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Inoue T, Bao X, Kageyama T, Sugino Y, Sekito S, Miyachi S, Sasaki T, Getzenberg R. Purine-Rich Element Binding Protein Alpha, a Nuclear Matrix Protein, Has a Role in Prostate Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6911. [PMID: 39000020 PMCID: PMC11241608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors as well as leukemias and lymphomas show striking changes in nuclear structure including nuclear size and shape, the number and size of nucleoli, and chromatin texture. These alterations have been used in cancer diagnosis and might be related to the altered functional properties of cancer cells. The nuclear matrix (NM) represents the structural composition of the nucleus and consists of nuclear lamins and pore complexes, an internal ribonucleic protein network, and residual nucleoli. In the nuclear microenvironment, the NM is associated with multi-protein complexes, such as basal transcription factors, signaling proteins, histone-modifying factors, and chromatin remodeling machinery directly or indirectly through scaffolding proteins. Therefore, alterations in the composition of NM could result in altered DNA topology and changes in the interaction of various genes, which could then participate in a cascade of the cancer process. Using an androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP, and its androgen-independent derivative, LN96, conventional 2D-proteomic analysis of the NM proteins revealed that purine-rich element binding protein alpha (PURα) was detected in the NM proteins and differentially expressed between the cell lines. In this article, we will review the potential role of the molecule in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Inoue
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu 514-0001, Japan; (X.B.); (T.K.); (Y.S.); (S.S.); (S.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Xin Bao
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu 514-0001, Japan; (X.B.); (T.K.); (Y.S.); (S.S.); (S.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Takumi Kageyama
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu 514-0001, Japan; (X.B.); (T.K.); (Y.S.); (S.S.); (S.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Yusuke Sugino
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu 514-0001, Japan; (X.B.); (T.K.); (Y.S.); (S.S.); (S.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Sho Sekito
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu 514-0001, Japan; (X.B.); (T.K.); (Y.S.); (S.S.); (S.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Shiori Miyachi
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu 514-0001, Japan; (X.B.); (T.K.); (Y.S.); (S.S.); (S.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Takeshi Sasaki
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu 514-0001, Japan; (X.B.); (T.K.); (Y.S.); (S.S.); (S.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Robert Getzenberg
- Dr. Kiran C Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA;
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McDermott A, Kim K, Kasper S, Ho SM, Leung YK. The androgen receptor inhibits transcription of GPER1 by preventing Sp1 and Sp3 from binding to the promoters in prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2022; 13:46-60. [PMID: 35018219 PMCID: PMC8741193 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
G-1, a GPER1 agonist, was shown to inhibit the growth of castration-resistant mouse xenografts but not their parental androgen-dependent tumors. It is currently unknown how the androgen receptor (AR) represses GPER1 expression. Here, we found that two GPER1 mRNA variants (GPER1v2 and GPER1v4) were transcriptionally repressed, not via transcript destabilization, by the androgen-activated AR. Although no AR binding was found in all active promoters near GPER1, data from promoter assays suggested that both variants' promoters were inhibited by androgen treatment. Site-directed mutagenesis on Sp1/Sp3 binding sites revealed their role in supporting the basal expression of GPER1. Knockdown of Sp1 and Sp3 together but not separately repressed GPER1 expression whereas overexpression of both Sp1 and Sp3 together was required to alleviate AR repression of GPER1. Based on the chromatin immunoprecipitation data, Sp3 was found to bind to the promoters prior to the binding of Sp1 and RNA polymerase II. However, the binding of all three transcription factors was inhibited by DHT treatment. Concordantly, DHT treatment induced nuclear interactions between AR and Sp1 or Sp3. Taken together, these results indicate that AR represses transcription of GPER1 by binding to Sp1 and Sp3 independently to prevent their transactivation of the GPER1 promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin McDermott
- Department of Environmental Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - KyoungHyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Susan Kasper
- Department of Environmental Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Yuet-Kin Leung
