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Cao K, Xu J, Cao W, Wang X, Lv W, Zeng M, Zou X, Liu J, Feng Z. Assembly of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase in human health and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 207:247-259. [PMID: 37490987 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), also known as electron transport chain (ETC) Complex II, is the only enzyme complex engaged in both oxidative phosphorylation and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. SDH has received increasing attention due to its crucial role in regulating mitochondrial metabolism and human health. Despite having the fewest subunits among the four ETC complexes, functional SDH is formed via a sequential and well-coordinated assembly of subunits. Along with the discovery of subunit-specific assembly factors, the dynamic involvement of the SDH assembly process in a broad range of diseases has been revealed. Recently, we reported that perturbation of SDH assembly in different tissues leads to interesting and distinct pathophysiological changes in mice, indicating a need to understand the intricate SDH assembly process in human health and diseases. Thus, in this review, we summarize recent findings on SDH pathogenesis with respect to disease and a focus on SDH assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Cao
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China; Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenli Cao
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xueqiang Wang
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Weiqiang Lv
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengqi Zeng
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Xuan Zou
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China; School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China.
| | - Zhihui Feng
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China.
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Wu H, Zhang D, Xia H, Li Y, Mao F, Liao Y. SDH5 down-regulation mitigates the damage of osteoporosis via inhibiting the MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2022; 45:317-327. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2022.2143372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzi Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Center Hospital of Karamay, Karamay City
| | - Dehua Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Center Hospital of Karamay, Karamay City
| | - Haijun Xia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Center Hospital of Karamay, Karamay City
| | - Yongqi Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Center Hospital of Karamay, Karamay City
| | - Feng Mao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Center Hospital of Karamay, Karamay City
| | - Yi Liao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Center Hospital of Karamay, Karamay City
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The roles of SDHAF2 and dicarboxylate in covalent flavinylation of SDHA, the human complex II flavoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23548-23556. [PMID: 32887801 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007391117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial complex II, also known as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), is an integral-membrane heterotetramer (SDHABCD) that links two essential energy-producing processes, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. A significant amount of information is available on the structure and function of mature complex II from a range of organisms. However, there is a gap in our understanding of how the enzyme assembles into a functional complex, and disease-associated complex II insufficiency may result from incorrect function of the mature enzyme or from assembly defects. Here, we investigate the assembly of human complex II by combining a biochemical reconstructionist approach with structural studies. We report an X-ray structure of human SDHA and its dedicated assembly factor SDHAF2. Importantly, we also identify a small molecule dicarboxylate that acts as an essential cofactor in this process and works in synergy with SDHAF2 to properly orient the flavin and capping domains of SDHA. This reorganizes the active site, which is located at the interface of these domains, and adjusts the pKa of SDHAR451 so that covalent attachment of the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor is supported. We analyze the impact of disease-associated SDHA mutations on assembly and identify four distinct conformational forms of the complex II flavoprotein that we assign to roles in assembly and catalysis.
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Mitochondrial OXPHOS Biogenesis: Co-Regulation of Protein Synthesis, Import, and Assembly Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113820. [PMID: 32481479 PMCID: PMC7312649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes is an intricate process, which—given their dual-genetic control—requires tight co-regulation of two evolutionarily distinct gene expression machineries. Moreover, fine-tuning protein synthesis to the nascent assembly of OXPHOS complexes requires regulatory mechanisms such as translational plasticity and translational activators that can coordinate mitochondrial translation with the import of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins. The intricacy of OXPHOS complex biogenesis is further evidenced by the requirement of many tightly orchestrated steps and ancillary factors. Early-stage ancillary chaperones have essential roles in coordinating OXPHOS assembly, whilst late-stage assembly factors—also known as the LYRM (leucine–tyrosine–arginine motif) proteins—together with the mitochondrial acyl carrier protein (ACP)—regulate the incorporation and activation of late-incorporating OXPHOS subunits and/or co-factors. In this review, we describe recent discoveries providing insights into the mechanisms required for optimal OXPHOS biogenesis, including the coordination of mitochondrial gene expression with the availability of nuclear-encoded factors entering via mitochondrial protein import systems.
