1
|
Bonnema G, Lee JG, Shuhang W, Lagarrigue D, Bucher J, Wehrens R, de Vos R, Beekwilder J. Glucosinolate variability between turnip organs during development. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217862. [PMID: 31170222 PMCID: PMC6553741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Turnip (Brassica rapa spp. rapa) is an important vegetable species, with a unique physiology. Several plant parts, including both the turnip tubers and leaves, are important for human consumption. During the development of turnip plants, the leaves function as metabolic source tissues, while the tuber first functions as a sink, while later the tuber turns into a source for development of flowers and seeds. In the present study, chemical changes were determined for two genotypes with different genetic background, and included seedling, young leaves, mature leaves, tuber surface, tuber core, stalk, flower and seed tissues, at seven different time points during plant development. As a basis for understanding changes in glucosinolates during plant development, the profile of glucosinolates was analysed using liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). This analysis was complemented by a gene expression analysis, focussed on GLS biosynthesis, which could explain part of the observed variation, pointing to important roles of specific gene orthologues for defining the chemical differences. Substantial differences in glucosinolate profiles were observed between above-ground tissues and turnip tuber, reflecting the differences in physiological role. In addition, differences between the two genotypes and between tissues that were harvested early or late during the plant lifecycle. The importance of the observed differences in glucosinolate profile for the ecophysiology of the turnip and for breeding turnips with optimal chemical profiles is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guusje Bonnema
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jun Gu Lee
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Wang Shuhang
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David Lagarrigue
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Bucher
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Wehrens
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ric de Vos
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
de Wit NJW, Hulst M, Govers C, van der Meulen J, van Hoef A, Stoopen G, Hamers A, Hoekman A, de Vos R, Bovee TFH, Smits M, Mes JJ, Hendriksen PJM. Effects of Digested Onion Extracts on Intestinal Gene Expression: An Interspecies Comparison Using Different Intestine Models. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160719. [PMID: 27631494 PMCID: PMC5025074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human intestinal tissue samples are barely accessible to study potential health benefits of nutritional compounds. Numbers of animals used in animal trials, however, need to be minimalized. Therefore, we explored the applicability of in vitro (human Caco-2 cells) and ex vivo intestine models (rat precision cut intestine slices and the pig in-situ small intestinal segment perfusion (SISP) technique) to study the effect of food compounds. In vitro digested yellow (YOd) and white onion extracts (WOd) were used as model food compounds and transcriptomics was applied to obtain more insight into which extent mode of actions depend on the model. The three intestine models shared 9,140 genes which were used to compare the responses to digested onions between the models. Unsupervised clustering analysis showed that genes up- or down-regulated by WOd in human Caco-2 cells and rat intestine slices were similarly regulated by YOd, indicating comparable modes of action for the two onion species. Highly variable responses to onion were found in the pig SISP model. By focussing only on genes with significant differential expression, in combination with a fold change > 1.5, 15 genes showed similar onion-induced expression in human Caco-2 cells and rat intestine slices and 2 overlapping genes were found between the human Caco-2 and pig SISP model. Pathway analyses revealed that mainly processes related to oxidative stress, and especially the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, were affected by onions in all three models. Our data fit with previous in vivo studies showing that the beneficial effects of onions are mostly linked to their antioxidant properties. Taken together, our data indicate that each of the in vitro and ex vivo intestine models used in this study, taking into account their limitations, can be used to determine modes of action of nutritional compounds and can thereby reduce the number of animals used in conventional nutritional intervention studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J. W. de Wit
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Hulst
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Coen Govers
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van der Meulen
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Angeline van Hoef
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Stoopen