- Department of Environmental Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Chen C, Shao R, Li B, Zhai Y, Wang T, Li X, Miao L, Huang J, Liu R, Liu E, Zhu Y, Gao X, Zhang H, Wang Y. Neoisoliquiritin exerts tumor suppressive effects on prostate cancer by repressing androgen receptor activity. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 85:153514. [PMID: 33676083 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in men in both developed and developing countries. Androgens and the androgen receptor (AR) play predominant roles in the progression of PCa. Neoisoliquiritin (NEO) belongs to the class of licorice (Glycyrrhiza) flavonoids, which have a variety of biological activities including anti-depressant, anti-tumor-promoting, and anti-inflammation properties. Licorice root has cancer chemopreventive effects and has been given to PCa patients as an ingredient of PC-SPES, a commercially available combination of eight herbs. Therefore, we determined if NEO can suppress the proliferation of PCa cells. PURPOSE We investigated whether and how NEO exerts its anti-neoplastic activity against PCa. METHODS The Cell Counting Kit 8 and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the effects of NEO on the proliferation and cell cycle progression of AR-dependent (LNCaP) and AR-independent (PC3) PCa cells. RNA sequencing was employed to examine the genome-wide changes in responsiveness to NEO in LNCaP cells. Quantitative PCR, Western blotting, docking, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and dual-luciferase reporter assays were conducted to determine the mechanism of action of NEO and its potential cross-talk with AR. A LNCaP xenograft nude mouse model was used to determine the inhibitory effects of NEO on AR-dependent PCa tumors in vivo. RESULTS NEO inhibited LNCaP cell proliferation in vitro by inducing G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest. Conversely, NEO treatment had no effect on PC3 cells. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that AR signaling might be the key target of NEO in preventing PCa. NEO regulated AR-mediated cell growth suppression and AR-sensitized cell cycle arrest in LNCaP cells. NEO also blocked several key steps in the AR signaling pathway, including proposed targeting to the ligand binding pocket of AR by computer modeling, modulating AR-androgen response element DNA-binding activity, inhibiting the expression and transcriptional activity of AR, and suppressing downstream AR signaling. CONCLUSIONS NEO negatively regulates AR expression and activity, thus supporting the tumor suppressive role for NEO in AR-dependent PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbao Chen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, 406 Jiefang South Road, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Rui Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Research and Development Center of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 300457, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Li
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Yu Zhai
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Taiyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Research and Development Center of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 300457, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Lin Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Juyang Huang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Erwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Research and Development Center of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 300457, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiumei Gao
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
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Advances of Zinc Signaling Studies in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020667. [PMID: 31963946 PMCID: PMC7014440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers and the second leading cause of cancer-related death among men worldwide. Despite progresses in early diagnosis and therapeutic strategies, prognosis for patients with advanced PCa remains poor. Noteworthily, a unique feature of healthy prostate is its highest level of zinc content among all soft tissues in the human body, which dramatically decreases during prostate tumorigenesis. To date, several reviews have suggested antitumor activities of zinc and its potential as a therapeutic strategy of PCa. However, an overview about the role of zinc and its signaling in PCa is needed. Here, we review literature related to the content, biological function, compounds and clinical application of zinc in PCa. We first summarize zinc content in prostate tissue and sera of PCa patients with their clinical relevance. We then elaborate biological functions of zinc signaling in PCa on three main aspects, including cell proliferation, death and tumor metastasis. Finally, we discuss clinical applications of zinc-containing compounds and proteins involved in PCa signaling pathways. Based on currently available studies, we conclude that zinc plays a tumor suppressive role and can serve as a biomarker in PCa diagnosis and therapies.
