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Chen J, Wen Y, Lin L, Cui Y, Chen Z, Gao J, Zhuang Y, Chen Q. Fosl2 Deficiency Predisposes Mice to Osteopetrosis, Leading to Bone Marrow Failure. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1081-1093. [PMID: 38380993 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Arthritis causes Fos-like 2 (Fosl2) inactivation, and various immune cells contribute to its pathogenesis. However, little is known about the role of Fosl2 in hematopoiesis and the possible pathological role of Fosl2 inactivation in the hematopoietic system in arthritis. In this study, we show that Fosl2 maintains hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) quiescence and differentiation while controlling the inflammatory response via macrophages. Fosl2-specific deletion in the hematopoietic system caused the expansion of HSCs and myeloid cell growth while affecting erythroid and B cell differentiation. Fosl2 inactivation enhanced macrophage M1 polarization and stimulated proinflammatory cytokines and myeloid growth factors, skewing HSCs toward myeloid cell differentiation, similar to hematopoietic alterations in arthritic mice. Loss of Fosl2 mediated by Vav-iCre also displays an unexpected deletion in embryonic erythro-myeloid progenitor-derived osteoclasts, leading to osteopetrosis and anemia. The reduced bone marrow cellularity in Vav-iCreFosl2f/f mice is a consequence of the reduced bone marrow space in osteopetrotic mice rather than a direct role of Fosl2 in hematopoiesis. Thus, Fosl2 is indispensable for erythro-myeloid progenitor-derived osteoclasts to maintain the medullary cavity to ensure normal hematopoiesis. These findings improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of bone-destructive diseases and provide important implications for developing therapeutic approaches for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yi Wen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lili Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuchen Cui
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yifang Zhuang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Filipović M, Flegar D, Šućur A, Šisl D, Kavazović I, Antica M, Kelava T, Kovačić N, Grčević D. Inhibition of Notch Signaling Stimulates Osteoclastogenesis From the Common Trilineage Progenitor Under Inflammatory Conditions. Front Immunol 2022; 13:902947. [PMID: 35865541 PMCID: PMC9294223 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.902947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) can be derived from a common trilineage myeloid progenitor of hematopoietic origin. Progenitor commitment is susceptible to regulation through Notch signaling. Our aim was to determine the effects of Notch modulation on trilineage progenitor commitment and functional properties of differentiated cells under inflammatory conditions. We used the conditional inducible CX3CR1CreERT2 mouse strain to achieve overexpression of the Notch 1 intracellular domain (NICD1) or to inhibit Notch signaling via deletion of the transcription factor RBP-J in a bone marrow population, used as a source of the trilineage progenitor (CD45+Ly6G−CD3−B220−NK1.1−CD11b–/loCD115+). Cre-recombinase, under the control of the CX3CR1 promoter, expressed in the monocyte/macrophage lineage, was induced in vitro by 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Differentiation of osteoclasts was induced by M-CSF/RANKL; macrophages by M-CSF; DCs by IL-4/GM-CSF, and inflammation by LPS. Functionally, DCs were tested for the ability to process and present antigen, macrophages to phagocytose E. coli particles, and osteoclasts to resorb bone and express tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). We found that Notch 1 signal activation suppressed osteoclast formation, whereas disruption of the Notch canonical pathway enhanced osteoclastogenesis, resulting in a higher number and size of osteoclasts. RANK protein and Ctsk gene expression were upregulated in osteoclastogenic cultures from RBP-J+ mice, with the opposing results in NICD1+ mice. Notch modulation did not affect the number of in vitro differentiated macrophages and DCs. However, RBP-J deletion stimulated Il12b and Cd86 expression in macrophages and DCs, respectively. Functional assays under inflammatory conditions confirmed that Notch silencing amplifies TRAP expression by osteoclasts, whereas the enhanced phagocytosis by macrophages was observed in both NICD1+ and RBP-J+ strains. Finally, antigen presentation by LPS-stimulated DCs was significantly downregulated with NICD1 overexpression. This experimental setting allowed us to define a cell-autonomous response to Notch signaling at the trilineage progenitor stage. Although Notch signaling modulation affected the activity of all three lineages, the major effect was observed in osteoclasts, resulting in enhanced differentiation and function with inhibition of canonical Notch signaling. Our results indicate that Notch signaling participates as the negative regulator of osteoclast activity during inflammation, which may be relevant in immune and bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Filipović