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Moosavi B, Berry EA, Zhu XL, Yang WC, Yang GF. The assembly of succinate dehydrogenase: a key enzyme in bioenergetics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4023-4042. [PMID: 31236625 PMCID: PMC11105593 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) also known as complex II or succinate:quinone oxidoreductase is an enzyme involved in both oxidative phosphorylation and tricarboxylic acid cycle; the processes that generate energy. SDH is a multi-subunit enzyme which requires a series of proteins for its proper assembly at several steps. This enzyme has medical significance as there is a broad range of human diseases from cancers to neurodegeneration related to SDH malfunction. Some of these disorders have recently been linked to defective assembly factors, reinvigorating further research in this area. Apart from that this enzyme has agricultural importance as many fungicides have been/will be designed targeting specifically this enzyme in plant fungal pathogens. In addition, we speculate it might be possible to design novel fungicides specifically targeting fungal assembly factors. Considering the medical and agricultural implications of SDH, the aim of this review is an overview of the SDH assembly factors and critical analysis of controversial issues around them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrooz Moosavi
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Edward A Berry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Xiao-Lei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China.
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Sharma P, Maklashina E, Cecchini G, Iverson TM. Maturation of the respiratory complex II flavoprotein. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 59:38-46. [PMID: 30851631 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory complexes are complicated multi-subunit cofactor-containing machines that allow cells to harvest energy from the environment. Maturation of these complexes requires protein folding, cofactor insertion, and assembly of multiple subunits into a final, functional complex. Because the intermediate states in complex maturation are transitory, these processes are poorly understood. This review gives an overview of the process of maturation in respiratory complex II with a focus on recent structural studies on intermediates formed during covalent flavinylation of the catalytic subunit, SDHA. Covalent flavinylation has an evolutionary significance because variants of complex II enzymes with the covalent ligand removed by mutagenesis cannot oxidize succinate, but can still perform the reverse reaction and reduce fumarate. Since succinate oxidation is a key step of aerobic respiration, the covalent bond of complex II appears to be important for aerobic life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Elena Maklashina
- Molecular Biology Division, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, United States; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Gary Cecchini
- Molecular Biology Division, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, United States; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States.
| | - T M Iverson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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Maklashina E, Rajagukguk S, Iverson TM, Cecchini G. The unassembled flavoprotein subunits of human and bacterial complex II have impaired catalytic activity and generate only minor amounts of ROS. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7754-7765. [PMID: 29610278 PMCID: PMC5961047 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex II (SdhABCD) is a membrane-bound component of mitochondrial and bacterial electron transport chains, as well as of the TCA cycle. In this capacity, it catalyzes the reversible oxidation of succinate. SdhABCD contains the SDHA protein harboring a covalently bound FAD redox center and the iron-sulfur protein SDHB, containing three distinct iron-sulfur centers. When assembly of this complex is compromised, the flavoprotein SDHA may accumulate in the mitochondrial matrix or bacterial cytoplasm. Whether the unassembled SDHA has any catalytic activity, for example in succinate oxidation, fumarate reduction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, or other off-pathway reactions, is not known. Therefore, here we investigated whether unassembled Escherichia coli SdhA flavoprotein, its homolog fumarate reductase (FrdA), and the human SDHA protein have succinate oxidase or fumarate reductase activity and can produce ROS. Using recombinant expression in E. coli, we found that the free flavoproteins from these divergent biological sources have inherently low catalytic activity and generate little ROS. These results suggest that the iron-sulfur protein SDHB in complex II is necessary for robust catalytic activity. Our findings are consistent with those reported for single-subunit flavoprotein homologs that are not associated with iron-sulfur or heme partner proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Maklashina
- From the Molecular Biology Division, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California 94121, ,the Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, and
