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Liang YF, Yan LT, Yue Q, Zhao JK, Luo CY, Gao F, Li H, Gao WY. Preparation of a whole cell catalyst overexpressing acetohydroxyacid synthase of Thermotoga maritima and its application in the syntheses of α-hydroxyketones. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15404. [PMID: 32958806 PMCID: PMC7505981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The large catalytic subunit of acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS, EC 2.2.1.6) of Thermotoga maritima (TmcAHAS) was prepared in this study. It possesses high specific activity and excellent stability. The protein and a whole cell catalyst overexpressing the protein were applied to the preparation of α-hydroxyketones including acetoin (AC), 3-hydroxy-2-pentanone (HP), and (R)-phenylacetylcarbinol (R-PAC). The results show that AC and HP could be produced in high yields (84% and 62%, respectively), while R-PAC could be synthesized in a high yield (about 78%) with an R/S ratio of 9:1. Therefore, TmcAHAS and the whole cell catalyst overexpressing the protein could be practically useful bio-catalysts in the preparation of α-hydroxyketones including AC, HP, and R-PAC. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that bacterial AHAS was used as a catalyst to prepare HP with a good yield, and also the first time that TmcAHAS was employed to synthesize AC and R-PAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fei Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Le-Tian Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Yue
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Kui Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Yun Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen-Yun Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Leitemberger A, Böhs LMC, Rosa CH, Silva CD, Galetto FZ, Godoi M. Synthesis of Symmetrical Diorganyl Disulfides Employing WEB as an Eco‐friendly Oxidative System. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201901385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrielli Leitemberger
- Escola de Química e AlimentosUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande, Santo Antônio da Patrulha Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Lucas Martins C. Böhs
- Escola de Química e AlimentosUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande, Santo Antônio da Patrulha Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Clarissa Helena Rosa
- Escola de Química e AlimentosUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande, Santo Antônio da Patrulha Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Cleiton Da Silva
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Fábio Z. Galetto
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Marcelo Godoi
- Escola de Química e AlimentosUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande, Santo Antônio da Patrulha Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
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Huang H, Ash J, Kang JY. Base-controlled Fe(Pc)-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of thiols for the synthesis of S–S and S–P(O) bonds. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:4236-4242. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00908b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Base-controlled Fe(Pc)-catalyzed S–S/S–P(O) bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Nevada Las Vegas
- Las Vegas
- USA
- Department of Applied Chemistry
| | - Jeffrey Ash
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Nevada Las Vegas
- Las Vegas
- USA
| | - Jun Yong Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Nevada Las Vegas
- Las Vegas
- USA
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Wang L, Bao BB, Song GQ, Chen C, Zhang XM, Lu W, Wang Z, Cai Y, Li S, Fu S, Song FH, Yang H, Wang JG. Discovery of unsymmetrical aromatic disulfides as novel inhibitors of SARS-CoV main protease: Chemical synthesis, biological evaluation, molecular docking and 3D-QSAR study. Eur J Med Chem 2017. [PMID: 28624700 PMCID: PMC7115414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 had caused a high rate of mortality. Main protease (Mpro) of SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is an important target to discover pharmaceutical compounds for the therapy of this life-threatening disease. During the course of screening new anti-SARS agents, we have identified that a series of unsymmetrical aromatic disulfides inhibited SARS-CoV Mpro significantly for the first time. Herein, 40 novel unsymmetrical aromatic disulfides were synthesized chemically and their biological activities were evaluated in vitro against SARS-CoV Mpro. These novel compounds displayed excellent IC50 data in the range of 0.516–5.954 μM. Preliminary studies indicated that these disulfides are reversible and mpetitive inhibitors. A possible binding mode was generated via molecular docking simulation and a comparative field analysis (CoMFA) model was constructed to understand the structure-activity relationships. The present research therefore has provided some meaningful guidance to design and identify anti-SARS drugs with totally new chemical structures. 40 novel unsymmetrical aromatic disulfides were synthesized. The synthesized disulfide compounds are potent inhibitors of SARS main protease. Possible binding mode and structure-activity relationships of the compounds were established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- State-Key Laboratory and Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bo-Bo Bao
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Guo-Qing Song
- State-Key Laboratory and Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Xu-Meng Zhang
- State-Key Laboratory and Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wei Lu
- State-Key Laboratory and Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zefang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yan Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Sheng Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Fu-Hang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jian-Guo Wang