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Hamers
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Hoekman
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ric de Vos
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Toine F. H. Bovee
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mari Smits
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan J. Mes
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. M. Hendriksen
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ballester AR, Tikunov Y, Molthoff J, Grandillo S, Viquez-Zamora M, de Vos R, de Maagd RA, van Heusden S, Bovy AG. Identification of Loci Affecting Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites in Tomato Fruit of a Solanum lycopersicum × Solanum chmielewskii Introgression Line Population. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1428. [PMID: 27733856 PMCID: PMC5040107 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Semi-polar metabolites such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids are very important health-related compounds in tomato. As a first step to identify genes responsible for the synthesis of semi-polar metabolites, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that influence the semi-polar metabolite content in red-ripe tomato fruit were identified, by characterizing fruits of a population of introgression lines (ILs) derived from a cross between the cultivated tomato Solanum lycopersicum and the wild species Solanum chmielewskii. By analyzing fruits of plants grown at two different locations, we were able to identify robust metabolite QTLs for changes in phenylpropanoid glycoconjugation on chromosome 9, for accumulation of flavonol glycosides on chromosome 5, and for alkaloids on chromosome 7. To further characterize the QTLs we used a combination of genome sequencing, transcriptomics and targeted metabolomics to identify candidate key genes underlying the observed metabolic variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yury Tikunov
- Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jos Molthoff
- Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Silvana Grandillo
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of ItalyPortici, Italy
| | | | - Ric de Vos
- Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ruud A. de Maagd
- Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Arnaud G. Bovy
- Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems GenomicsWageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Arnaud G. Bovy,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu Q, Manzano D, Tanić N, Pesic M, Bankovic J, Pateraki I, Ricard L, Ferrer A, de Vos R, van de Krol S, Bouwmeester H. Elucidation and in planta reconstitution of the parthenolide biosynthetic pathway. Metab Eng 2014; 23:145-53. [PMID: 24704560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Parthenolide, the main bioactive compound of the medicinal plant feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium), is a promising anti-cancer drug. However, the biosynthetic pathway of parthenolide has not been elucidated yet. Here we report on the isolation and characterization of all the genes from feverfew that are required for the biosynthesis of parthenolide, using a combination of 454 sequencing of a feverfew glandular trichome cDNA library, co-expression analysis and metabolomics. When parthenolide biosynthesis was reconstituted by transient co-expression of all pathway genes in Nicotiana benthamiana, up to 1.4μgg(-1) parthenolide was produced, mostly present as cysteine and glutathione conjugates. These relatively polar conjugates were highly active against colon cancer cells, with only slightly lower activity than free parthenolide. In addition to these biosynthetic genes, another gene encoding a costunolide and parthenolide 3β-hydroxylase was identified opening up further options to improve the water solubility of parthenolide and therefore its potential as a drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David Manzano
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nikola Tanić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Pesic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasna Bankovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irini Pateraki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lea Ricard
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ric de Vos
- Plant Research International, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Centre for BioSystems Genomics, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander van de Krol
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
