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Bohn T, Balbuena E, Ulus H, Iddir M, Wang G, Crook N, Eroglu A. Carotenoids in Health as Studied by Omics-Related Endpoints. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1538-1578. [PMID: 37678712 PMCID: PMC10721521 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids have been associated with risk reduction for several chronic diseases, including the association of their dietary intake/circulating levels with reduced incidence of obesity, type 2 diabetes, certain types of cancer, and even lower total mortality. In addition to some carotenoids constituting vitamin A precursors, they are implicated in potential antioxidant effects and pathways related to inflammation and oxidative stress, including transcription factors such as nuclear factor κB and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. Carotenoids and metabolites may also interact with nuclear receptors, mainly retinoic acid receptor/retinoid X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, which play a role in the immune system and cellular differentiation. Therefore, a large number of downstream targets are likely influenced by carotenoids, including but not limited to genes and proteins implicated in oxidative stress and inflammation, antioxidation, and cellular differentiation processes. Furthermore, recent studies also propose an association between carotenoid intake and gut microbiota. While all these endpoints could be individually assessed, a more complete/integrative way to determine a multitude of health-related aspects of carotenoids includes (multi)omics-related techniques, especially transcriptomics, proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics, as well as metagenomics, measured in a variety of biospecimens including plasma, urine, stool, white blood cells, or other tissue cellular extracts. In this review, we highlight the use of omics technologies to assess health-related effects of carotenoids in mammalian organisms and models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Bohn
- Nutrition and Health Research Group, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg.
| | - Emilio Balbuena
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Hande Ulus
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Mohammed Iddir
- Nutrition and Health Research Group, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Genan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Nathan Crook
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Abdulkerim Eroglu
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States.
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Kimura A, Kim YH, Hashizume K, Ito A, Mukai K, Kizaki K, Sato S. Effects of oral β-cryptoxanthin administration on the transcriptomes of peripheral neutrophil and liver tissue using microarray analysis in post-weaned Holstein calves. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:1167-1175. [PMID: 36876888 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of oral administration of β-cryptoxanthin (β-CRX), a precursor of vitamin A synthesis, on the transcriptomes of peripheral neutrophils and liver tissue in post-weaned Holstein calves with immature immunity. A single oral administration of β-CRX (0.2 mg/kg body weight) was performed in eight Holstein calves (4.0 ± 0.8 months of age; 117 ± 10 kg) on Day 0. Peripheral neutrophils (n = 4) and liver tissue (n = 4) were collected on Days 0 and 7. Neutrophils were isolated by density gradient centrifugation and treated with the TRIzol reagent. mRNA expression profiles were examined by microarray and differentially expressed genes were investigated using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. The differentially expressed candidate genes identified in neutrophils (COL3A1, DCN, and CCL2) and liver tissue (ACTA1) were involved in enhanced bacterial killing and maintenance of cellular homoeostasis respectively. The changes in the expression of six of the eight common genes encoding enzymes (ADH5 and SQLE) and transcription regulators (RARRES1, COBLL1, RTKN, and HES1) were in the same direction in neutrophils and liver tissue. ADH5 and SQLE are involved in the maintenance of cellular homoeostasis by increasing the availability of substrates, and RARRES1, COBLL1, RTKN, and HES1 are associated with the suppression of apoptosis and carcinogenesis. An in silico analysis revealed that MYC, which is related to the regulation of cellular differentiation and apoptosis, was the most significant upstream regulator in neutrophils and liver tissue. Transcription regulators such as CDKN2A (cell growth suppressor) and SP1 (cell apoptosis enhancer) were significantly inhibited and activated, respectively, in neutrophils and liver tissue. These results suggest that oral administration of β-CRX promotes the expression of candidate genes related to bactericidal ability and regulation of cellular processes in peripheral neutrophils and liver cells in response to the immune-enhancing function of β-CRX in post-weaned Holstein calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kimura
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yo-Han Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Kazuyoshi Hashizume
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Akira Ito
- The Institute for Social Medicines, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Mukai
- Gunma University Center for Food Science and Wellness, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Kizaki
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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Faizan M, Tonny SH, Afzal S, Farooqui Z, Alam P, Ahmed SM, Yu F, Hayat S. β-Cyclocitral: Emerging Bioactive Compound in Plants. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206845. [PMID: 36296438 PMCID: PMC9608612 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