- State-Key Laboratory and Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Liu Y, Li Y, Wang X. Acetohydroxyacid synthases: evolution, structure, and function. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8633-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7809-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Eram MS, Ma K. Pyruvate decarboxylase activity of the acetohydroxyacid synthase of Thermotoga maritima. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:394-399. [PMID: 28955930 PMCID: PMC5613635 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) catalyzes the production of acetolactate from pyruvate. The enzyme from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima has been purified and characterized (kcat ~100 s−1). It was found that the same enzyme also had the ability to catalyze the production of acetaldehyde and CO2 from pyruvate, an activity of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) at a rate approximately 10% of its AHAS activity. Compared to the catalytic subunit, reconstitution of the individually expressed and purified catalytic and regulatory subunits of the AHAS stimulated both activities of PDC and AHAS. Both activities had similar pH and temperature profiles with an optimal pH of 7.0 and temperature of 85 °C. The enzyme kinetic parameters were determined, however, it showed a non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics for pyruvate only. This is the first report on the PDC activity of an AHAS and the second bifunctional enzyme that might be involved in the production of ethanol from pyruvate in hyperthermophilic microorganisms. The acetohydroxyacid synthase of T. maritima has pyruvate decarboxylase activity The AHAS and PDC activities share the same temperature and pH optima Reconstitution of the catalytic and regulatory subunits increases both PDC and AHAS activities
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S Eram
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kesen Ma
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Sharma R, Keshari D, Singh KS, Yadav S, Singh SK. MRA_1571 is required for isoleucine biosynthesis and improves Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra survival under stress. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27997. [PMID: 27353854 PMCID: PMC4926081 DOI: 10.1038/srep27997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Threonine dehydratase is a pyridoxal 5-phosphate dependent enzyme required for isoleucine biosynthesis. Threonine dehydratase (IlvA) participates in conversion of threonine to 2-oxobutanoate and ammonia is released as a by-product. MRA_1571 is annotated to be coding for IlvA in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra (Mtb-Ra). We developed a recombinant (KD) Mtb-Ra strain by down-regulating IlvA. The growth studies on different carbon sources suggested reduced growth of KD compared to wild-type (WT), also, isoleucine concentration dependent KD growth restoration was observed. The expression profiling of IlvA suggested increased expression of IlvA during oxygen, acid and oxidative stress. In addition, KD showed reduced survival under pH, starvation, nitric oxide and peroxide stresses. KD was more susceptible to antimycobacterial agents such as streptomycin (STR), rifampicin (RIF) and levofloxacin (LVF), while, no such effect was noticeable when exposed to isoniazid. Also, an increase in expression of IlvA was observed when exposed to STR, RIF and LVF. The dye accumulation studies suggested increased permeability of KD to ethidium bromide and Nile Red as compared to WT. TLC and Mass studies confirmed altered lipid profile of KD. In summary down-regulation of IlvA affects Mtb growth, increases its susceptibility to stress and leads to altered cell wall lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Sharma
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow-226031, India
| | - Deepa Keshari
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow-226031, India
| | - Kumar Sachin Singh
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow-226031, India
| | - Shailendra Yadav
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow-226031, India
| | - Sudheer Kumar Singh
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow-226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Industrial Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
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Li H, Liu N, Wang WT, Wang JY, Gao WY. Cloning and characterization of GST fusion tag stabilized large subunit of Escherichia coli acetohydroxyacid synthase I. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 121:21-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Biochemical characterization and evaluation of potent inhibitors of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 acetohydroxyacid synthase. Biochimie 2013; 95:1411-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Li ZS, Wang WM, Lu W, Niu CW, Li YH, Li ZM, Wang JG. Synthesis and biological evaluation of nonsymmetrical aromatic disulfides as novel inhibitors of acetohydroxyacid synthase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3723-7. [PMID: 23726033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
46 Novel nonsymmetrical aromatic disulfides containing [1,3,4]thiadiazole or [1,3,4]oxadiazole groups were synthesized and their biological activities were evaluated as inhibitors of acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS, EC 2.2.1.6). Besides their strong in vitro inhibition against plant AHAS, compounds 3e and 3f also display 80-100% post-emergence herbicidal activities in greenhouse bioassay at 1500g /ha dosage. The assay of exogenous branched-chain amino acids supplementation on rape root growth of 3e suggests that the herbicidal activity has relationship with AHAS inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Shun Li
- State-Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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11
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Flavoprotein oxidases: classification and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:5177-88. [PMID: 23640366 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of oxidases that utilise a flavin cofactor for catalysis. This class of oxidative flavoenzymes has shown to harbour a large number of biotechnologically interesting enzymes. Applications range from their use as biocatalysts for the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds to the integration in biosensors. Through the recent developments in genome sequencing, the number of newly discovered oxidases is steadily growing. Recent progress in the field of flavoprotein oxidase discovery and the obtained biochemical knowledge on these enzymes are reviewed. Except for a structure-based classification of known flavoprotein oxidases, also their potential in recent biotechnological applications is discussed.