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Sundaresan L, Kumar P, Chatterjee S. Mechanistic insights into the differential effects of thalidomide and lenalidomide in metastatic prostate cancer. Future Oncol 2018; 14:2383-2401. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To understand why thalidomide and lenalidomide exhibit different responses in metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) treatment. Methods: We analyzed the perturbation signatures of thalidomide, lenalidomide, flutamide treated mPCa cell line from Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures database and transcriptome of docetaxel-treated mPCa patients. Results: Flutamide and docetaxel downregulated ‘Steroid Biosynthesis’, ‘Cell cycle’ and PCa specific transcription factor networks. Thalidomide inhibited ‘Cell cycle’ and ‘E2F network’, possibly accounting for its synergistic effects with docetaxel. Conversely, lenalidomide promoted ‘Cell cycle’ and ‘Cholesterol biosynthesis’. Conclusion: Hence, we propose that lenalidomide upregulates cholesterol synthesis followed by enhanced rate of cell cycle, thereby nurturing a hyperproliferative tumor microenvironment. In summary, this study offers a possible explanation for the differential outcomes in the treatment of mPCa with thalidomide and lenalidomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmikirupa Sundaresan
- AU-KBC Research Center, Anna University, Chennai, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - Pavitra Kumar
- AU-KBC Research Center, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - Suvro Chatterjee
- AU-KBC Research Center, Anna University, Chennai, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India
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Hashemi S, Fernandez Martinez JL, Saligan L, Sonis S. Exploring Genetic Attributions Underlying Radiotherapy-Induced Fatigue in Prostate Cancer Patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 2017; 54:326-339. [PMID: 28797855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Despite numerous proposed mechanisms, no definitive pathophysiology underlying radiotherapy-induced fatigue (RIF) has been established. However, the dysregulation of a set of 35 genes was recently validated to predict development of fatigue in prostate cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. OBJECTIVES To hypothesize novel pathways, and provide genetic targets for currently proposed pathways implicated in RIF development through analysis of the previously validated gene set. METHODS The gene set was analyzed for all phenotypic attributions implicated in the phenotype of fatigue. Initially, a "directed" approach was used by querying specific fatigue-related sub-phenotypes against all known phenotypic attributions of the gene set. Then, an "undirected" approach, reviewing the entirety of the literature referencing the 35 genes, was used to increase analysis sensitivity. RESULTS The dysregulated genes attribute to neural, immunological, mitochondrial, muscular, and metabolic pathways. In addition, certain genes suggest phenotypes not previously emphasized in the context of RIF, such as ionizing radiation sensitivity, DNA damage, and altered DNA repair frequency. Several genes also associated with prostate cancer depression, possibly emphasizing variable radiosensitivity by RIF-prone patients, which may have palliative care implications. Despite the relevant findings, many of the 35 RIF-predictive genes are poorly characterized, warranting their investigation. CONCLUSION The implications of herein presented RIF pathways are purely theoretical until specific end-point driven experiments are conducted in more congruent contexts. Nevertheless, the presented attributions are informative, directing future investigation to definitively elucidate RIF's pathoetiology. This study demonstrates an arguably comprehensive method of approaching known differential expression underlying a complex phenotype, to correlate feasible pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Hashemi
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Leorey Saligan
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen Sonis
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Biomodels LLC, Watertown, Massachusetts, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Involvement of Kallikrein-Related Peptidases in Normal and Pathologic Processes. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:946572. [PMID: 26783378 PMCID: PMC4689925 DOI: 10.1155/2015/946572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are a subgroup of serine proteases that participate in proteolytic pathways and control protein levels in normal physiology as well as in several pathological conditions. Their complex network of stimulatory and inhibitory interactions may induce inflammatory and immune responses and contribute to the neoplastic phenotype through the regulation of several cellular processes, such as proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion. This family of proteases, which includes one of the most useful cancer biomarkers, kallikrein-related peptidase 3 or PSA, also has a protective effect against cancer promoting apoptosis or counteracting angiogenesis and cell proliferation. Therefore, they represent attractive therapeutic targets and may have important applications in clinical oncology. Despite being intensively studied, many gaps in our knowledge on several molecular aspects of KLK functions still exist. This review aims to summarize recent data on their involvement in different processes related to health and disease, in particular those directly or indirectly linked to the neoplastic process.