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darja Flegar
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alan Šućur
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dino Šisl
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Inga Kavazović
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Tomislav Kelava
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nataša Kovačić
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Anatomy, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danka Grčević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- *Correspondence: Danka Grčević,
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Chen YQ, Hu WH, Dong ZC, Dong SW. Multi-functional osteoclasts in matrix-based tissue engineering bone. Chin J Traumatol 2022; 25:132-137. [PMID: 34969539 PMCID: PMC9125721 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The repair of bone defects, especially for the large segment of bone defects, has always been an urgent problem in orthopedic clinic and attracted researchers' attention. Nowadays, the application of tissue engineering bone in the repair of bone defects has become the research hotspot. With the rapid development of tissue engineering, the novel and functional scaffold materials for bone repair have emerged. In this review, we have summarized the multi-functional roles of osteoclasts in bone remodeling. The development of matrix-based tissue engineering bone has laid a theoretical foundation for further investigation about the novel bone regeneration materials which could perform high bioactivity. From the point of view on preserving pre-osteoclasts and targeting mature osteoclasts, this review introduced the novel matrix-based tissue engineering bone based on osteoclasts in the field of bone tissue engineering, which provides a potential direction for the development of novel scaffold materials for the treatment of bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Qi Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wen-Hui Hu
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zi-Cai Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shi-Wu Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China,Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China,Corresponding author. Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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4
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Circulating platelet concentration is associated with bone mineral density in women. Arch Osteoporos 2022; 17:44. [PMID: 35257290 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-022-01089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this cross-sectional study, enrollment included 818 female adults undergoing bone mineral density (BMD) assessment during the health examination. Subjects with osteoporosis had the lowest circulating platelet concentrations. The circulating platelet concentration was positively correlated with BMD. A high platelet concentration had independently low odds of osteoporosis. PURPOSE Platelets play an important role in bone metabolism. However, the association between circulating platelet counts and bone mineral density (BMD) has been inconsistently reported. We aimed to investigate the relationship between platelet counts and osteoporosis in Chinese women. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, a total of 818 female adults who underwent BMD assessment during the health examination were enrolled. Blood cell counts and biochemistry data were recorded. RESULTS Subjects with osteoporosis had the lowest platelet counts (238 ± 59 × 109/L) compared with subjects with osteopenia (256 ± 64 × 109/L) and a normal BMD (269 ± 76 × 109/L, P < 0.001). The circulating platelet concentration was positively correlated with the BMD of the lumbar spine (r = 0.195, P < 0.001), left hip (r = 0.145, P < 0.001), and right hip (r = 0.149, P < 0.001). According to the receiver operating characteristic curve, the cutoff platelet concentration for differentiating osteoporosis was 260 × 109/L. A high platelet concentration had significantly low odds of osteoporosis after adjusting for other covariates (odds ratio = 0.574, 95% confidence interval: 0.346‒0.953, P = 0.032). CONCLUSION The circulating platelet concentration was significantly correlated with BMD in Chinese women.