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Zhao Y, Niu C, Wen X, Xi Z. The minimum activation peptide from ilvH can activate the catalytic subunit of AHAS from different species. Chembiochem 2013; 14:746-52. [PMID: 23512804 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Acetohydroxyacid synthases (AHASs), which catalyze the first step in the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids, are composed of a catalytic subunit (CSU) and a regulatory subunit (RSU). The CSU harbors the catalytic site, and the RSU is responsible for the activation and feedback regulation of the CSU. Previous results from Chipman and co-workers and our lab have shown that heterologous activation can be achieved among isozymes of Escherichia coli AHAS. It would be interesting to find the minimum peptide of ilvH (the RSU of E. coli AHAS III) that could activate other E. coli CSUs, or even those of ## species. In this paper, C-terminal, N-terminal, and C- and N-terminal truncation mutants of ilvH were constructed. The minimum peptide to activate ilvI (the CSU of E. coli AHAS III) was found to be ΔN 14-ΔC 89. Moreover, this peptide could not only activate its homologous ilvI and heterologous ilvB (CSU of E. coli AHAS I), but also heterologously activate the CSUs of AHAS from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. However, this peptide totally lost its ability for feedback regulation by valine, thus suggesting different elements for enzymatic activation and feedback regulation. Additionally, the apparent dissociation constant (Kd ) of ΔN 14-ΔC 89 when binding CSUs of different species was found to be 9.3-66.5 μM by using microscale thermophoresis. The ability of this peptide to activate different CSUs does not correlate well with its binding ability (Kd ) to these CSUs, thus implying that key interactions by specific residues is more important than binding ability in promoting enzymatic reactions. The high sequence similarity of the peptide ΔN 14-ΔC 89 to RSUs across species hints that this peptide represents the minimum activation motif in RSU and that it regulates all AHASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefang Zhao
- Department of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin 94, Tianjin 300071, China
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Zhao Y, Wen X, Niu C, Xi Z. Arginine 26 and Aspartic Acid 69 of the Regulatory Subunit are Key Residues of Subunits Interaction of Acetohydroxyacid Synthase Isozyme III fromE. coli. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2445-54. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Shang J, Wang WM, Li YH, Song HB, Li ZM, Wang JG. Synthesis, crystal structure, in vitro acetohydroxyacid synthase inhibition, in vivo herbicidal activity, and 3D-QSAR of new asymmetric aryl disulfides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:8286-8293. [PMID: 22905906 DOI: 10.1021/jf302206x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS; EC 2.2.1.6) is an important bioactive target for the design of environmentally benign herbicides. On the basis of previous virtual screening, 50 asymmetric aryl disulfides containing [1,2,4]triazole groups were synthesized and characterized by (1)H NMR, HRMS, and crystal structure. Compounds I-a, I-b, and I-p show Ki values of 1.70, 4.69, and 5.57 μM, respectively, for wild type Arabidopsis thaliana AHAS (AtAHAS) and low resistance against mutant type AtAHAS W574L. At 100 mg L(-1) concentration, compounds I-a, II-a, and II-b exhibit 86.6, 81.7, and 87.5% in vivo rape root growth inhibition. CoMFA steric and electrostatic contour maps were established, and a possible binding mode was suggested from molecular docking, which provide valuable information to understand the key structural features of these disulfide compounds. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first comprehensive case suggesting that asymmetric aryl disulfides are novel AHAS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
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Gedi V, Yoon MY. Bacterial acetohydroxyacid synthase and its inhibitors - a summary of their structure, biological activity and current status. FEBS J 2012; 279:946-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cloning, characterization and evaluation of potent inhibitors of Shigella sonnei acetohydroxyacid synthase catalytic subunit. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:1825-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Gedi V, Moon JY, Lim WM, Lee MY, Lee SC, Koo BS, Govindwar S, Yoon MY. Identification and characterization of inhibitors of Haemophilus influenzae acetohydroxyacid synthase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 49:1-5. [PMID: 22112263 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS), a potential target for antimicrobial agents, catalyzes the first common step in the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids. The gene coding for the AHAS catalytic subunit from Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) was cloned, overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and purified. To identify new inhibitory scaffolds, we used a high-throughput screen to test 221 small diverse chemical compounds against Hi-AHAS. Compounds were selected for their ability to inhibit AHAS in vitro. The screen identified 3 compounds, each representing a structural class, as Hi-AHAS inhibitors with an IC(50) in the low micromolar range (4.4-14.6 μM). The chemical scaffolds of the three compounds were oxa-1-thia-4-aza-cyclopenta[b]naphthalene (KHG25229), phenyl-2,3-dihydro-isothiazole (KHG25386), and phenyl-pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid phenylamide (KHG25056). Further, molecular docking of the two most potent chemicals, KHG25229 and KHG25386, in Hi-AHAS yielded binding energies of -10.41 and -9.21 kcal/mol, respectively. The binding modes were consistent with inhibition mechanisms, as both chemicals oriented outside the active site. As the need for novel antibiotic classes to combat drug resistant bacteria increases, screening compounds that act against Hi-AHAS may assist in the identification of potential new anti-Hi drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayakumar Gedi