van Duynhoven J, Vaughan EE, van Dorsten F, Gomez-Roldan V, de Vos R, Vervoort J, van der Hooft JJJ, Roger L, Draijer R, Jacobs DM. Interactions of black tea polyphenols with human gut microbiota: implications for gut and cardiovascular health. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:1631S-1641S. [PMID: 24172295 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.058263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have convincingly associated consumption of black tea with reduced cardiovascular risk. Research on the bioactive molecules has traditionally been focused on polyphenols, such as catechins. Black tea polyphenols (BTPs), however, mainly consist of high-molecular-weight species that predominantly persist in the colon. There, they can undergo a wide range of bioconversions by the resident colonic microbiota but can in turn also modulate gut microbial diversity. The impact of BTPs on colon microbial composition can now be assessed by microbiomics technologies. Novel metabolomics platforms coupled to de novo identification are currently available to cover the large diversity of BTP bioconversions by the gut microbiota. Nutrikinetic modeling has been proven to be critical for defining nutritional phenotypes related to gut microbial bioconversion capacity. The bioactivity of circulating metabolites has been studied only to a certain extent. Bioassays dedicated to specific aspects of gut and cardiovascular health have been used, although often at physiologically irrelevant concentrations and with limited coverage of relevant metabolite classes and their conjugated forms. Evidence for cardiovascular benefits of BTPs points toward antiinflammatory and blood pressure-lowering properties and improvement in platelet and endothelial function for specific microbial bioconversion products. Clearly, more work is needed to fill in existing knowledge gaps and to assess the in vitro and in vivo bioactivity of known and newly identified BTP metabolites. It is also of interest to assess how phenotypic variation in gut microbial BTP bioconversion capacity relates to gut and cardiovascular health predisposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John van Duynhoven
- From Unilever Discover Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, Netherlands (JvD, EEV, FvD, LR, RD, and DMJ); the Laboratory of Biophysics and Wageningen NMR Centre (JvD and JV), and the Laboratory of Biochemistry (JV and JJJvdH), Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands; Plant Research International, Wageningen, Netherlands (VG-R, RdV, and JJJvdH); the Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, Netherlands (JvD, FvD, RdV, JV, JJJvdH, and DMJ); and the Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen, Netherlands (RdV and VG-R)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Itkin M, Rogachev I, Alkan N, Rosenberg T, Malitsky S, Masini L, Meir S, Iijima Y, Aoki K, de Vos R, Prusky D, Burdman S, Beekwilder J, Aharoni A. GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM1 is required for steroidal alkaloid glycosylation and prevention of phytotoxicity in tomato. Plant Cell 2011; 23:4507-25. [PMID: 22180624 PMCID: PMC3269880 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.088732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal alkaloids (SAs) are triterpene-derived specialized metabolites found in members of the Solanaceae family that provide plants with a chemical barrier against a broad range of pathogens. Their biosynthesis involves the action of glycosyltransferases to form steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs). To elucidate the metabolism of SGAs in the Solanaceae family, we examined the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM1 (GAME1) gene. Our findings imply that GAME1 is a galactosyltransferase, largely performing glycosylation of the aglycone tomatidine, resulting in SGA production in green tissues. Downregulation of GAME1 resulted in an almost 50% reduction in α-tomatine levels (the major SGA in tomato) and a large increase in its precursors (i.e., tomatidenol and tomatidine). Surprisingly, GAME1-silenced plants displayed growth retardation and severe morphological phenotypes that we suggest occur as a result of altered membrane sterol levels caused by the accumulation of the aglycone tomatidine. Together, these findings highlight the role of GAME1 in the glycosylation of SAs and in reducing the toxicity of SA metabolites to the plant cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Itkin
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ilana Rogachev
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Noam Alkan
- Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Tally Rosenberg
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Laura Masini
- Plant Research International, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Sagit Meir
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yoko Iijima
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu 292-0818, Japan
| | - Koh Aoki
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu 292-0818, Japan
| | - Ric de Vos
- Plant Research International, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Dov Prusky
- Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Saul Burdman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jules Beekwilder
- Plant Research International, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Address correspondence to