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Zeytin IC, Alkan B, Ozdemir C, Cetinkaya DU, Okur FV. OUP accepted manuscript. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11:310-321. [PMID: 35356978 PMCID: PMC8969067 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopetrosis is a rare inherited disease characterized by impaired osteoclast activity causing defective bone resorption and bone marrow aplasia. It is fatal in early childhood unless hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is performed. But, the transplant course is complicated with engraftment failure. Recently, osteoclasts have been described as the potential regulators of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche. Here we investigated the alterations in the HSC and mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) components of osteopetrotic niche and their interactions to mimic the stem cell dynamics/trafficking in the BM niche after HSC transplantation. Induced pluripotent stem cells were generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with osteopetrosis carrying TCIRG1 mutation. iPSC lines were differentiated into hematopoietic and myeloid progenitors, then into osteoclasts using a step-wise protocol. We first demonstrated a shift toward monocyte-macrophages lineage regarding hematopoietic differentiation potential of osteopetrotic iPSC-derived hematopoietic progenitors (HPCs) and phenotypically normal and functionally defective osteoclast formation. The expression of the genes involved in HSC homing and maintenance (Sdf-1, Jagged-1, Kit-L, and Opn) in osteopetrotic MSCs recovered significantly after coculture with healthy HPCs. Similarly, the restoration of phenotype, impaired differentiation, and migratory potential of osteopetrotic iHPCs were observed upon interaction with healthy MSCs. Our results establish significant alterations in both MSC and HPC compartments of the osteopetrotic niche, and support the impact of functionally impaired osteoclasts in defective niche formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inci Cevher Zeytin
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Development PEDI-STEM, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Berna Alkan
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Development PEDI-STEM, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cansu Ozdemir
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Development PEDI-STEM, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Duygu Uckan Cetinkaya
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Development PEDI-STEM, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Corresponding authors: Duygu Uckan Cetinkaya and Fatma Visal Okur, Center for Stem Cell Research and Development (PEDI-STEM), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey, (F.V.O.), (D.U.C.)
| | - Fatma Visal Okur
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Development PEDI-STEM, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Corresponding authors: Duygu Uckan Cetinkaya and Fatma Visal Okur, Center for Stem Cell Research and Development (PEDI-STEM), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey, (F.V.O.), (D.U.C.)
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6
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Kähkönen TE, Halleen JM, Bernoulli J. Osteoimmuno-Oncology: Therapeutic Opportunities for Targeting Immune Cells in Bone Metastasis. Cells 2021; 10:1529. [PMID: 34204474 PMCID: PMC8233913 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies provide a potential treatment option for currently incurable bone metastases. Bone marrow is an important secondary lymphoid organ with a unique immune contexture. Even at non-disease state immune cells and bone cells interact with each other, bone cells supporting the development of immune cells and immune cells regulating bone turnover. In cancer, tumor cells interfere with this homeostatic process starting from formation of pre-metastatic niche and later supporting growth of bone metastases. In this review, we introduce a novel concept osteoimmuno-oncology (OIO), which refers to interactions between bone, immune and tumor cells in bone metastatic microenvironment. We also discuss therapeutic opportunities of targeting immune cells in bone metastases, and associated efficacy and safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jenni Bernoulli
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland;
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Capo V, Penna S, Merelli I, Barcella M, Scala S, Basso-Ricci L, Draghici E, Palagano E, Zonari E, Desantis G, Uva P, Cusano R, Sergi LS, Crisafulli L, Moshous D, Stepensky P, Drabko K, Kaya Z, Unal E, Gezdiric A, Menna G, Serafini M, Aiuti A, Locatelli SL, Carlo-Stella C, Schulz AS, Ficara F, Sobacchi C, Gentner B, Villa A. Expanded circulating hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells as novel cell source for the treatment of TCIRG1 osteopetrosis. Haematologica 2021; 106:74-86. [PMID: 31949009 PMCID: PMC7776247 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.238261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the treatment of choice for autosomal recessive osteopetrosis caused by defects in the TCIRG1 gene. Despite recent progress in conditioning, a relevant number of patients are not eligible for allogeneic stem cell transplantation because of the severity of the disease and significant transplant-related morbidity. We exploited peripheral CD34+ cells, known to circulate at high frequency in the peripheral blood of TCIRG1-deficient patients, as a novel cell source for autologous transplantation of gene corrected cells. Detailed phenotypical analysis showed that circulating CD34+ cells have a cellular composition that resembles bone marrow, supporting their use in gene therapy protocols. Transcriptomic