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Huang Y, Shen P, Chen X, Chen Z, Zhao T, Chen N, Gong J, Nie L, Xu M, Li X, Zeng H, Zhou Q. Transcriptional regulation of BNIP3 by Sp3 in prostate cancer. Prostate 2015; 75:1556-67. [PMID: 26012884 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcription factors Sp3/Sp1 are expressed in a various types of cancers and BNIP3 is overexpressed in prostate cancer. Although it has been demonstrated that BNIP3 is transcriptionally regulated by HIF-1α and is post-transcriptionally regulated by miR145, our previous data indicated that there might be some other transcription factors regulating BNIP3 in prostate cancer. This study is conducted to investigate whether BNIP3 expression is directly regulated by Sp3/Sp1 or not. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bioinformatics analysis shows that BNIP3 promoter contains several potential Sp3/Sp1 binding sites. And then it is demonstrated that SP3 could regulate the BNIP3 transcriptionally by binding to the predicted sites by dual reporter gene assays, ChIP, and EMSA. The biological effects of SP3 regulating BNIP3 on prostate cancer cells proliferation are measured by MTT, TUNEL, and flow cytometry. RESULTS Our data show that Sp3 but not Sp1, is positively related to BNIP3 overexpression in prostate cancer. Sp3 can directly regulate BNIP3 transcription by mainly binding to the Sp3 binding sites (-624~-615 and -350~-343) of BNIP3 promoter. Knockdown of Sp3 by RNA interference could reduce cells growth and lead to cells apoptosis in PC-3 and DU145. Sp3-dependent BNIP3 overexpression might be an important mechanism to promote prostate cancer cells proliferation. CONCLUSION This is the first study to provide direct evidence of Sp3-dependent BNIP3 expression. Sp3 might be the major transcriptional regulator of BNIP3 in prostate cancer and it is worthy to further study. The regulation of BNIP3 by Sp3 may be a new cancer-specific therapeutic target in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Shen
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhibin Chen
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Zhao
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ni Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Gong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Nie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinglan Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Zeng
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Sankpal UT, Abdelrahim M, Connelly SF, Lee CM, Madero-Visbal R, Colon J, Smith J, Safe S, Maliakal P, Basha R. Small molecule tolfenamic acid inhibits PC-3 cell proliferation and invasion in vitro, and tumor growth in orthotopic mouse model for prostate cancer. Prostate 2012; 72:1648-58. [PMID: 22473873 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specificity protein (Sp) transcription factors are implicated in critical cellular and molecular processes associated with cancer that impact tumor growth and metastasis. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, tolfenamic acid (TA) is known to inhibit Sp proteins in some human cancer cells and laboratory animal models. We evaluated the anti-cancer activity of TA using in vitro and in vivo models for prostate cancer. METHODS The anti-proliferative efficacy of TA was evaluated using DU-145, PC-3, and LNCaP cells. PC-3 cells were treated with DMSO or 50 µM TA for 48 hr. Whole cell lysates were evaluated for the expression of Sp1, survivin, c-PARP, Akt/p-Akt, c-Met, cdk4, cdc2, cyclin D3, and E2F1 by Western blot analysis. Cell invasion was assessed by Boyden-chamber assay and flow cytometry analysis was used to study apoptosis and cell cycle distribution. An orthotopic mouse model for prostate cancer with PC-3-Luc cells was used to study the in vivo effect of TA. RESULTS TA inhibited the expression of Sp1, c-Met, p-Akt, and survivin; increased c-PARP expression and caspases activity in PC-3 cells. TA caused cell arrest at G(0) /G(1) phase accompanied by a decrease in cdk4, cdc2, cyclin D3, and E2F1 and an increase in critical apoptotic markers. TA augmented annexin-V staining, caspase activity, and c-PARP expression indicating the activation of apoptotic pathways. TA also decreased PC-3 cell invasion. TA significantly decreased the tumor weight and volume which was associated with low expression of Sp1 and survivin in tumor sections. CONCLUSION TA targets critical pathways associated with tumorigenesis and invasion. These pre-clinical data strongly demonstrated the anti-cancer activity of TA in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh T Sankpal
- Cancer Research Institute, MD Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, Orlando, Florida 32827, USA