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Itkin M, Rogachev I, Alkan N, Rosenberg T, Malitsky S, Masini L, Meir S, Iijima Y, Aoki K, de Vos R, Prusky D, Burdman S, Beekwilder J, Aharoni A. GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM1 is required for steroidal alkaloid glycosylation and prevention of phytotoxicity in tomato. Plant Cell 2011. [PMID: 22180624 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.08873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal alkaloids (SAs) are triterpene-derived specialized metabolites found in members of the Solanaceae family that provide plants with a chemical barrier against a broad range of pathogens. Their biosynthesis involves the action of glycosyltransferases to form steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs). To elucidate the metabolism of SGAs in the Solanaceae family, we examined the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM1 (GAME1) gene. Our findings imply that GAME1 is a galactosyltransferase, largely performing glycosylation of the aglycone tomatidine, resulting in SGA production in green tissues. Downregulation of GAME1 resulted in an almost 50% reduction in α-tomatine levels (the major SGA in tomato) and a large increase in its precursors (i.e., tomatidenol and tomatidine). Surprisingly, GAME1-silenced plants displayed growth retardation and severe morphological phenotypes that we suggest occur as a result of altered membrane sterol levels caused by the accumulation of the aglycone tomatidine. Together, these findings highlight the role of GAME1 in the glycosylation of SAs and in reducing the toxicity of SA metabolites to the plant cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Itkin
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizman Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Krumpochova P, Sapthu S, Brouwers JF, de Haas M, de Vos R, Borst P, van de Wetering K. Transportomics: screening for substrates of ABC transporters in body fluids using vesicular transport assays. FASEB J 2011; 26:738-47. [PMID: 22034653 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-195743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) genes encode the largest family of transmembrane proteins. ABC transporters translocate a wide variety of substrates across membranes, but their physiological function is often incompletely understood. We describe a new method to study the substrate spectrum of ABC transporters: We incubate extracts of mouse urine with membrane vesicles prepared from Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 insect cells overproducing an ABC transporter and determine the compounds transported into the vesicles by LC/MS-based metabolomics. We illustrate the power of this simple "transportomics" approach using ABCC2, a protein present at sites of uptake and elimination. We identified many new substrates of ABCC2 in urine. These included glucuronides of plant-derived xenobiotics, a class of compounds to which humans are exposed on a daily basis. Moreover, we show that the excretion of these compounds in vivo depends on ABCC2: compared to wild-type mice, the urinary excretion of several glucuronides was increased up to 20-fold in Abcc2(-/-) mice. Transportomics has broad applicability, as it is not restricted to urine and can be applied to other ATP-dependent transport proteins as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Krumpochova
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Majdi M, Liu Q, Karimzadeh G, Malboobi MA, Beekwilder J, Cankar K, Vos RD, Todorović S, Simonović A, Bouwmeester H. Biosynthesis and localization of parthenolide in glandular trichomes of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L. Schulz Bip.). Phytochemistry 2011; 72:1739-50. [PMID: 21620424 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) is a perennial medicinal herb and is a rich source of sesquiterpene lactones. Parthenolide is the main sesquiterpene lactone in feverfew and has attracted attention because of its medicinal potential for treatment of migraine and cancer. In the present work the parthenolide content in different tissues and developmental stages of feverfew was analyzed to study the timing and localization of parthenolide biosynthesis. The strongest accumulating tissue was subsequently used to isolate sesquiterpene synthases with the goal to isolate the gene encoding the first dedicated step in parthenolide biosynthesis. This led to the isolation and charachterization of a germacrene A synthase (TpGAS) and an (E)-β-caryophyllene synthase (TpCarS). Transcript level patterns of both sesquiterpene synthases were analyzed in different tissues and glandular trichomes. Although TpGAS was expressed in all aerial tissues, the highest expression was observed in tissues that contain high concentrations of parthenolide and in flowers the highest expression was observed in the biosynthetically most active stages of flower development. The high expression of TpGAS in glandular trichomes which also contain the highest concentration of parthenolide, suggests that glandular trichomes are the secretory tissues where parthenolide biosynthesis and accumulation occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Majdi