| | - Sany Rajagukguk
- From the Molecular Biology Division, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California 94121
| | - T. M. Iverson
- the Departments of Pharmacology and ,Biochemistry, ,the Center for Structural Biology, and ,the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Gary Cecchini
- From the Molecular Biology Division, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California 94121, ,the Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, and , Recipient of Senior Research Career Scientist Award IK6BX004215 from the Department of Veterans Affairs. To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Molecular Biology Division (151-S), San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA 94121. Tel.:
415-221-4810, Ext. 24416; E-mail:
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Starbird CA, Maklashina E, Sharma P, Qualls-Histed S, Cecchini G, Iverson TM. Structural and biochemical analyses reveal insights into covalent flavinylation of the Escherichia coli Complex II homolog quinol:fumarate reductase. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12921-12933. [PMID: 28615448 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.795120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Escherichia coli Complex II homolog quinol:fumarate reductase (QFR, FrdABCD) catalyzes the interconversion of fumarate and succinate at a covalently attached FAD within the FrdA subunit. The SdhE assembly factor enhances covalent flavinylation of Complex II homologs, but the mechanisms underlying the covalent attachment of FAD remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we explored the mechanisms of covalent flavinylation of the E. coli QFR FrdA subunit. Using a ΔsdhE E. coli strain, we show that the requirement for the assembly factor depends on the cellular redox environment. We next identified residues important for the covalent attachment and selected the FrdAE245 residue, which contributes to proton shuttling during fumarate reduction, for detailed biophysical and structural characterization. We found that QFR complexes containing FrdAE245Q have a structure similar to that of the WT flavoprotein, but lack detectable substrate binding and turnover. In the context of the isolated FrdA subunit, the anticipated assembly intermediate during covalent flavinylation, FrdAE245 variants had stability similar to that of WT FrdA, contained noncovalent FAD, and displayed a reduced capacity to interact with SdhE. However, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis of WT FrdA cross-linked to SdhE suggested that the FrdAE245 residue is unlikely to contribute directly to the FrdA-SdhE protein-protein interface. We also found that no auxiliary factor is absolutely required for flavinylation, indicating that the covalent flavinylation is autocatalytic. We propose that multiple factors, including the SdhE assembly factor and bound dicarboxylates, stimulate covalent flavinylation by preorganizing the active site to stabilize the quinone-methide intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Starbird
- Graduate Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Elena Maklashina
- Molecular Biology Division, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Susan Qualls-Histed
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Gary Cecchini
- Molecular Biology Division, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158.
| | - T M Iverson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232.
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Bezawork-Geleta A, Dong L, Rohlena J, Neuzil J. The Assembly Factor SDHAF2 Is Dispensable for Flavination of the Catalytic Subunit of Mitochondrial Complex II in Breast Cancer Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:21414-21420. [PMID: 27587393 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c116.755017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial complex II or succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is at the crossroads of oxidative phosphorylation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It has been shown that Sdh5 (SDHAF2/SDH5 in mammals) is required for flavination of the subunit Sdh1 (SDHA in human cells) in yeast. Here we demonstrate that in human breast cancer cells, SDHAF2/SDH5 is dispensable for SDHA flavination. In contrast to yeast, CRISPR-Cas9 nickase-mediated SDHAF2 KO breast cancer cells feature flavinated SDHA and retain fully assembled and functional complex II, as well as normal mitochondrial respiration. Our data show that SDHA flavination is independent of SDHAF2 in breast cancer cells, employing an alternative mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lanfeng Dong
- From the School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, 4222 Queensland, Australia and
| | - Jakub Rohlena
- the Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 50 Prague-West, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Neuzil
- From the School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, 4222 Queensland, Australia and .,the Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 50 Prague-West, Czech Republic
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