1
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Ashby LV, Springer R, Loi VV, Antelmann H, Hampton MB, Kettle AJ, Dickerhof N. Oxidation of bacillithiol during killing of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 inside neutrophil phagosomes. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:591-605. [PMID: 35621076 PMCID: PMC9796752 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4hi1021-538rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting immune evasion tactics of pathogenic bacteria may hold the key to treating recalcitrant bacterial infections. Staphylococcus aureus produces bacillithiol (BSH), its major low-molecular-weight thiol, which is thought to protect this opportunistic human pathogen against the bombardment of oxidants inside neutrophil phagosomes. Here, we show that BSH was oxidized when human neutrophils phagocytosed S. aureus, but provided limited protection to the bacteria. We used mass spectrometry to measure the oxidation of BSH upon exposure of S. aureus USA300 to either a bolus of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) or a flux generated by the neutrophil enzyme myeloperoxidase. Oxidation of BSH and loss of bacterial viability were strongly correlated (r = 0.99, p < 0.001). BSH was fully oxidized after exposure of S. aureus to lethal doses of HOCl. However, there was no relationship between the initial BSH levels and the dose of HOCl required for bacterial killing. In contrast to the HOCl systems, only 50% of total BSH was oxidized when neutrophils killed the majority of phagocytosed bacteria. Oxidation of BSH was decreased upon inhibition of myeloperoxidase, implicating HOCl in phagosomal BSH oxidation. A BSH-deficient S. aureus USA300 mutant was slightly more susceptible to treatment with either HOCl or ammonia chloramine, or to killing within neutrophil phagosomes. Collectively, our data show that myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants react with S. aureus inside neutrophil phagosomes, leading to partial BSH oxidation, and contribute to bacterial killing. However, BSH offers only limited protection against the neutrophil's multifaceted killing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa V Ashby
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Otago ChristchurchChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Reuben Springer
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Otago ChristchurchChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Vu Van Loi
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Biology, Chemistry, PharmacyInstitute of Biology‐MicrobiologyBerlinGermany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Biology, Chemistry, PharmacyInstitute of Biology‐MicrobiologyBerlinGermany
| | - Mark B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Otago ChristchurchChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Otago ChristchurchChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Nina Dickerhof
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Otago ChristchurchChristchurchNew Zealand
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2
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Manrique-Moreno M, Jemioła-Rzemińska M, Múnera-Jaramillo J, López GD, Suesca E, Leidy C, Strzałka K. Staphylococcus aureus Carotenoids Modulate the Thermotropic Phase Behavior of Model Systems That Mimic Its Membrane Composition. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:945. [PMID: 36295704 PMCID: PMC9612337 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a pathogenic gram-positive bacterium that normally resides in the skin and nose of the human body. It is subject to fluctuations in environmental conditions that may affect the integrity of the membrane. S. aureus produces carotenoids, which act as antioxidants. However, these carotenoids have also been implicated in modulating the biophysical properties of the membrane. Here, we investigate how carotenoids modulate the thermotropic phase behavior of model systems that mimic the phospholipid composition of S. aureus. We found that carotenoids depress the main phase transition of DMPG and CL, indicating that they strongly affect cooperativity of membrane lipids in their gel phase. In addition, carotenoids modulate the phase behavior of mixtures of DMPG and CL, indicating that they may play a role in modulation of lipid domain formation in S. aureus membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Manrique-Moreno
- Chemistry Institute, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Małgorzata Jemioła-Rzemińska
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-392 Krakow, Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-392 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jessica Múnera-Jaramillo
- Chemistry Institute, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Gerson-Dirceu López
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Techniques in Natural Products (LATNAP), Chemistry Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Elizabeth Suesca
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Chad Leidy
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Kazimierz Strzałka
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-392 Krakow, Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-392 Krakow, Poland
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3
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Figueiredo-Junior AT, Valença SS, Finotelli PV, dos Anjos FDF, de Brito-Gitirana L, Takiya CM, Lanzetti M. Treatment with Bixin-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles Prevents Cigarette Smoke-Induced Acute Lung Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071293. [PMID: 35883784 PMCID: PMC9311961 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of annatto pigments has been evaluated as a therapeutic strategy in animal models of several health disorders. Beneficial effects were generally attributed to the inhibition of oxidative stress. Bixin is the main pigment present in annatto seeds and has emerged as an important scavenger of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS). However, this carotenoid is highly hydrophobic, affecting its therapeutic applicability. Therefore, bixin represents an attractive target for nanotechnology to improve its pharmacokinetic parameters. In this study, we prepared bixin nanoparticles (npBX) and evaluated if they could prevent pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress induced by cigarette smoke (CS). C57BL/6 mice were exposed to CS and treated daily (by gavage) with different concentrations of npBX (6, 12 and 18%) or blank nanoparticles (npBL, 18%). The negative control group was sham smoked and received 18% npBL. On day 6, the animals were euthanized, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), as well as lungs, were collected for analysis. CS exposure led to an increase in ROS and nitrite production, which was absent in animals treated with npBX. In addition, npBX treatment significantly reduced leukocyte numbers and TNF-α levels in the BALF of CS-exposed mice, and it strongly inhibited CS-induced increases in MDA and PNK in lung homogenates. Interestingly, npBX protective effects against oxidative stress seemed not to act via Nrf2 activation in the CS + npBX 18% group. In conclusion, npBX prevented oxidative stress and acute lung inflammation in a murine model of CS-induced acute lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexsandro Tavares Figueiredo-Junior
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (A.T.F.-J.); (S.S.V.); (F.d.F.d.A.); (L.d.B.-G.)
