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Li G, Henry SA, Liu H, Kang TS, Nao SC, Zhao Y, Wu C, Jin J, Zhang JT, Leung CH, Wai Hong Chan P, Ma DL. A robust photoluminescence screening assay identifies uracil-DNA glycosylase inhibitors against prostate cancer. Chem Sci 2020; 11:1750-1760. [PMID: 34123270 PMCID: PMC8148385 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05623h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cancers have developed resistance to 5-FU, due to removal by the enzyme uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG), a type of base excision repair enzyme (BER) that can excise uracil and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) from DNA. However, the development of UDG inhibitor screening methods, especially for the rapid and efficient screening of natural product/natural product-like compounds, is still limited so far. We developed herein a robust time-resolved photoluminescence method for screening UDG inhibitors, which could significantly improve sensitivity over the screening method based on the conventional steady-state spectroscopy, reducing the substantial fluorescence background interference. As a proof-of-concept, two potential UDG inhibitors were identified from a database of natural products and approved drugs. Co-treatment of these two compounds with 5-FU showed synergistic cytotoxicity, providing the basis for treating drug-resistant cancers. Overall, this method provides an avenue for the rapid screening of small molecule regulators of other BER enzyme activities that can avoid false negatives arising from the background fluorescence. The discovery of UDG inhibitors against prostate cancer by using a robust photoluminescence screening assay that can avoid false negatives arising from the background fluorescence.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Macau
| | | | - Hao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Tong Hong Kong
| | - Tian-Shu Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Macau
| | - Sang-Cuo Nao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Macau
| | - Yichao Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Chun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Tong Hong Kong
| | - Jianwen Jin
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Jia-Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Macau
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Macau
| | - Philip Wai Hong Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK.,School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Tong Hong Kong
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2
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Song A, Feng T, Shen X, Gai S, Zhai Y, Chen H. Fluorescence detection of glutathione S-transferases in a low GSH level environment. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7219-7222. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02702e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play crucial roles in the detoxification process and the development of drug-resistance and are proved to be important markers for various tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Song
- Institute of Medical Research
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
| | - Tian Feng
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines
- School of Pharmacy
- Air Force Medical University
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- Air Force Medical University
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
| | - Shouchang Gai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- Air Force Medical University
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
| | - Yumeng Zhai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- Air Force Medical University
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- Air Force Medical University
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
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3
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NBGNU: a hypoxia-activated tripartite combi-nitrosourea prodrug overcoming AGT-mediated chemoresistance. Future Med Chem 2018; 11:269-284. [PMID: 30560688 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: A hypoxia-activated combi-nitrosourea prodrug, N-(2-chloroethyl)-N'-2-(2-(4-nitrobenzylcarbamate)-O 6-benzyl-9-guanine)ethyl-N-nitrosourea (NBGNU), was synthesized and evaluated for its hypoxic selectivity and anticancer activity in vitro. Results: The prodrug was designed as a tripartite molecule consisting of a chloroethylnitrosourea pharmacophore to induce DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) and an O 6-benzylguanine analog moiety masked by a 4-nitrobenzylcarbamate group to induce hypoxia-activated inhibition of O 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. NBGNU was tested for hypoxic selectivity, cytotoxicity and DNA ICLs ability. The reduction product amounts, cell death rates and DNA ICL levels induced by NBGNU under hypoxic conditions were all significantly higher than those induced by NBGNU under normoxic conditions. Conclusion: The tripartite combi-nitrosourea prodrug exhibits desirable tumor-hypoxia targeting ability and abolished chemoresistance compared with the conventional chloroethylnitrosoureas.