β-cyclocitral (βCC), a main apocarotenoid of β-carotene, increases plants’ resistance against stresses. It has recently appeared as a novel bioactive composite in a variety of organisms from plants to animals. In plants, βCC marked as stress signals that accrue under adverse ecological conditions. βCC regulates nuclear gene expression through several signaling pathways, leading to stress tolerance. In this review, an attempt has been made to summarize the recent findings of the potential role of βCC. We emphasize the βCC biosynthesis, signaling, and involvement in the regulation of abiotic stresses. From this review, it is clear that discussing compound has great potential against abiotic stress tolerance and be used as photosynthetic rate enhancer. In conclusion, this review establishes a significant reference base for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Faizan
- Botany Section, School of Sciences, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Hyderabad 500032, India
| | - Sadia Haque Tonny
- Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Shadma Afzal
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, India
| | - Zeba Farooqui
- College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Pravej Alam
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - S Maqbool Ahmed
- Botany Section, School of Sciences, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Hyderabad 500032, India
| | - Fangyuan Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forest Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shamsul Hayat
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Havaux M. Carotenoid oxidation products as stress signals in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:597-606. [PMID: 24267746 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are known to play important roles in plants as antioxidants, accessory light-harvesting pigments, and attractants for pollinators and seed dispersers. A new function for carotenoids has recently emerged, which relates to the response of plants to environmental stresses. Reactive oxygen species, especially singlet oxygen, produced in the chloroplasts under stress conditions, can oxidize carotenoids leading to a variety of oxidized products, including aldehydes, ketones, endoperoxides and lactones. Some of those carotenoid derivatives, such as volatile β-cyclocitral, derived from the oxidation of β-carotene, are reactive electrophile species that are bioactive and can induce changes in gene expression leading to acclimation to stress conditions. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the non-enzymatic oxidation of carotenoids, the bioactivity of the resulting cleavage compounds and their functions as stress signals in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Havaux
- Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CEA, DSV, IBEB, F-13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France; CNRS, UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, F-13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France; Aix-Marseille Université, F-13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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Ramel F, Mialoundama AS, Havaux M. Nonenzymic carotenoid oxidation and photooxidative stress signalling in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:799-805. [PMID: 22915744 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids play a crucial protective role in photosynthetic organisms as quenchers of singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)). This function occurs either via a physical mechanism involving thermal energy dissipation or via a chemical mechanism involving direct oxidation of the carotenoid molecule. The latter mechanism can produce a variety of aldehydic or ketonic cleavage products containing a reactive carbonyl group. One such molecule, the volatile β-carotene derivative β-cyclocitral, triggers changes in the expression of (1)O(2)-responsive genes and leads to an enhancement of photooxidative stress tolerance. Thus, besides their well-known functions in light harvesting and photoprotection, carotenoids can also play a role through their nonenzymic oxidation in the sensing and signalling of reactive oxygen species and photooxidative stress in photosynthetic organisms. Enzymic carotenoid oxidation does not seem to play a significant role in this phenomenon. Elucidation of the carotenoid-mediated (1)O(2) signalling pathway could provide new targets for improving photooxidative stress tolerance of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Ramel
- CEA, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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Carotenoid oxidation products are stress signals that mediate gene responses to singlet oxygen in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:5535-40. [PMID: 22431637 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1115982109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1)O(2) (singlet oxygen) is a reactive O(2) species produced from triplet excited chlorophylls in the chloroplasts, especially when plants are exposed to excess light energy. Similarly to other active O(2) species, (1)O(2) has a dual effect: It is toxic, causing oxidation of biomolecules, and it can act as a signal molecule that leads to cell death or to acclimation. Carotenoids are considered to be the main (1)O(2) quenchers in chloroplasts, and we show here that light stress induces the oxidation of the carotenoid β-carotene in Arabidopsis plants, leading to the accumulation of different volatile derivatives. One such compound, β-cyclocitral, was found to induce changes in the expression of a large set of genes that have been identified as (1)O(2) responsive genes. In contrast, β-cyclocitral had little effect on the expression of H(2)O(2) gene markers. β-Cyclocitral-induced reprogramming of gene expression was associated with an increased tolerance to photooxidative stress. The results indicate that β-cyclocitral is a stress signal produced in high light that is able to induce defense mechanisms and represents a likely messenger involved in the (1)O(2) signaling pathway in plants.