| | - Samuel Santos Valença
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (A.T.F.-J.); (S.S.V.); (F.d.F.d.A.); (L.d.B.-G.)
| | - Priscilla Vanessa Finotelli
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos da Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil;
| | - Francisca de Fátima dos Anjos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (A.T.F.-J.); (S.S.V.); (F.d.F.d.A.); (L.d.B.-G.)
| | - Lycia de Brito-Gitirana
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (A.T.F.-J.); (S.S.V.); (F.d.F.d.A.); (L.d.B.-G.)
| | - Christina Maeda Takiya
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil;
| | - Manuella Lanzetti
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (A.T.F.-J.); (S.S.V.); (F.d.F.d.A.); (L.d.B.-G.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Staphyloxanthin as a Potential Novel Target for Deciphering Promising Anti-Staphylococcus aureus Agents. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030298. [PMID: 35326762 PMCID: PMC8944557 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a fatal Gram-positive pathogen threatening numerous cases of hospital-admitted patients worldwide. The emerging resistance of the pathogen to several antimicrobial agents has pressurized research to propose new strategies for combating antimicrobial resistance. Novel strategies include targeting the virulence factors of S. aureus. One of the most prominent virulence factors of S. aureus is its eponymous antioxidant pigment staphyloxanthin (STX), which is an auspicious target for anti-virulence therapy. This review provides an updated outline on STX and multiple strategies to attenuate this virulence factor. The approaches discussed in this article focus on bioprospective and chemically synthesized inhibitors of STX, inter-species communication and genetic manipulation. Various inhibitor molecules were found to exhibit appreciable inhibitory effect against STX and hence would be able to serve as potential anti-virulence agents for clinical use.
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5
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Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to hypothiocyanous acid generated by host peroxidases. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0053021. [PMID: 35156851 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00530-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a serious human respiratory pathogen. It generates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as part of its normal metabolism, yet it lacks enzymes that remove this oxidant. Here we show that lactoperoxidase and myeloperoxidase, two host enzymes present in the respiratory tract, convert bacterial H2O2 into HOSCN that S. pneumoniae can resist. We found that incubation of S. pneumoniae with myeloperoxidase in chloride-rich buffer killed the bacteria due to formation of toxic hypochlorous acid (HOCl). However, the addition of physiological concentrations of thiocyanate protected the bacteria. Similarly, S. pneumoniae remained viable in the presence of lactoperoxidase and thiocyanate even though the majority of bacterial H2O2 was converted to hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN). S. pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, another respiratory pathogen, were similarly sensitive to H2O2 and HOCl. In contrast, S. pneumoniae tolerated much higher doses of HOSCN than P. aeruginosa. When associated with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), S. pneumoniae continued to generate H2O2, which was converted to HOCl by MPO present on NETs. However, there was no loss in bacterial viability because HOCl was scavenged by the NET proteins. We conclude that at sites of infection, bacteria will be protected from HOCl by thiocyanate and extracellular proteins including those associated with NETs. Resistance to HOSCN may give S. pneumoniae a survival advantage over other pathogenic bacteria. Understanding the mechanisms by which S. pneumoniae protects itself from HOSCN may reveal novel strategies for limiting the colonization and pathogenicity of this deadly pathogen.