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Li L, Davie JR. The role of Sp1 and Sp3 in normal and cancer cell biology. Ann Anat 2010; 192:275-83. [PMID: 20810260 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sp1 and Sp3 are transcription factors expressed in all mammalian cells. These factors are involved in regulating the transcriptional activity of genes implicated in most cellular processes. Dysregulation of Sp1 and Sp3 is observed in many cancers and diseases. Due to the amino acid sequence similarity of the DNA binding domains, Sp1 and Sp3 recognize and associate with the same DNA element with similar affinity. However, others and our laboratory demonstrated that these two factors possess different properties and exert different functional roles. Both Sp1 and Sp3 can interact with and recruit a large number of proteins including the transcription initiation complex, histone modifying enzymes and chromatin remodeling complexes, which strongly suggest that Sp1 and Sp3 are important transcription factors in the remodeling chromatin and the regulation of gene expression. In this review, the role of Sp1 and Sp3 in normal and cancer cell biology and the multiple mechanisms deciding the functional roles of Sp1 and Sp3 will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0V9, Canada
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Perera EM, Bao Y, Kos L, Berkovitz G. Structural and functional characterization of the mouse tescalcin promoter. Gene 2010; 464:50-62. [PMID: 20540995 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tescalcin, an EF-hand calcium binding protein that regulates the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 1 (NHE1), is highly expressed in various mouse tissues such as heart and brain. Despite its potentially important role in cell physiology, the mechanisms that regulate tescalcin gene (Tesc) expression are unknown. In this study, we report two new Tesc mRNA variants (V2 and V3) and characterize the mouse Tesc promoter. The V2 and V3 transcripts result from alternative splicing of intron 5. Our results show that Tesc mRNA variants are expressed in various mouse tissues. Primer extension analysis located the transcription start site at 94 nucleotides upstream of the translation start codon. The DNA nucleotide sequence of the 5'-flanking region contained a CpG island spanning the promoter region from nucleotides -372 to +814, a canonical TATA box (-38/-32), and putative transcription factor binding sites for Sp1, EGR1, ZBP-89, KLF3, MZF1, AP2, ZF5, and CDF-1. Transient transfection of the Y1 and msc-1 cell lines with a series of 5'-deleted promoter constructs indicated that the minimal promoter region was between nucleotides -130 and -40. Electrophoresis mobility shift assays, supershift assays, and mutation studies demonstrated that Sp1 and Sp3 bind to the GC-rich motifs, a CACCC box and three GC boxes, located within the Tesc proximal promoter. Nonetheless, mutations that abolished interaction of Sp1 and Sp3 with the GC-rich motifs located within the minimal promoter region did not abrogate promoter activity in Y1 cells. Mithramycin A, an inhibitor of Sp1-DNA interaction, reduced Tesc promoter activity in msc-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Sp3 was a weaker transactivator compared to Sp1 in Drosophila D.mel-2 cells. However, when Sp1 and Sp3 were coexpressed, they transactivated the Tesc promoter in a synergistic manner. In Y1 cells, mutation analysis of a putative ZF5 motif located within the Tesc minimal promoter indicated that this motif was critical for activity of Tesc promoter. Taken together, the data demonstrated that Sp1 and Sp3 transcription factors cooperate positively in the regulation of Tesc promoter, and that the putative ZF5 motif is critical for its activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erasmo M Perera
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Division, University of Miami, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Tsalavouta M, Astudillo O, Byrnes L, Nolan CM. Regulation of expression of zebrafish(Danio rerio) insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor: implications for evolution at theIGF2Rlocus. Evol Dev 2009; 11:546-58. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2009.00361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Solomon SS, Majumdar G, Martinez-Hernandez A, Raghow R. A critical role of Sp1 transcription factor in regulating gene expression in response to insulin and other hormones. Life Sci 2008; 83:305-12. [PMID: 18664368 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) belongs to a family of ubiquitously expressed, C(2)H(2)-type zinc finger-containing DNA binding proteins that activate or repress transcription of many genes in response to physiological and pathological stimuli. There is emerging evidence to indicate that in addition to functioning as 'housekeeping' transcription factors, members of Sp family may be key mediators of gene expression induced by insulin and other hormones. The founding member of the family, Sp1, by virtue of its multi-domain organization, potential for posttranslational modifications and interactions with numerous transcription factors, represents an ideal mediator of nuclear signaling in response to hormones. Insulin regulates the sub-cellular localization, stability and trans-activation potential of Sp1 by dynamically modulating its post-translational modification by O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) or phosphate residues. We briefly review the recent literature demonstrating that an involvement of Sp-family of transcription factors in the regulation of differential gene expression in response to hormones is more common than previously appreciated and may represent a key regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon S Solomon
- Research Service, VA Medical Center, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, USA.