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Ramel F, Birtic S, Cuiné S, Triantaphylidès C, Ravanat JL, Havaux M. Chemical quenching of singlet oxygen by carotenoids in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:1267-78. [PMID: 22234998 PMCID: PMC3291260 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.182394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are considered to be the first line of defense of plants against singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) toxicity because of their capacity to quench (1)O(2) as well as triplet chlorophylls through a physical mechanism involving transfer of excitation energy followed by thermal deactivation. Here, we show that leaf carotenoids are also able to quench (1)O(2) by a chemical mechanism involving their oxidation. In vitro oxidation of β-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin by (1)O(2) generated various aldehydes and endoperoxides. A search for those molecules in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves revealed the presence of (1)O(2)-specific endoperoxides in low-light-grown plants, indicating chronic oxidation of carotenoids by (1)O(2). β-Carotene endoperoxide, but not xanthophyll endoperoxide, rapidly accumulated during high-light stress, and this accumulation was correlated with the extent of photosystem (PS) II photoinhibition and the expression of various (1)O(2) marker genes. The selective accumulation of β-carotene endoperoxide points at the PSII reaction centers, rather than the PSII chlorophyll antennae, as a major site of (1)O(2) accumulation in plants under high-light stress. β-Carotene endoperoxide was found to have a relatively fast turnover, decaying in the dark with a half time of about 6 h. This carotenoid metabolite provides an early index of (1)O(2) production in leaves, the occurrence of which precedes the accumulation of fatty acid oxidation products.
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Goralczyk R. Beta-carotene and lung cancer in smokers: review of hypotheses and status of research. Nutr Cancer 2010; 61:767-74. [PMID: 20155614 DOI: 10.1080/01635580903285155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A number of epidemiological studies have reported associations of beta-carotene plasma levels or intake with decreased lung cancer risk. However, intervention studies in smokers have unexpectedly reported increased lung tumor rates after high, long-term, beta-carotene supplementation. Recently, detailed analyses by stratification for smoking habits of several large, long-term intervention or epidemiological trials are now available. The ATBC study, the CARET study, the Antioxidant Polyp Prevention trial, and the E3N study provide evidence that the adverse effects of beta-carotene supplementation are correlated with the smoking status of the study participants. In contrast, the Physician Health Study, the Linxian trial, and a pooled analysis of 7 epidemiological cohort studies have not supported this evidence. The ferret and A/J mouse lung cancer model have been used to investigate the mechanism of interaction of beta-carotene with carcinogens in the lung. Both models have specific advantages and disadvantages. There are a number of hypotheses concerning the beta-carotene/tobacco smoke interaction including alterations of retinoid metabolism and signaling pathways and interaction with CYP enzymes and pro-oxidation/DNA oxidation. The animal models consistently demonstrate negative effects only in the ferret, and following dosing with beta-carotene in corn oil at pharmacological dosages. No effects or even protective effects against smoke or carcinogen exposure were observed when beta-carotene was applied at physiological dosages or in combination with vitamins C and E, either as a mixture or in a stable formulation. In conclusion, human and animal studies have shown that specific circumstances, among them heavy smoking, seem to influence the effect of high beta-carotene intakes. In normal, healthy, nonsmoking populations, there is evidence of beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Goralczyk
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., R&D, Human Nutrition and Health, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland.
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Lu Y, Liu P, James M, Vikis HG, Liu H, Wen W, Franklin A, You M. Genetic variants cis-regulating Xrn2 expression contribute to the risk of spontaneous lung tumor. Oncogene 2009; 29:1041-9. [PMID: 19915612 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression variation is an important mechanism underlying susceptibility to complex disease. In comparison with tobacco-related lung carcinogenesis, lung cancer in nonsmokers may involve important and etiologically distinct causal pathways. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide association study on spontaneous lung tumor incidence in inbred mice and identified a major susceptibility locus on mouse chromosome 2 (rs27328255, P=6.68 x 10(-7)). We then evaluated the correlations of polymorphisms with the transcription of positional candidate genes in normal lungs. Single-nucleotide polymorphism rs27328255 was consistently and strongly associated (P=7.42 x 10(-9)) in cis with transcript levels of Xrn2. We further showed that Xrn2 promotes proliferation and inhibits squamous differentiation in human lung epithelial cells and polymorphisms in human homolog XRN2 are associated with human lung cancer (rs2025811, P=1.90 x 10(-3), OR=1.20). We conclude that genetic variants regulating Xrn2 expression in cis are determinants of spontaneous lung tumor susceptibility in mice and have genetic equivalents in lung cancer susceptibility in human beings. Identifying Xrn2 as a major candidate for spontaneous lung cancer has important implications for the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer as well as delineation of the mechanisms underlying the genesis of lung cancer in nonsmokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lu
- Department of Surgery and the Alvin J Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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