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6
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Parker HA, Forrester L, Kaldor CD, Dickerhof N, Hampton MB. Antimicrobial Activity of Neutrophils Against Mycobacteria. Front Immunol 2021; 12:782495. [PMID: 35003097 PMCID: PMC8732375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.782495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycobacterium genus contains a broad range of species, including the human pathogens M. tuberculosis and M. leprae. These bacteria are best known for their residence inside host cells. Neutrophils are frequently observed at sites of mycobacterial infection, but their role in clearance is not well understood. In this review, we discuss how neutrophils attempt to control mycobacterial infections, either through the ingestion of bacteria into intracellular phagosomes, or the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Despite their powerful antimicrobial activity, including the production of reactive oxidants such as hypochlorous acid, neutrophils appear ineffective in killing pathogenic mycobacteria. We explore mycobacterial resistance mechanisms, and how thwarting neutrophil action exacerbates disease pathology. A better understanding of how mycobacteria protect themselves from neutrophils will aid the development of novel strategies that facilitate bacterial clearance and limit host tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mark B. Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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7
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Colina JR, Suwalsky M, Petit K, Contreras D, Manrique-Moreno M, Jemiola-Rzeminska M, Strzalka K. In vitro evaluation of the protective effect of crocin on human erythrocytes. Biophys Chem 2021; 281:106738. [PMID: 34920397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The interactions and the protective effect of the carotenoid crocin (CRO) on human erythrocytes (RBC) and molecular models of its membrane were investigated. The latter consisted of bilayers of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE), representative of phospholipid classes located in the outer and inner monolayers of the RBC membrane, respectively. X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and electronic paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) showed that CRO produced structural perturbations in DMPC bilayers and in isolated unsealed human erythrocyte membranes. On the other hand, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that CRO induced shape changes in the RBC from their normal discoid form to echinocytes. This result indicates that the CRO molecules were mainly localized in the outer monolayer of the RBC membrane. The assessment of the protective capacity of CRO was revealed by the carotenoid inhibition of the morphological alterations caused by hypochlorous acid (HOCl) to RBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Colina
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Mario Suwalsky
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Karla Petit
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - David Contreras
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Malgorzata Jemiola-Rzeminska
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Strzalka
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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8
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Avalos M, Garbeva P, Vader L, van Wezel GP, Dickschat JS, Ulanova D. Biosynthesis, evolution and ecology of microbial terpenoids. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:249-272. [PMID: 34612321 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00047k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: through June 2021Terpenoids are the largest class of natural products recognised to date. While mostly known to humans as bioactive plant metabolites and part of essential oils, structurally diverse terpenoids are increasingly reported to be produced by microorganisms. For many of the compounds biological functions are yet unknown, but during the past years significant insights have been obtained for the role of terpenoids in microbial chemical ecology. Their functions include stress alleviation, maintenance of cell membrane integrity, photoprotection, attraction or repulsion of organisms, host growth promotion and defense. In this review we discuss the current knowledge of the biosynthesis and evolution of microbial terpenoids, and their ecological and biological roles in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Perspectives on their biotechnological applications, knowledge gaps and questions for future studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Avalos
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Vader
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Gilles P van Wezel
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.,University of Bonn, Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dana Ulanova
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan.
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9
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Parker HA, Dickerhof N, Forrester L, Ryburn H, Smyth L, Messens J, Aung HL, Cook GM, Kettle AJ, Hampton MB. Mycobacterium smegmatis Resists the Bactericidal Activity of Hypochlorous Acid Produced in Neutrophil Phagosomes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1901-1912. [PMID: 33753427 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are often the major leukocyte at sites of mycobacterial infection, yet little is known about their ability to kill mycobacteria. In this study we have investigated whether the potent antibacterial oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl) contributes to killing of Mycobacterium smegmatis when this bacterium is phagocytosed by human neutrophils. We found that M. smegmatis were ingested by neutrophils into intracellular phagosomes but were killed slowly. We measured a t 1/2 of 30 min for the survival of M. smegmatis inside neutrophils, which is 5 times longer than that reported for Staphylococcus aureus and 15 times longer than Escherichia coli Live-cell imaging indicated that neutrophils generated HOCl in phagosomes containing M. smegmatis; however, inhibition of HOCl production did not alter the rate of bacterial killing. Also, the doses of HOCl that are likely to be produced inside phagosomes failed to kill isolated bacteria. Lethal doses of reagent HOCl caused oxidation of mycothiol, the main low-m.w. thiol in this bacterium. In contrast, phagocytosed M. smegmatis maintained their original level of reduced mycothiol. Collectively, these findings suggest that M. smegmatis can cope with the HOCl that is produced inside neutrophil phagosomes. A mycothiol-deficient mutant was killed by neutrophils at the same rate as wild-type bacteria, indicating that mycothiol itself is not the main driver of M. smegmatis resistance. Understanding how M. smegmatis avoids killing by phagosomal HOCl could provide new opportunities to sensitize pathogenic mycobacteria to destruction by the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Parker