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moglia A, Comino C, Lanteri S, de Vos R, de Waard P, van Beek TA, Goitre L, Retta SF, Beekwilder J. Production of novel antioxidative phenolic amides through heterologous expression of the plant's chlorogenic acid biosynthesis genes in yeast. Metab Eng 2010; 12:223-32. [PMID: 19941969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic esters like chlorogenic acid play an important role in therapeutic properties of many plant extracts. We aimed to produce phenolic esters in baker's yeast, by expressing tobacco 4CL and globe artichoke HCT. Indeed yeast produced phenolic esters. However, the primary product was identified as N-(E)-p-coumaroyl-3-hydroxyanthranilic acid by NMR. This compound is an amide condensation product of p-coumaric acid, which was supplied to the yeast, with 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, which was unexpectedly recruited from the yeast metabolism by the HCT enzyme. N-(E)-p-coumaroyl-3-hydroxyanthranilic acid has not been described before, and it shows structural similarity to avenanthramides, a group of inflammation-inhibiting compounds present in oat. When applied to mouse fibroblasts, N-(E)-p-coumaroyl-3-hydroxyanthranilic acid induced a reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species, indicating a potential therapeutic value for this novel compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Moglia
- DiVaPRA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, via L. da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ballester AR, Molthoff J, de Vos R, Hekkert BTL, Orzaez D, Fernández-Moreno JP, Tripodi P, Grandillo S, Martin C, Heldens J, Ykema M, Granell A, Bovy A. Biochemical and molecular analysis of pink tomatoes: deregulated expression of the gene encoding transcription factor SlMYB12 leads to pink tomato fruit color. Plant Physiol 2010; 152:71-84. [PMID: 19906891 PMCID: PMC2799347 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.147322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The color of tomato fruit is mainly determined by carotenoids and flavonoids. Phenotypic analysis of an introgression line (IL) population derived from a cross between Solanum lycopersicum 'Moneyberg' and the wild species Solanum chmielewskii revealed three ILs with a pink fruit color. These lines had a homozygous S. chmielewskii introgression on the short arm of chromosome 1, consistent with the position of the y (yellow) mutation known to result in colorless epidermis, and hence pink-colored fruit, when combined with a red flesh. Metabolic analysis showed that pink fruit lack the ripening-dependent accumulation of the yellow-colored flavonoid naringenin chalcone in the fruit peel, while carotenoid levels are not affected. The expression of all genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes involved in the production of the flavonol rutin from naringenin chalcone was down-regulated in pink fruit, suggesting that the candidate gene underlying the pink phenotype encodes a regulatory protein such as a transcription factor rather than a biosynthetic enzyme. Of 26 MYB and basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors putatively involved in regulating transcription of genes in the phenylpropanoid and/or flavonoid pathway, only the expression level of the MYB12 gene correlated well with the decrease in the expression of structural flavonoid genes in peel samples of pink- and red-fruited genotypes during ripening. Genetic mapping and segregation analysis showed that MYB12 is located on chromosome 1 and segregates perfectly with the characteristic pink fruit color. Virus-induced gene silencing of SlMYB12 resulted in a decrease in the accumulation of naringenin chalcone, a phenotype consistent with the pink-colored tomato fruit of IL1b. In conclusion, biochemical and molecular data, gene mapping, segregation analysis, and virus-induced gene silencing experiments demonstrate that the MYB12 transcription factor plays an important role in regulating the flavonoid pathway in tomato fruit and suggest strongly that SlMYB12 is a likely candidate for the y mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Arnaud Bovy
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (A.-R.B., J.M., R.d.V., B.t.L.H., A.B.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6700 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (A.-R.B., R.d.V., A.B.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (D.O., J.-P.F.-M., A.G.); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Genetica Vegetale, I–80055 Portici, Italy (P.T., S.G.); John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (C.M.); and Enza Zaden Research and Development, 1600 AA Enkhuizen, The Netherlands (J.H., M.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Moglia A, Lanteri S, Comino C, Acquadro A, de Vos R, Beekwilder J. Stress-induced biosynthesis of dicaffeoylquinic acids in globe artichoke. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56:8641-9. [PMID: 18710252 DOI: 10.1021/jf801653w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Leaf extracts from globe artichoke ( Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus) have been widely used in medicine as hepatoprotectant and choleretic agents. Globe artichoke leaves represent a natural source of phenolic acids with dicaffeoylquinic acids, such as cynarin (1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid), along with its biosynthetic precursor chlorogenic acid (5-caffeoylquinic acid) as the most abundant molecules. This paper reports the development of an experimental system to induce caffeoylquinic acids. This system may serve to study the regulation of the biosynthesis of (poly)phenolic compounds in globe artichoke and the genetic basis of this metabolic regulation. By means of HPLC-PDA and accurate mass LC-QTOF MS and MS/MS analyses, the major phenolic compounds in globe artichoke leaves were identified: four isomers of dicaffeoylquinic acid, three isomers of caffeoylquinic acid, and the flavone luteolin 7-glucoside. Next, plant material was identified in which the concentration of phenolic compounds was comparable in the absence of particular treatments, with the aim to use this material to test the effect of stress application on the regulation of biosynthesis of caffeoylquinic acids. Using this material, the effect of UV-C, methyl jasmonate, and salicylic acid treatments on (poly)phenolic compounds was tested in different globe artichoke genotypes. UV-C exposure consistently increased the levels of dicaffeoylquinic acids in all genotypes, whereas the effect on compounds from the same biosynthetic pathway, for example, chlorogenic acid and luteolin-7-glucoside, was much less pronounced and was not statistically significant. No effect of methyl jasmonate or salicylic acid was found. Time-response experiments indicated that the level of dicaffeoylquinic acids reached a maximum at 24 h after UV radiation. On the basis of these results a role of dicaffeoylquinic acids in UV protection in globe artichoke is hypothesized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Moglia
- DiVaPRA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, via L. da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO) Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Capanoglu E, Beekwilder J, Boyacioglu D, Hall R, de Vos R. Changes in antioxidant and metabolite profiles during production of tomato paste. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56:964-73. [PMID: 18205308 DOI: 10.1021/jf072990e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tomato products and especially concentrated tomato paste are important sources of antioxidants in the Mediterranean diet. Tomato fruit contain well-known antioxidants such as vitamin C, carotenoids, flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acids. The industrial processing of this fruit into tomato paste involves several treatments that potentially affect the final profile of antioxidants and other metabolites in the commercial product. Here we have used both biochemical and metabolomic techniques to assess the effect of each separate step in the industrial production chain starting from fresh fruit to the final tomato paste. Material was collected from five independent tomato paste production events spread over two successive years. Samples comprised the intact ripe fruits and semifinished products after fruit-breaking, separation of the pulp from skin and seeds, evaporation, and finally after canning and pasteurization. The effect of each processing step was determined by different types of analysis. First, the total antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content were determined by commonly used spectrophotometric methods. Second, individual antioxidants in the extracts were identified and compared using an HPLC with online antioxidant detection. Third, in each sample the levels of the major individual antioxidants present, i.e., vitamin C, phenolic compounds (such as rutin and chlorogenic acid), tocopherols, and carotenoids, were quantified. Fourth, an untargeted metabolomic approach using LC-QTOF-MS was used to identify those production steps that have the largest impact on the overall metabolic profile in the final paste as compared to the original fruits. This multifaceted approach has revealed that each processing step induces specific alterations in the metabolic profile, as determined by the different analysis procedures, and that in particular the fruit-breaking step and the removal of seed and skin significantly affect the levels of antioxidants and many other metabolites present in commercial tomato paste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esra Capanoglu
- Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Food Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
From the aerial parts of Pentas lanceolata, belonging to the family Rubiaceae, a series of iridoid glucosides was isolated by preparative HPLC. Seven iridoid glucosides were identified. Besides asperuloside and asperulosidic acid, characteristic iridoids for Rubiaceae, five new iridoids were isolated, namely, tudoside (1), 13R-epi-gaertneroside (2), 13R-epi-epoxygaertneroside (3), and a mixture of E-uenfoside (4) and Z-uenfoside (5). Further, it was shown that the compound reported as citrifolinin B (6) is in fact the same as tudoside and should be revised. Also, the configuration of the previously reported iridoids gaertneroside and epoxygaertneroside has been elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schripsema