profile revealed enrichment in genes expressed by hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). To overcome the limit of bone marrow harvest/ HSPC mobilization and serial blood drawings in TCIRG1 patients, we applied UM171-based ex-vivo expansion of HSPCs coupled with lentiviral gene transfer. Circulating CD34+ cells from TCIRG1-defective patients were transduced with a clinically-optimized lentiviral vector (LV) expressing TCIRG1 under the control of phosphoglycerate promoter and expanded ex vivo. Expanded cells maintained long-term engraftment capacity and multi-lineage repopulating potential when transplanted in vivo both in primary and secondary NSG recipients. Moreover, when CD34+ cells were differentiated in vitro, genetically corrected osteoclasts resorbed the bone efficiently. Overall, we provide evidence that expansion of circulating HSPCs coupled to gene therapy can overcome the limit of stem cell harvest in osteopetrotic patients, thus opening the way to future gene-based treatment of skeletal diseases caused by bone marrow fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Capo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Penna
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- DIMET, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Ivan Merelli
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Segrate, Italy
| | - Matteo Barcella
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Scala
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Basso-Ricci
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Draghici
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Palagano
- CNR-IRGB, Milan Unit, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Erika Zonari
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Desantis
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Uva
- CRS4, Science and Technology Park Polaris, Pula, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Sergi Sergi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Crisafulli
- CNR-IRGB, Milan Unit, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Despina Moshous
- Unite d'Immunologie, Hematologie et Rhumatologie Pediatriques (UIHR), Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR1163, Institut Imagine, Universite Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Polina Stepensky
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Zühre Kaya
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Gazi University, School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ekrem Unal
- Erciyes University, Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Kayseri, Turkey
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Department, Gevher Nesibe Genom and Stem Cell Institution, Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Alper Gezdiric
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Health Science University, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Giuseppe Menna
- Hemato-Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, Pausilipon Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Aiuti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Laura Locatelli
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Humanitas Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Carmelo Carlo-Stella
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Humanitas Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Ansgar S. Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Francesca Ficara
- CNR-IRGB, Milan Unit, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Cristina Sobacchi
- CNR-IRGB, Milan Unit, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Bernhard Gentner
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Villa
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- CNR-IRGB, Milan Unit, Milan, Italy
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8
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de Vries TJ, Huesa C. The Osteocyte as a Novel Key Player in Understanding Periodontitis Through its Expression of RANKL and Sclerostin: a Review. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2019; 17:116-121. [PMID: 30924022 PMCID: PMC6491659 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-019-00509-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Periodontitis is the inflammation-associated bone loss disease of the alveolar bone that surrounds teeth. Classically, the emphasis on the etiology of periodontitis has been on the products of periodontal pathogens that lead to an inflammatory response of the soft tissues of the periodontium, eventually leading to activation of osteoclasts that degrade the alveolar bone. Until recently, the response of osteocytes that populate the alveolar bone, and that are known for their regulatory role in bone anabolism and catabolism, has not been addressed. RECENT FINDINGS This review demonstrates that osteocytes play a key contributing role in periodontitis progression in various experimental mouse and rat periodontitis models. Osteocytes are the key expressing cells of both osteoclast differentiation factor RANKL as well as osteoblast activity regulator sclerostin. Targeted deletion of RANKL in osteocytes prevents osteoclast formation, thereby impairing periodontitis, despite the pressure of periodontitis-associated bacteria. Antibodies against the osteocyte-derived protein sclerostin inhibit and partially revert periodontitis by stimulating bone formation. Experimental mouse and rat periodontitis models strongly indicate a key role for the bone-encapsulated osteocyte in understanding periodontitis etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teun J de Vries
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Carmen Huesa
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen Margaret Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, EH16 4TJ, UK