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand;
| | - Nina Dickerhof
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Lorna Forrester
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Heath Ryburn
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Leon Smyth
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Joris Messens
- Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; and.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Htin L Aung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Mark B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand;
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Saha P, Yeoh BS, Xiao X, Golonka RM, Abokor AA, Wenceslau CF, Shah YM, Joe B, Vijay-Kumar M. Enterobactin induces the chemokine, interleukin-8, from intestinal epithelia by chelating intracellular iron. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1-18. [PMID: 33171063 PMCID: PMC7671005 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1841548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an indispensable nutrient for both mammals and microbes. Bacteria synthesize siderophores to sequester host iron, whereas lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is the host defense protein that prevent this iron thievery. Enterobactin (Ent) is a catecholate-type siderophore that has one of the strongest known affinities for iron. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are adjacent to large microbial population and are in contact with microbial products, including Ent. We undertook this study to investigate whether a single stimulus of Ent could affect IEC functions. Using three human IEC cell-lines with differential basal levels of Lcn2 (i.e. HT29 < DLD-1 < Caco-2/BBe), we demonstrated that iron-free Ent could induce a dose-dependent secretion of the pro-inflammatory chemokine, interleukin 8 (IL-8), in HT29 and DLD-1 IECs, but not in Caco-2/BBe. Ent-induced IL-8 secretion was dependent on chelation of the labile iron pool and on the levels of intracellular Lcn2. Accordingly, IL-8 secretion by Ent-treated HT29 cells could be substantially inhibited by either saturating Ent with iron or by adding exogenous Lcn2 to the cells. IL-8 production by Ent could be further potentiated when co-stimulated with other microbial products (i.e. flagellin, lipopolysaccharide). Water-soluble microbial siderophores did not induce IL-8 production, which signifies that IECs are specifically responding to the lipid-soluble Ent. Intriguingly, formyl peptide receptor (FPR) antagonists (i.e. Boc2, cyclosporine H) abrogated Ent-induced IL-8, implicating that such IEC response could be, in part, dependent on FPR. Taken together, these results demonstrate that IECs sense Ent as a danger signal, where its recognition results in IL-8 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piu Saha
- UT Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- UT Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Xia Xiao
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel M. Golonka
- UT Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Ahmed A. Abokor
- UT Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Camilla F. Wenceslau
- UT Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Yatrik M. Shah
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bina Joe
- UT Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- UT Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA,CONTACT Matam Vijay-Kumar Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH43614, USA
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11
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Inhibition of interaction between Staphylococcus aureus α-hemolysin and erythrocytes membrane by hydrolysable tannins: structure-related activity study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11168. [PMID: 32636484 PMCID: PMC7341856 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was a comparative analysis of the antihemolytic activity against two Staphylococcus aureus strains (8325-4 and NCTC 5655) as well as α-hemolysin and of the membrane modifying action of four hydrolysable tannins with different molecular mass and flexibility: 3,6-bis-O-di-O-galloyl-1,2,4-tri-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (T1), 1,2,3,4,5-penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (T2), 3-O-galloyl-1,2-valoneoyl-β-d-glucose (T3) and 1,2-di-O-galloyl-4,6-valoneoyl-β-d-glucose (T4). We showed that all the compounds studied manifested antihemolytic effects in the range of 5–50 µM concentrations. However, the degree of the reduction of hemolysis by the investigated tannins was not uniform. A valoneoyl group—containing compounds (T3 and T4) were less active. Inhibition of the hemolysis induced by α-hemolysin was also noticed on preincubated with the tannins and subsequently washed erythrocytes. In this case the efficiency again depended on the tannin structure and could be represented by the following order: T1 > T2 > T4 > T3. We also found a relationship between the degree of antihemolytic activity of the tannins studied and their capacity to increase the ordering parameter of the erythrocyte membrane outer layer and to change zeta potential. Overall, our study showed a potential of the T1 and T2 tannins as anti-virulence agents. The results of this study using tannins with different combinations of molecular mass and flexibility shed additional light on the role of tannin structure in activity manifestation.