- Analytical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hubbard GP, Wolffram S, de Vos R, Bovy A, Gibbins JM, Lovegrove JA. Ingestion of onion soup high in quercetin inhibits platelet aggregation and essential components of the collagen-stimulated platelet activation pathway in man: a pilot study. Br J Nutr 2006; 96:482-8. [PMID: 16925853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest that those who consume a diet rich in quercetin-containing foods may have a reduced risk of CVD. Furthermore, in vitro and ex vivo studies have observed the inhibition of collagen-induced platelet activation by quercetin. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible inhibitory effects of quercetin ingestion from a dietary source on collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation and signalling. A double-blind randomised cross-over pilot study was undertaken. Subjects ingested a soup containing either a high or a low amount of quercetin. Plasma quercetin concentrations and platelet aggregation and signalling were assessed after soup ingestion. The high-quercetin soup contained 69 mg total quercetin compared with the low-quercetin soup containing 5 mg total quercetin. Plasma quercetin concentrations were significantly higher after high-quercetin soup ingestion than after low-quercetin soup ingestion and peaked at 2.59 (sem 0.42) mumol/l. Collagen-stimulated (0.5 mug/ml) platelet aggregation was inhibited after ingestion of the high-quercetin soup in a time-dependent manner. Collagen-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of a key component of the collagen-signalling pathway via glycoprotein VI, Syk, was significantly inhibited by ingestion of the high-quercetin soup. The inhibition of Syk tyrosine phosphorylation was correlated with the area under the curve for the high-quercetin plasma profile. In conclusion, the ingestion of quercetin from a dietary source of onion soup could inhibit some aspects of collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation and signalling ex vivo. This further substantiates the epidemiological data suggesting that those who preferentially consume high amounts of quercetin-containing foods have a reduced risk of thrombosis and potential CVD risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Hubbard
- School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AL, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bovy A, de Vos R, Kemper M, Schijlen E, Almenar Pertejo M, Muir S, Collins G, Robinson S, Verhoeyen M, Hughes S, Santos-Buelga C, van Tunen A. High-flavonol tomatoes resulting from the heterologous expression of the maize transcription factor genes LC and C1. Plant Cell 2002; 14:2509-26. [PMID: 12368501 PMCID: PMC151232 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.004218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2002] [Accepted: 06/26/2002] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic plant secondary metabolites important for plant biology and human nutrition. In particular flavonols are potent antioxidants, and their dietary intake is correlated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. Tomato fruit contain only in their peel small amounts of flavonoids, mainly naringenin chalcone and the flavonol rutin, a quercetin glycoside. To increase flavonoid levels in tomato, we expressed the maize transcription factor genes LC and C1 in the fruit of genetically modified tomato plants. Expression of both genes was required and sufficient to upregulate the flavonoid pathway in tomato fruit flesh, a tissue that normally does not produce any flavonoids. These fruit accumulated high levels of the flavonol kaempferol and, to a lesser extent, the flavanone naringenin in their flesh. All flavonoids detected were present as glycosides. Anthocyanins, previously reported to accumulate upon LC expression in several plant species, were present in LC/C1 tomato leaves but could not be detected in ripe LC/C1 fruit. RNA expression analysis of ripening fruit revealed that, with the exception of chalcone isomerase, all of the structural genes required for the production of kaempferol-type flavonols and pelargonidin-type anthocyanins were induced strongly by the LC/C1 transcription factors. Expression of the genes encoding flavanone-3'-hydroxylase and flavanone-3'5'-hydroxylase, which are required for the modification of B-ring hydroxylation patterns, was not affected by LC/C1. Comparison of flavonoid profiles and gene expression data between tomato leaves and fruit indicates that the absence of anthocyanins in LC/C1 fruit is attributable primarily to an insufficient expression of the gene encoding flavanone-3'5'-hydroxylase, in combination with a strong preference of the tomato dihydroflavonol reductase enzyme to use the flavanone-3'5'-hydroxylase reaction product dihydromyricetin as a substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Bovy
- Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|