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Transcriptional regulation of the human CD97 promoter by Sp1/Sp3 in smooth muscle cells. Gene 2008; 413:67-75. [PMID: 18329191 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The EGF-TM7 receptor CD97 shows different features of expression and function in muscle cells compared to hematopoetic and tumor cells. Since the molecular function and regulation of CD97 are poorly understood, this study aimed at defining its basal transcriptional regulation in smooth muscle cells (SMCs). The computational analysis of the CD97 5'-flanking region revealed that the TATA box-lacking promoter possesses several GC-rich regions as putative Sp1/Sp3 binding sites. Transfection studies with serially deleted promoter constructs demonstrated that the minimal promoter fragment resided in the -218/+45 region containing one out of five identified GC-boxes in the leiomyosarcoma cell line SK-LMS-1 and human bronchial smooth muscle cells (HbSMCs). Mutation of the most proximal GC-site in CD97 reporter gene constructs caused a significant decrease in promoter activity. Gel shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that Sp1 and Sp3 bound specifically to the most proximal GC-site. Furthermore, we showed that Sp1 and Sp3 over-expression activates CD97 promoter activity in HEK293 cells. Our data characterize for the first time the activity of the human CD97 promoter which is controlled by Sp1/Sp3 transcription factors in SMCs.
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Chen PH, Tsao YP, Wang CC, Chen SL. Nuclear receptor interaction protein, a coactivator of androgen receptors (AR), is regulated by AR and Sp1 to feed forward and activate its own gene expression through AR protein stability. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 36:51-66. [PMID: 17984071 PMCID: PMC2248731 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we found a novel gene, nuclear receptor interaction protein (NRIP), a transcription cofactor that can enhance an AR-driven PSA promoter activity in a ligand-dependent manner in prostate cancer cells. Here, we investigated NRIP regulation. We cloned a 413-bp fragment from the transcription initiation site of the NRIP gene that had strong promoter activity, was TATA-less and GC-rich, and, based on DNA sequences, contained one androgen response element (ARE) and three Sp1-binding sites (Sp1-1, Sp1-2, Sp1-3). Transient promoter luciferase assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation and small RNA interference analyses mapped ARE and Sp1-2-binding sites involved in NRIP promoter activation, implying that NRIP is a target gene for AR or Sp1. AR associates with the NRIP promoter through ARE and indirectly through Sp1-binding site via AR–Sp1 complex formation. Thus both ARE and Sp1-binding site within the NRIP promoter can respond to androgen induction. More intriguingly, NRIP plays a feed-forward role enhancing AR-driven NRIP promoter activity via NRIP forming a complex with AR to protect AR protein from proteasome degradation. This is the first demonstration that NRIP is a novel AR-target gene and that NRIP expression feeds forward and activates its own expression through AR protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hong Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lemée F, Bavoux C, Pillaire MJ, Bieth A, Machado CR, Pena SD, Guimbaud R, Selves J, Hoffmann JS, Cazaux C. Characterization of promoter regulatory elements involved in downexpression of the DNA polymerase kappa in colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2006; 26:3387-94. [PMID: 17099721 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The low-fidelity DNA polymerases thought to be specialized in DNA damage processing are frequently misregulated in cancers. We show here that DNA polymerase kappa (polkappa), prone to replicate across oxidative and aromatic adducts and known to function in nucleotide excision repair (NER), is downregulated in colorectal tumour biopsies. Contrary to the replicative poldelta and polalpha, for which only activating domains were described, we identified an upstream 465-bp-long repressor region in the promoter of POLK. We also found an activating 237-bp region that includes stimulating protein-1 (SP1) and cyclic AMP-responsive element (CRE)-binding sites. Mutations at one CRE-binding site led to a dramatic 80% decrease in promoter activity. Alterations of the SP1-binding site also affected, to a lesser extent, the transcription. Gel shift assays confirmed the role played by CRE/SP1 recognition sequences. Moreover, ectopic expression of SP1 or CRE-binding protein (CREB) protein favoured polkappa transcription. Finally, we found that polkappa downexpression in colorectal biopsies correlated with a decreased level of CREB and SP1 transcripts. This work shows that the promoter of POLK is cis-controlled and suggests that silencing of CREB and SP1 proteins could contribute to downregulation of this repair polymerase in colorectal tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lemée