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Abstract
Bone and marrow are the two facets of the same organ, in which bone and hematopoietic cells coexist and interact. Marrow and skeletal tissue influence each-other and a variety of genetic disorders directly targets both of them, which may result in combined hematopoietic failure and skeletal malformations. Other conditions primarily affect one organ with secondary influences on the other. For instance, various forms of congenital anemias reduce bone mass and induce osteoporosis, while osteoclast failure in osteopetrosis prevents marrow development reducing medullary cavities and causing anemia and pancytopenia. Understanding the pathophysiology of these conditions may facilitate diagnosis and management, although many disorders are presently incurable. This article describes several congenital bone diseases and their relationship to hematopoietic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Teti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Steven L Teitelbaum
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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10
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Mansour A, Wakkach A, Blin-Wakkach C. Emerging Roles of Osteoclasts in the Modulation of Bone Microenvironment and Immune Suppression in Multiple Myeloma. Front Immunol 2017; 8:954. [PMID: 28848556 PMCID: PMC5554508 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is one of the most common forms of hematologic malignancy resulting from cancerous proliferation of mature malignant plasma cells (MPCs). But despite the real improvement in therapeutics in the past years, it remains largely incurable. MM is the most frequent cancer to involve bone due to the stimulation of osteoclast (OCL) differentiation and activity. OCLs have a unique capacity to resorb bone. However, recent studies reveal that they are not restrained to this sole function. They participate in the control of angiogenesis, medullary niches, and immune responses, including in MM. Therefore, therapeutic approaches targeting OCLs probably affect not only bone resorption but also many other functions, and OCLs should not be considered anymore only as targets to improve the bone phenotype but also to modulate bone microenvironment. In this review, we explore these novel contributions of OCLs to MM which reveal their strong implication in the MM physiopathology. We also underline the therapeutic interest of targeting OCLs not only to overcome bone lesions, but also to improve bone microenvironment and anti-tumoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mansour
- CNRS, UMR7370, LP2M, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.,Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Abdelilah Wakkach
- CNRS, UMR7370, LP2M, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.,Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Claudine Blin-Wakkach
- CNRS, UMR7370, LP2M, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.,Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
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11
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Hira VVV, Van Noorden CJF, Carraway HE, Maciejewski JP, Molenaar RJ. Novel therapeutic strategies to target leukemic cells that hijack compartmentalized continuous hematopoietic stem cell niches. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:183-198. [PMID: 28363872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells hijack hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niches in the bone marrow and become leukemic stem cells (LSCs) at the expense of normal HSCs. LSCs are quiescent and resistant to chemotherapy and can cause relapse of the disease. HSCs in niches are needed to generate blood cell precursors that are committed to unilineage differentiation and eventually production of mature blood cells, including red blood cells, megakaryocytes, myeloid cells and lymphocytes. Thus far, three types of HSC niches are recognized: endosteal, reticular and perivascular niches. However, we argue here that there is only one type of HSC niche, which consists of a periarteriolar compartment and a perisinusoidal compartment. In the periarteriolar compartment, hypoxia and low levels of reactive oxygen species preserve the HSC pool. In the perisinusoidal compartment, hypoxia in combination with higher levels of reactive oxygen species enables proliferation of progenitor cells and their mobilization into the circulation. Because HSC niches offer protection to LSCs against chemotherapy, we review novel therapeutic strategies to inhibit homing of LSCs in niches for the prevention of dedifferentiation of leukemic cells into LSCs and to stimulate migration of leukemic cells out of niches. These strategies enhance differentiation and proliferation and thus sensitize leukemic cells to chemotherapy. Finally, we list clinical trials of therapies that tackle LSCs in HSC niches to circumvent their protection against chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vashendriya V V Hira
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
| | - Cornelis J F Van Noorden
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Hetty E Carraway
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Leukemia Program, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Jaroslaw P Maciejewski
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Remco J Molenaar
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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12
