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Calpain-Mediated Mitochondrial Damage: An Emerging Mechanism Contributing to Cardiac Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082024. [PMID: 34440793 PMCID: PMC8392834 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains belong to the family of calcium-dependent cysteine proteases expressed ubiquitously in mammals and many other organisms. Activation of calpain is observed in diseased hearts and is implicated in cardiac cell death, hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation. However, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Recent studies have revealed that calpains target and impair mitochondria in cardiac disease. The objective of this review is to discuss the role of calpains in mediating mitochondrial damage and the underlying mechanisms, and to evaluate whether targeted inhibition of mitochondrial calpain is a potential strategy in treating cardiac disease. We expect to describe the wealth of new evidence surrounding calpain-mediated mitochondrial damage to facilitate future mechanistic studies and therapy development for cardiac disease.
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Thu VT, Kim HK, Long LT, Nyamaa B, Song IS, Thuy TT, Huy NQ, Marquez J, Kim SH, Kim N, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Han J. NecroX-5 protects mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity and preserves PGC1α expression levels during hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 20:201-11. [PMID: 26937217 PMCID: PMC4770111 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.2.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the antioxidant and cardioprotective effects of NecroX-5 on various in vitro and in vivo models have been demonstrated, the action of this compound on the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system remains unclear. Here we verify the role of NecroX-5 in protecting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity during hypoxia-reoxygenation (HR). Necrox-5 treatment (10 µM) and non-treatment were employed on isolated rat hearts during hypoxia/reoxygenation treatment using an ex vivo Langendorff system. Proteomic analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and non-labeling peptide count protein quantification. Real-time PCR, western blot, citrate synthases and mitochondrial complex activity assays were then performed to assess heart function. Treatment with NecroX-5 during hypoxia significantly preserved electron transport chain proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation and metabolic functions. NecroX-5 also improved mitochondrial complex I, II, and V function. Additionally, markedly higher peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC1α) expression levels were observed in NecroX-5-treated rat hearts. These novel results provide convincing evidence for the role of NecroX-5 in protecting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity and in preserving PGC1α during cardiac HR injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thi Thu
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea.; Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Hanoi 120036, Vietnam
| | - Hyoung Kyu Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Le Thanh Long
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Bayalagmaa Nyamaa
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - In-Sung Song
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - To Thanh Thuy
- Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Hanoi 120036, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Quang Huy
- Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Hanoi 120036, Vietnam
| | - Jubert Marquez
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Soon Ha Kim
- Product Strategy and Development, LG Life Sciences Ltd, Seoul 03184, Korea
| | - Nari Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Ko
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Byoung Doo Rhee
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
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Zhang Z, Zhang W, Jung DY, Ko HJ, Lee Y, Friedline RH, Lee E, Jun J, Ma Z, Kim F, Tsitsilianos N, Chapman K, Morrison A, Cooper MP, Miller BA, Kim JK. TRPM2 Ca2+ channel regulates energy balance and glucose metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E807-16. [PMID: 22275755 PMCID: PMC3330711 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00239.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
TRPM2 Ca(2+)-permeable cation channel is widely expressed and activated by markers of cellular stress. Since inflammation and stress play a major role in insulin resistance, we examined the role of TRPM2 Ca(2+) channel in glucose metabolism. A 2-h hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp was performed in TRPM2-deficient (KO) and wild-type mice to assess insulin sensitivity. To examine the effects of diet-induced obesity, mice were fed a high-fat diet for 4-10 mo, and metabolic cage and clamp studies were conducted in conscious mice. TRPM2-KO mice were more insulin sensitive partly because of increased glucose metabolism in peripheral organs. After 4 mo of high-fat feeding, TRPM2-KO mice were resistant to diet-induced obesity, and this was associated with increased energy expenditure and elevated expressions of PGC-1α, PGC-1β, PPARα, ERRα, TFAM, and MCAD in white adipose tissue. Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps showed that TRPM2-KO mice were more insulin sensitive, with increased Akt and GSK-3β phosphorylation in heart. Obesity-mediated inflammation in adipose tissue and liver was attenuated in TRPM2-KO mice. Overall, TRPM2 deletion protected mice from developing diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Our findings identify a novel role of TRPM2 Ca(2+) channel in the regulation of energy expenditure, inflammation, and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
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Hickey FB, Corcoran JB, Docherty NG, Griffin B, Bhreathnach U, Furlong F, Martin F, Godson C, Murphy M. IHG-1 promotes mitochondrial biogenesis by stabilizing PGC-1α. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22:1475-85. [PMID: 21784897 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2010111154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of Induced-by-High-Glucose 1 (IHG-1) associates with tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy. IHG-1 amplifies TGF-β1 signaling, but the functions of this highly-conserved protein are not well understood. IHG-1 contains a putative mitochondrial-localization domain, and here we report that IHG-1 is specifically localized to mitochondria. IHG-1 overexpression increased mitochondrial mass and stabilized peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). Conversely, inhibition of IHG-1 expression decreased mitochondrial mass, downregulated mitochondrial proteins, and PGC-1α-regulated transcription factors, including nuclear respiratory factor 1 and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and reduced activity of the TFAM promoter. In the unilateral ureteral obstruction model, we observed higher PGC-1α protein expression and IHG-1 levels with fibrosis. In a gene-expression database, we noted that renal biopsies of human diabetic nephropathy demonstrated higher expression of genes encoding key mitochondrial proteins, including cytochrome c and manganese superoxide dismutase, compared with control biopsies. In summary, these data suggest that IHG-1 increases mitochondrial biogenesis by promoting PGC-1α-dependent processes, potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis.