- 1Laboratory Genetic Instability and Cancer, Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, UMR CNRS 5089, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
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Liu F, Pore N, Kim M, Voong KR, Dowling M, Maity A, Kao GD. Regulation of histone deacetylase 4 expression by the SP family of transcription factors. Mol Biol Cell 2006; 17:585-97. [PMID: 16280357 PMCID: PMC1356571 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-08-0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Revised: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases mediate critical cellular functions but relatively little is known about mechanisms controlling their expression, including expression of HDAC4, a class II HDAC implicated in the modulation of cellular differentiation and viability. Endogenous HDAC4 mRNA, protein levels and promoter activity were all readily repressed by mithramycin, suggesting regulation by GC-rich DNA sequences. We validated consensus binding sites for Sp1/Sp3 transcription factors in the HDAC4 promoter through truncation studies and targeted mutagenesis. Specific and functional binding by Sp1/Sp3 at these sites was confirmed with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and electromobility shift assays (EMSA). Cotransfection of either Sp1 or Sp3 with a reporter driven by the HDAC4 promoter led to high activities in SL2 insect cells (which lack endogenous Sp1/Sp3). In human cells, restored expression of Sp1 and Sp3 up-regulated HDAC4 protein levels, whereas levels were decreased by RNA-interference-mediated knockdown of either protein. Finally, variable levels of Sp1 were in concordance with that of HDAC4 in a number of human tissues and cancer cell lines. These studies together characterize for the first time the activity of the HDAC4 promoter, through which Sp1 and Sp3 modulates expression of HDAC4 and which may contribute to tissue or cell-line-specific expression of HDAC4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, PA 19104, USA
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Jaiswal AS, Balusu R, Narayan S. 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene-dependent transcriptional regulation of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene expression in normal breast epithelial cells is mediated by GC-box binding protein Sp3. Carcinogenesis 2005; 27:252-61. [PMID: 16150893 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present investigation, we have examined the transcriptional regulation of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene expression in the spontaneously immortalized human normal breast epithelial cell line, MCF10A, in response to carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) treatment. The APC mRNA levels and the APC gene's promoter (pAPCP) activity were increased in MCF10A cells after treatment with DMBA. A sequential deletion analysis and site-directed mutagenesis of the pAPCP promoter revealed that the DMBA response is mediated through a GC-box element. Also, the GC-box binding agent mithramycin A, which prevents binding of proteins to the GC-box region, abolished DMBA-mediated increase of the pAPCP promoter activity. The specificity of the proteins binding to the GC-box region was characterized by gel-shift analysis. An increased binding of the GC-box binding proteins was observed in the gel-shift analysis with nuclear extracts from DMBA-treated MCF10A cells, which corresponded to the increased levels of Sp1 and Sp3 proteins. However, a super-shift of the DNA-protein complexes was observed with only anti-Sp3 antibody. Based on the chromatin-immunoprecipitation assay results, the Sp3 appeared to be a genuine protein binding to the GC-box site of the pAPCP promoter. In RNA interference experiments, in which the Sp3 expression was knocked down, the DMBA response on the pAPCP promoter activity was reduced, suggesting that the binding of Sp3 to the GC-box site is critical for DMBA-induced pAPCP promoter activity. From these results we conclude that the increased pAPCP promoter activity in the MCF10A cell line in response to DMBA treatment is mediated by Sp3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna S Jaiswal
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and UF Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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