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Stoddard EG, Killinger BJ, Nair RN, Sadler NC, Volk RF, Purvine SO, Shukla AK, Smith JN, Wright AT. Activity-Based Probes for Isoenzyme- and Site-Specific Functional Characterization of Glutathione S-Transferases. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16032-16035. [PMID: 29068682 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) comprise a diverse family of phase II drug metabolizing enzymes whose shared function is the conjugation of reduced glutathione (GSH) to endo- and xenobiotics. Although the conglomerate activity of these enzymes can be measured, the isoform-specific contribution to the metabolism of xenobiotics in complex biological samples has not been possible. We have developed two activity-based probes (ABPs) that characterize active GSTs in mammalian tissues. The GST active site is composed of a GSH binding "G site" and a substrate binding "H site". Therefore, we developed (1) a GSH-based photoaffinity probe (GSTABP-G) to target the "G site", and (2) an ABP designed to mimic a substrate molecule and have "H site" activity (GSTABP-H). The GSTABP-G features a photoreactive moiety for UV-induced covalent binding to GSTs and GSH-binding enzymes. The GSTABP-H is a derivative of a known mechanism-based GST inhibitor that binds within the active site and inhibits GST activity. Validation of probe targets and "G" and "H" site specificity was carried out using a series of competition experiments in the liver. Herein, we present robust tools for the characterization of enzyme- and active site-specific GST activity in mammalian model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan G Stoddard
- Chemical Biology and Exposure Sciences, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bryan J Killinger
- Chemical Biology and Exposure Sciences, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Reji N Nair
- Chemical Biology and Exposure Sciences, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Natalie C Sadler
- Chemical Biology and Exposure Sciences, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Regan F Volk
- Chemical Biology and Exposure Sciences, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Samuel O Purvine
- Chemical Biology and Exposure Sciences, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Anil K Shukla
- Chemical Biology and Exposure Sciences, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jordan N Smith
- Chemical Biology and Exposure Sciences, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Aaron T Wright
- Chemical Biology and Exposure Sciences, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Perperopoulou F, Pouliou F, Labrou NE. Recent advances in protein engineering and biotechnological applications of glutathione transferases. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:511-528. [PMID: 28936894 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1375890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs, EC 2.5.1.18) are a widespread family of enzymes that play a central role in the detoxification, metabolism, and transport or sequestration of endogenous or xenobiotic compounds. During the last two decades, delineation of the important structural and catalytic features of GSTs has laid the groundwork for engineering GSTs, involving both rational and random approaches, aiming to create new variants with new or altered properties. These approaches have expanded the usefulness of native GSTs, not only for understanding the fundamentals of molecular detoxification mechanisms, but also for the development medical, analytical, environmental, and agricultural applications. This review article attempts to summarize successful examples and current developments on GST engineering, highlighting in parallel the recent knowledge gained on their phylogenetic relationships, structural/catalytic features, and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereniki Perperopoulou
- a Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Enzyme Technology , School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Fotini Pouliou
- a Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Enzyme Technology , School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Nikolaos E Labrou
- a Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Enzyme Technology , School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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Malik A, Jagirdar H, Rabbani N, Khan MS, Ahmed A, Al-Senaidy AM, Ismael MA. Optimization of storage and stability of camel liver glutathione S-transferase. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 45:650-66. [PMID: 25036813 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2014.940973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are multifunctional enzymes and play an important role in cellular detoxification. Besides this, GSTs act as cytosolic carrier proteins that bind hydrophobic compounds such as heme, bilirubin, steroids, and polycyclic hydrocarbons. GST has great importance in biotechnology, as it is a target for vaccine and drug development and biosensors development for xenobiotics. Moreover, the GST tag has been extensively used for protein expression and purification. Until now, biophysical properties of camel liver GST have not been characterized. In the present study we have purified camel (Camelus dromedarius) liver GST to homogeneity in a single step by affinity chromatography with 23.4-fold purification and 60.6% yield. Our results showed that maximal activity of GST was at pH 6.5 and it was stable in the pH range of 5 to 10. The optimum temperature was 55°C and the Tm was 57°C. The chemical chaperone glycerol (3.3 M) was able to protect GST activity and aggregation against thermal denaturation by stabilizing the protein structure at 50 and 57°C, respectively. However, L-arginine (125 mM) did not protect GST against thermal stress. Far-ultraviolet circular dichroism (CD) spectra showed that glycerol protected the secondary structure of GST while L-arginine induced conformational changes under thermal stress. In conclusion, our studies on the GST stability suggest that glycerol works as a stabilizer and L-arginine acts as a destabilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajamaluddin Malik
- a Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
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Hossain MDT, Yamada N, Yamamoto K. Glutathione-binding site of a bombyx mori theta-class glutathione transferase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97740. [PMID: 24848539 PMCID: PMC4029803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The glutathione transferase (GST) superfamily plays key roles in the detoxification of various xenobiotics. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a silkworm protein belonging to a previously reported theta-class GST family. The enzyme (bmGSTT) catalyzes the reaction of glutathione with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, 1,2-epoxy-3-(4-nitrophenoxy)-propane, and 4-nitrophenethyl bromide. Mutagenesis of highly conserved residues in the catalytic site revealed that Glu66 and Ser67 are important for enzymatic function. These results provide insights into the catalysis of glutathione conjugation in silkworm by bmGSTT and into the metabolism of exogenous chemical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naotaka Yamada
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kohji Yamamoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Wei CW, Chou PL, Hung YT, Yiang GT. Synergistic cytotoxicity of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and Rana catesbeiana ribonuclease-6 in hepatoma cells. Tzu Chi Med J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcmj.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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A new colorimetric assay for glutathione transferase-catalyzed halogen ion release for high-throughput screening. Anal Biochem 2010; 405:201-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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