray ionization using 13C3 labeled isotopes. The method consists of a simple enzymatic hydrolysis and ether extraction followed by a rapid LC separation (run-time of 11 min). Detection limits as low as 0.15 nM for enterodiol and 0.55 nM for enterolactone were achieved. The within-run R.S.D. ranges from 3 to 6% and the between-run R.S.D. ranges from 10 to 14% for both enterolignans. This method allows simple, rapid, and sensitive quantification, and is suitable for measuring large numbers of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Kuijsten
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, PO Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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44
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Kuijsten A, Arts ICW, Vree TB, Hollman PCH. Pharmacokinetics of enterolignans in healthy men and women consuming a single dose of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. J Nutr 2005; 135:795-801. [PMID: 15795437 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.4.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High concentrations of enterolignans in plasma are associated with a lower risk of acute coronary events. However, little is known about the absorption and excretion of enterolignans. The pharmacokinetic parameters and urinary excretion of enterodiol and enterolactone were evaluated after consumption of their purified plant precursor, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG). Twelve healthy volunteers ingested a single dose of purified SDG (1.31 micromol/kg body wt). Enterolignans appeared in plasma 8-10 h after ingestion of the purified SDG. Enterodiol reached its maximum plasma concentration 14.8 +/- 5.1 h (mean +/- SD) after ingestion of SDG, whereas enterolactone reached its maximum 19.7 +/- 6.2 h after ingestion. The mean elimination half-life of enterodiol (4.4 +/- 1.3 h) was shorter than that of enterolactone (12.6 +/- 5.6 h). The mean area under the curve of enterolactone (1762 +/- 1117 nmol/L . h) was twice as large as that of enterodiol (966 +/- 639 nmol/L . h). The mean residence time for enterodiol was 20.6 +/- 5.9 h and that for enterolactone was 35.8 +/- 10.6 h. Within 3 d, up to 40% of the ingested SDG was excreted as enterolignans via urine, with the majority (58%) as enterolactone. In conclusion, a substantial part of enterolignans becomes available in the blood circulation and is subsequently excreted. The measured mean residence times and elimination half-lives indicate that enterolignans accumulate in plasma when consumed 2-3 times a day and reach steady state. Therefore, plasma enterolignan concentrations are expected to be good biomarkers of dietary lignan exposure and can be used to evaluate the effects of lignans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Kuijsten
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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