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Goto Y, Aoyama M, Sekiya T, Kakita H, Waguri-Nagaya Y, Miyazawa K, Asai K, Goto S. CXCR4 + CD45 - Cells are Niche Forming for Osteoclastogenesis via the SDF-1, CXCL7, and CX3CL1 Signaling Pathways in Bone Marrow. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2733-2743. [PMID: 27339271 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bone homeostasis comprises the balance between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts (OCs), with an acceleration of osteoclastic bone resorption leading to osteoporosis. OCs can be generated from bone marrow cells (BMCs) under the tightly regulated local bone environment. However, it remained difficult to identify the critical cells responsible for providing an osteoclastogenesis niche. In this study, we used a fluorescence-activated cell sorting technique to determine the cell populations important for forming an appropriate microenvironment for osteoclastogenesis and to verify the associated interactions between osteoclast precursor cells and non-OCs. We isolated and removed a small cell population specific for osteoclastogenesis (CXCR4+ CD45- ) from mouse BMCs and cultured the remaining cells with receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) and macrophage-colony stimulating factor. The resulting cultures showed significantly less large osteoclast formation. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that these CXCR4+ CD45- cells expressed low levels of RANK and RANKL, but high levels of critical chemokines including stromal cell derived factor 1 (SDF-1), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 7 (CXCL7), and chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 (CX3CL1). Furthermore, an SDF-1-specific antibody strongly suppressed OC formation in RAW264.7 cells and antibodies against SDF-1, CXCL7, and CX3CL1 suppressed OC formation in BMCs. These results suggest that isolated CXCR4+ CD45- cells support an appropriate microenvironment for osteoclastogenesis with a direct effect on the cells expressing SDF-1, CXCL7, and CX3CL1 receptors. The regulation of CXCR4+ CD45- cell function might therefore inform therapeutic strategies for diseases involving loss of bone homeostasis. Stem Cells 2016;34:2733-2743.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoh Goto
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mineyoshi Aoyama
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeo Sekiya
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakita
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Yuko Waguri-Nagaya
- Department of Joint Surgery for Rheumatic Diseases, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken Miyazawa
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Asai
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigemi Goto
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
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13
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Gur-Cohen S, Kollet O, Graf C, Esmon CT, Ruf W, Lapidot T. Regulation of long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells by EPCR/PAR1 signaling. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1370:65-81. [PMID: 26928241 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The common developmental origin of endothelial and hematopoietic cells is manifested by coexpression of several cell surface receptors. Adult murine bone marrow (BM) long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs), endowed with the highest repopulation and self-renewal potential, express endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), which is used as a marker to isolate them. EPCR/protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) signaling in endothelial cells has anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory roles, while thrombin/PAR1 signaling induces coagulation and inflammation. Recent studies define two new PAR1-mediated signaling cascades that regulate EPCR(+) LT-HSC BM retention and egress. EPCR/PAR1 signaling facilitates LT-HSC BM repopulation, retention, survival, and chemotherapy resistance by restricting nitric oxide (NO) production, maintaining NO(low) LT-HSC BM retention with increased VLA4 expression, affinity, and adhesion. Conversely, acute stress and clinical mobilization upregulate thrombin generation and activate different PAR1 signaling that overcomes BM EPCR(+) LT-HSC retention, inducing their recruitment to the bloodstream. Thrombin/PAR1 signaling induces NO generation, TACE-mediated EPCR shedding, and upregulation of CXCR4 and PAR1, leading to CXCL12-mediated stem and progenitor cell mobilization. This review discusses new roles for factors traditionally viewed as coagulation related, which independently act in the BM to regulate PAR1 signaling in bone- and blood-forming progenitor cells, navigating their fate by controlling NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Gur-Cohen
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orit Kollet
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Claudine Graf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Third Medical Department, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Charles T Esmon
- Coagulation Biology Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and Departments of Pathology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Tsvee Lapidot
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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14