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Dickerhof N, Isles V, Pattemore P, Hampton MB, Kettle AJ. Exposure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to bactericidal hypochlorous acid during neutrophil phagocytosis is compromised in cystic fibrosis. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13502-13514. [PMID: 31341024 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase is a major neutrophil antimicrobial protein, but its role in immunity is often overlooked because individuals deficient in this enzyme are usually in good health. Within neutrophil phagosomes, myeloperoxidase uses superoxide generated by the NADPH oxidase to oxidize chloride to the potent bactericidal oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl). In this study, using phagocytosis assays and LC-MS analyses, we monitored GSH oxidation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa to gauge their exposure to HOCl inside phagosomes. Doses of reagent HOCl that killed most of the bacteria oxidized half the cells' GSH, producing mainly glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and other low-molecular-weight disulfides. Glutathione sulfonamide (GSA), a HOCl-specific product, was also formed. When neutrophils phagocytosed P. aeruginosa, half of the bacterial GSH was lost. Bacterial GSA production indicated that HOCl had reacted with the bacterial cells, oxidized their GSH, and was sufficient to be solely responsible for bacterial killing. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase lowered GSA formation in the bacterial cells, but the bacteria were still killed, presumably by compensatory nonoxidative mechanisms. Of note, bacterial GSA formation in neutrophils from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) was normal during early phagocytosis, but it was diminished at later time points, which was mirrored by a small decrease in bacterial killing. In conclusion, myeloperoxidase generates sufficient HOCl within neutrophil phagosomes to kill ingested bacteria. The unusual kinetics of phagosomal HOCl production in CF neutrophils confirm a role for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in maintaining HOCl production in neutrophil phagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dickerhof
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand.
| | - Vivienne Isles
- Children's Outreach Nursing Service, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Philip Pattemore
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Mark B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
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Nasser A, Moradi M, Jazireian P, Safari H, Alizadeh-Sani M, Pourmand MR, Azimi T. Staphylococcus aureus versus neutrophil: Scrutiny of ancient combat. Microb Pathog 2019; 131:259-269. [PMID: 31002964 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes many infections and diseases. This pathogen can cause many types of infections such as impetigo, toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST1), pneumonia, endocarditis, and autoimmune diseases like lupus erythematosus and can infect other healthy individuals. In the pathogenic process, colonization is a main risk factor for invasive diseases. Various factors including the cell wall-associated factors and receptors of the epithelial cells facilitate adhesion and colonization of this pathogen. S. aureus has many enzymes, toxins, and strategies to evade from the immune system either by an enzyme that lyses cellular component or by hiding from the immune system via surface antigens like protein A and second immunoglobulin-binding protein (Sbi). The strategies of this bacterium can be divided into five groups: A: Inhibit neutrophil recruitment B: Inhibit phagocytosis C: Inhibit killing by ROS, D: Neutrophil killing, and E: Resistance to antimicrobial peptide. On the other hand, innate immune system via neutrophils, the most important polymorphonuclear leukocytes, fights against bacterial cells by neutrophil extracellular trap (NET). In this review, we try to explain the role of each factor in immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Nasser
- Microbiology Research center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Melika Moradi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parham Jazireian
- Department of Biology, University Campus 2,University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hossein Safari
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alizadeh-Sani
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Environmental Health Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students Research Committee, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Pourmand
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taher Azimi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Golonka R, Yeoh BS, Vijay-Kumar M. The Iron Tug-of-War between Bacterial Siderophores and Innate Immunity. J Innate Immun 2019; 11:249-262. [PMID: 30605903 DOI: 10.1159/000494627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is necessary for the survival of almost all aerobic organisms. In the mammalian host, iron is a required cofactor for the assembly of functional iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster proteins, heme-binding proteins and ribonucleotide reductases that regulate various functions, including heme synthesis, oxygen transport and DNA synthesis. However, the bioavailability of iron is low due to its insolubility under aerobic conditions. Moreover, the host coordinates a nutritional immune response to restrict the accessibility of iron against potential pathogens. To counter nutritional immunity, most commensal and pathogenic bacteria synthesize and secrete small iron chelators termed siderophores. Siderophores have potent affinity for iron, which allows them to seize the essential metal from the host iron-binding proteins. To safeguard against iron thievery, the host relies upon the innate immune protein, lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), which could sequester catecholate-type siderophores and thus impede bacterial growth. However, certain bacteria are capable of outmaneuvering the host by either producing "stealth" siderophores or by expressing competitive antagonists that bind Lcn2 in lieu of siderophores. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying the complex iron tug-of-war between host and bacteria with an emphasis on how host innate immunity responds to siderophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Golonka
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Infectious Disease, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA, .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA,
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