- Department of Chemistry and Research institute of Natural sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
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Singh V, Chandra D, Srivastava BS, Srivastava R. Biochemical and transcription analysis of acetohydroxyacid synthase isoforms in Mycobacterium tuberculosis identifies these enzymes as potential targets for drug development. Microbiology (Reading) 2011; 157:29-37. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.041343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) is a biosynthetic enzyme essential for de novo synthesis of branched-chain amino acids. The genome sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis revealed genes encoding four catalytic subunits, ilvB1 (Rv3003c), ilvB2 (Rv3470c), ilvG (Rv1820) and ilvX (Rv3509c), and one regulatory subunit, ilvN (Rv3002c), of AHAS. All these genes were found to be expressed in M. tuberculosis growing in vitro. Each AHAS subunit gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. AHAS activity of IlvB1 and IlvG was found in cell-free lysates and with recombinant purified proteins. Kinetic studies with purified IlvG revealed positive cooperativity towards substrate and cofactors. To understand the role of the catalytic subunits in the biology of M. tuberculosis, expression of AHAS genes was analysed in different physiological conditions. ilvB1, ilvB2 and ilvG were differentially expressed. The role of ilvB1 in persistence is known, but the upregulation of ilvB2 and ilvG in extended stationary phase, ex vivo, and in acid stress and hypoxic environments, suggests the relevance of AHAS enzymes in the metabolism and survival of M. tuberculosis by functioning as catabolic AHAS. These enzymes are therefore potential targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Singh
- Microbiology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, CSIR, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Deepak Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Brahm S. Srivastava
- Microbiology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, CSIR, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Ranjana Srivastava
- Microbiology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, CSIR, Lucknow 226001, India
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Gedi V, Koo BS, Kim DE, Yoon MY. Characterization of Acetohydroxyacid Synthase Cofactors from Haemophilus influenza. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.12.3782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Characterization of acetohydroxyacid synthase I from Escherichia coli K-12 and identification of its inhibitors. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2010; 74:2281-6. [PMID: 21071847 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The first step in branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis is catalyzed by acetohydroxyacid synthase (EC 2.2.1.6). This reaction involves decarboxylation of pyruvate followed by condensation with either an additional pyruvate molecule or with 2-oxobutyrate. The enzyme requires three cofactors, thiamine diphosphate (ThDP), a divalent ion, and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Escherichia coli contains three active isoenzymes, and acetohydroxyacid synthase I (AHAS I) large subunit is encoded by the ilvB gene. In this study, the ilvB gene from E. coli K-12 was cloned into expression vector pETDuet-1, and was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DH3). The purified protein was identified on a 12% SDS-PAGE gel as a single band with a mass of 65 kDa. The optimum temperature, buffer, and pH for E. coli K-12 AHAS I were 37 °C, potassium phosphate buffer, and 7.5. Km values for E. coli K-12 AHAS I binding to pyruvate, Mg(+2), ThDP, and FAD were 4.15, 1.26, 0.2 mM, and 0.61 µM respectively. Inhibition of purified AHAS I protein was determined with herbicides and new compounds.
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Gedi V, Jayaraman K, Kalme S, Park HY, Park HC, La IJ, Hahn HG, Yoon MY. Evaluation of substituted triazol-1-yl-pyrimidines as inhibitors of Bacillus anthracis acetohydroxyacid synthase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:1369-75. [PMID: 20170757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS), a potential target for antimicrobial agents, catalyzes the first common step in the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids. The genes of both catalytic and regulatory subunits of AHAS from Bacillus anthracis (Bantx), a causative agent of anthrax, were cloned, overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and purified to homogeneity. To develop novel anti-anthracis drugs that inhibit AHAS, a chemical library was screened, and four chemicals, AVS2087, AVS2093, AVS2387, and AVS2236, were identified as potent inhibitors of catalytic subunit with IC(50) values of 1.0 +/- 0.02, 1.0 +/- 0.04, 2.1 +/- 0.12, and 2.0 +/- 0.08 microM, respectively. Further, these four chemicals also showed strong inhibition against reconstituted AHAS with IC(50) values of 0.05 +/- 0.002, 0.153 +/- 0.004, 1.30 +/- 0.10, and 1.29 +/- 0.40 microM, respectively. The basic scaffold of the AVS group consists of 1-pyrimidine-2-yl-1H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-sulfonamide. The potent inhibitor, AVS2093 showed the lowest binding energy, -8.52 kcal/mol and formed a single hydrogen bond with a distance of 1.973 A. As the need for novel antibiotic classes to combat bacterial drug resistance increases, the screening of new compounds that act against Bantx-AHAS shows that AHAS is a good target for new anti-anthracis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayakumar Gedi
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
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