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Abdou MM, O'Neill PM, Amigues E, Matziari M. Phosphinic acids: current status and potential for drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:916-929. [PMID: 30481556 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Phosphinic acid derivatives exhibit diverse biological activities and a high degree of structural diversity, rendering them a versatile tool in the development of new medicinal agents. Pronounced recent progress, coupled with previous research findings, highlights the impact of this moiety in medicinal chemistry. Here, we highlight the most important breakthroughs made with phosphinates with a range of pharmacological activities against many diseases, including anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer, antiparasitic, antihepatitis, antiproliferative, anti-influenza, anti-HIV, antimalarial, and antimicrobial agents. We also provide the current status of the corresponding prodrugs, drug-delivery systems, and drug applications of phosphinic acids in the clinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moaz M Abdou
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, PO 11727, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Paul M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK; Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Eric Amigues
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Magdalini Matziari
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China.
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Koch O, Cappel D, Nocker M, Jäger T, Flohé L, Sotriffer CA, Selzer PM. Molecular dynamics reveal binding mode of glutathionylspermidine by trypanothione synthetase. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56788. [PMID: 23451087 PMCID: PMC3581523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The trypanothione synthetase (TryS) catalyses the two-step biosynthesis of trypanothione from spermidine and glutathione and is an attractive new drug target for the development of trypanocidal and antileishmanial drugs, especially since the structural information of TryS from Leishmania major has become available. Unfortunately, the TryS structure was solved without any of the substrates and lacks loop regions that are mechanistically important. This contribution describes docking and molecular dynamics simulations that led to further insights into trypanothione biosynthesis and, in particular, explains the binding modes of substrates for the second catalytic step. The structural model essentially confirm previously proposed binding sites for glutathione, ATP and two Mg2+ ions, which appear identical for both catalytic steps. The analysis of an unsolved loop region near the proposed spermidine binding site revealed a new pocket that was demonstrated to bind glutathionylspermidine in an inverted orientation. For the second step of trypanothione synthesis glutathionylspermidine is bound in a way that preferentially allows N1-glutathionylation of N8-glutathionylspermidine, classifying N8-glutathionylspermidine as the favoured substrate. By inhibitor docking, the binding site for N8-glutathionylspermidine was characterised as druggable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Koch
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Schwabenheim, Germany
- MOLISA GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (OK); (PMS)
| | - Daniel Cappel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Monika Nocker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Paul M. Selzer
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Schwabenheim, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology and Division of Infection & Immunity, Faculty of Biomedical & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (OK); (PMS)
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Wang P, Wang Q, Yang Y, Coward JK, Nzila A, Sims PF, Hyde JE. Characterisation of the bifunctional dihydrofolate synthase-folylpolyglutamate synthase from Plasmodium falciparum; a potential novel target for antimalarial antifolate inhibition. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2010; 172:41-51. [PMID: 20350571 PMCID: PMC2877875 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Unusually for a eukaryote, the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum expresses dihydrofolate synthase (DHFS) and folylpolyglutamate synthase (FPGS) as a single bifunctional protein. The two activities contribute to the essential pathway of folate biosynthesis and modification. The DHFS activity of recombinant PfDHFS–FPGS exhibited non-standard kinetics at high co-substrate (glutamate and ATP) concentrations, being partially inhibited by increasing concentrations of its principal substrate, dihydropteroate (DHP). Binding of DHP to the catalytic and inhibitory sites exhibited dissociation constants of 0.50 μM and 1.25 μM, respectively. DHFS activity measured under lower co-substrate concentrations, where data fitted the Michaelis–Menten equation, yielded apparent Km values of 0.88 μM for DHP, 22.8 μM for ATP and 5.97 μM for glutamate. Of the substrates tested in FPGS assays, only tetrahydrofolate (THF) was efficiently converted to polyglutamylated forms, exhibiting standard kinetics with an apparent Km of 0.96 μM; dihydrofolate, folate and the folate analogue methotrexate (MTX) were negligibly processed, emphasising the importance of the oxidation state of the pterin moiety. Moreover, MTX inhibited neither DHFS nor FPGS, even at high concentrations. Conversely, two phosphinate analogues of 7,8-dihydrofolate that mimic tetrahedral intermediates formed during DHFS- and FPGS-catalysed glutamylation were powerfully inhibitory. The Ki value of an aryl phosphinate analogue against DHFS was 0.14 μM and for an alkyl phosphinate against FPGS 0.091 μM, with each inhibitor showing a high degree of specificity. This, combined with the absence of DHFS activity in humans, suggests PfDHFS–FPGS might represent a potential new drug target in the previously validated folate pathway of P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Qi Wang
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Yonghong Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - James K. Coward
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - Alexis Nzila
- KEMRI, Wellcome Trust Collaborative Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya
| | - Paul F.G. Sims
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - John E. Hyde
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
- Corresponding author at: University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, 131 Princess St, Manchester M1 7DN, UK. Tel.: +44 161 306 4185; fax: +44 161 306 5201.
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