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Rhodes SD, Yang H, Dong R, Menon K, He Y, Li Z, Chen S, Staser KW, Jiang L, Wu X, Yang X, Peng X, Mohammad KS, Guise TA, Xu M, Yang FC. Nf1 Haploinsufficiency Alters Myeloid Lineage Commitment and Function, Leading to Deranged Skeletal Homeostasis. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1840-51. [PMID: 25917016 PMCID: PMC5441523 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although nullizygous loss of NF1 leads to myeloid malignancies, haploinsufficient loss of NF1 (Nf1) has been shown to contribute to osteopenia and osteoporosis which occurs in approximately 50% of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) patients. Bone marrow mononuclear cells of haploinsufficient NF1 patients and Nf1(+/-) mice exhibit increased osteoclastogenesis and accelerated bone turnover; however, the culprit hematopoietic lineages responsible for perpetuating these osteolytic manifestations have yet to be elucidated. Here we demonstrate that conditional inactivation of a single Nf1 allele within the myeloid progenitor cell population (Nf1-LysM) is necessary and sufficient to promote multiple osteoclast gains-in-function, resulting in enhanced osteoclastogenesis and accelerated osteoclast bone lytic activity in response to proresorptive challenge in vivo. Surprisingly, mice conditionally Nf1 heterozygous in mature, terminally differentiated osteoclasts (Nf1-Ctsk) do not exhibit any of these skeletal phenotypes, indicating a critical requirement for Nf1 haploinsufficiency at a more primitive/progenitor stage of myeloid development in perpetuating osteolytic activity. We further identified p21Ras-dependent hyperphosphorylation of Pu.1 within the nucleus of Nf1 haploinsufficient myelomonocytic osteoclast precursors, providing a novel therapeutic target for the potential treatment of NF1 associated osteolytic manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Rhodes
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Hao Yang
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Ruizhi Dong
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Keshav Menon
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Yongzheng He
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Zhaomin Li
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Shi Chen
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Karl W. Staser
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Li Jiang
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Xianlin Yang
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Xianghong Peng
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Khalid S. Mohammad
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Theresa A. Guise
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Mingjiang Xu
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Feng-Chun Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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15
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Coudert AE, de Vernejoul MC, Muraca M, Del Fattore A. Osteopetrosis and its relevance for the discovery of new functions associated with the skeleton. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:372156. [PMID: 25873953 PMCID: PMC4385565 DOI: 10.1155/2015/372156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteopetrosis is a rare genetic disorder characterized by an increase of bone mass due to defective osteoclast function. Patients typically displayed spontaneous fractures, anemia, and in the most severe forms hepatosplenomegaly and compression of cranial facial nerves leading to deafness and blindness. Osteopetrosis comprises a heterogeneous group of diseases as several forms are known with different models of inheritance and severity from asymptomatic to lethal. This review summarizes the genetic and clinical features of osteopetrosis, emphasizing how recent studies of this disease have contributed to understanding the central role of the skeleton in the whole body physiology. In particular, the interplay of bone with the stomach, insulin metabolism, male fertility, the immune system, bone marrow, and fat is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie E. Coudert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | | | - Maurizio Muraca
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Del Fattore
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
- *Andrea Del Fattore:
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16
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Italiani P, Boraschi D. From Monocytes to M1/M2 Macrophages: Phenotypical vs. Functional Differentiation. Front Immunol 2014; 5:514. [PMID: 25368618 PMCID: PMC4201108 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1325] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on monocyte and macrophage biology and differentiation have revealed the pleiotropic activities of these cells. Macrophages are tissue sentinels that maintain tissue integrity by eliminating/repairing damaged cells and matrices. In this M2-like mode, they can also promote tumor growth. Conversely, M1-like macrophages are key effector cells for the elimination of pathogens, virally infected, and cancer cells. Macrophage differentiation from monocytes occurs in the tissue in concomitance with the acquisition of a functional phenotype that depends on microenvironmental signals, thereby accounting for the many and apparently opposed macrophage functions. Many questions arise. When monocytes differentiate into macrophages in a tissue (concomitantly adopting a specific functional program, M1 or M2), do they all die during the inflammatory reaction, or do some of them survive? Do those that survive become quiescent tissue macrophages, able to react as naïve cells to a new challenge? Or, do monocyte-derived tissue macrophages conserve a “memory” of their past inflammatory activation? This review will address some of these important questions under the general framework of the role of monocytes and macrophages in the initiation, development, resolution, and chronicization of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Italiani
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Cytokines, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council , Napoli , Italy
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Cytokines, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council , Napoli , Italy
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