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Valerio A, Bertolotti P, Delbarba A, Perego C, Dossena M, Ragni M, Spano P, Carruba MO, De Simoni MG, Nisoli E. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition reduces ischemic cerebral damage, restores impaired mitochondrial biogenesis and prevents ROS production. J Neurochem 2011; 116:1148-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Rana T, Misra S, Mittal MK, Farrow AL, Wilson KT, Linton MF, Fazio S, Willis IM, Chaudhuri G. Mechanism of down-regulation of RNA polymerase III-transcribed non-coding RNA genes in macrophages by Leishmania. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:6614-26. [PMID: 21149457 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.181735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The parasitic protozoan Leishmania invades mammalian macrophages to establish infection. We reported previously that Leishmania manipulates the expression of several non-coding RNA genes (e.g. Alu RNA, B1 RNA, and signal recognition particle RNA) in macrophages to favor the establishment of their infection in the phagolysosomes of these cells (Ueda, Y., and Chaudhuri, G. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 19428-19432; Misra, S., Tripathi, M. K., and Chaudhuri, G. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 29364-29373). We report here the mechanism of this down-regulation. We found that the non-coding RNA (ncRNA) genes that are repressed by Leishmania infection in macrophages contain a "B-box" in their promoters and thus require the polymerase III transcription factor TFIIIC for their expression. We also found that Leishmania promastigotes through their surface protease (leishmanolysin or gp63) activate the thrombin receptor PAR1 in the macrophages. This activation of PAR1 raised the cytosolic concentration of Ca(2+) into the micromolar range, thereby activating the Ca(2+)-dependent protease μ-calpain. μ-Calpain then degraded TFIIIC110 to inhibit the expression of the selected ncRNA genes. Avirulent stocks of Leishmania not expressing surface gp63 failed to down-regulate ncRNAs in the exposed macrophages. Inhibition of PAR1 or calpain 1 in macrophages made them resistant to Leishmania infection. These data suggest that macrophage PAR1 and calpain 1 are potential drug targets against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Rana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208, USA
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Funk JA, Odejinmi S, Schnellmann RG. SRT1720 induces mitochondrial biogenesis and rescues mitochondrial function after oxidant injury in renal proximal tubule cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 333:593-601. [PMID: 20103585 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.161992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial biogenesis occurs under basal conditions and is an adaptive response initiated by cells to maintain energetic demands and metabolic homeostasis after injuries targeting mitochondrial function. Identifying pharmacological agents that stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis is a critical step in the development of new therapeutics for the treatment of these injuries and to test the hypothesis that these agents will expedite recovery of cell and organ function after acute organ injuries. In this study, we examined the effects of N-[2-[3-(piperazin-1-ylmethyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazol-6-yl]phenyl]quinoxaline-2-carboxamide (SRT1720) on mitochondrial biogenesis and function in primary cultures of renal proximal tubule cells (RPTCs). We also tested the ability of this compound to restore mitochondrial functions after oxidant-induced RPTC injury. SRT1720 (3-10 microM) induced mitochondrial biogenesis in RPTCs within 24 h as determined by elevations in mitochondrial DNA copy number, increased expression of the mitochondrial proteins NADH dehydrogenase 1beta subcomplex subunit 8 (NDUFB8) and ATP synthase beta, and elevated mitochondrial respiration rates and ATP levels. Induction of mitochondrial biogenesis depended on mammalian sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) deacetylase activity, correlated with deacetylated nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator (PGC)-1alpha, and occurred in the absence of AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK) activation. Finally, SRT1720 treatment accelerated recovery of mitochondrial functions after acute oxidant injury. This study demonstrates that SRT1720 can induce mitochondrial biogenesis through SIRT1 activity and deacetylated PGC-1alpha, but not AMPK, in RPTCs within 24 h after oxidant injury. The results support further study of mitochondrial biogenesis as a repair process and a pharmacological target in acute organ injuries and disorders plagued by mitochondrial impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Funk
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Emerging roles of the ubiquitin proteasome system in nuclear hormone receptor signaling. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2009; 87:117-35. [PMID: 20374703 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(09)87004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor (NR)-mediated transcription is intimately tied to the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). The UPS targets numerous NR and coregulator proteins, regulating their stability and altering their transcriptional activities through the posttranslational placement of ubiquitin marks on them. Differences in the manner in which ubiquitin is attached to target proteins or itself have distinct regulatory consequences. Protein monoubiquitination, polyubiquitination, the site of ubiquitin attachment to a target protein, and the type of polyubiquitin chain linkage all lead to different biological outcomes and have an important regulatory function in NR-mediated transcription. Consistent with its role in protein degradation, the UPS is able to limit the biological actions of both NRs and coregulators by reducing their protein concentrations in the cell. However, in spite of its destructive capabilities, the UPS can play a positive role in facilitating NR-mediated transcription as well. In addition, ubiquitin-like modifications such as SUMOylation also modify and regulate NRs and coregulators. The UPS forms a key biological system that underlies a sophisticated postranslational regulatory scheme from which complex and dynamic regulation of NR-mediated transcription can occur.
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