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Wajda A, Dybas J, Kachamakova-Trojanowska N, Pacia MZ, Wilkosz N, Bułat K, Chwiej J, Marzec KM. Raman imaging unveils heme uptake in endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20684. [PMID: 39237581 PMCID: PMC11377832 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Heme released from damaged and senescent red blood cells (RBCs) may contribute to oxidant-mediated cell injury. One of the recently investigated physiological processes, essential in preventing the inflammatory impact of labile heme, is its uptake from the bloodstream by endothelial cells (ECs). In this study, we investigated heme uptake by ECs starting from the model studies on the in vitro cellular level, through the endothelium layer on the ex vivo murine aortic tissues. As the cellular model, Human Aortic Endothelial Cells (HAECs) were chosen, and the concentration of labile heme was adjusted so to avoid the excessive toxic effect of the labile heme. We utilized label-free Raman imaging with two different excitation wavelengths to capture the uptake process in situ and characterize the oxidation state of the iron ion in the intercalated heme. The phenomenon of heme uptake was demonstrated in both, the healthy control C57Bl/6J and FVB animals, as well as in mice with developed atherosclerosis (ApoE/LDLR-/- mice). In the presented work, we presented for the first time Raman-based evidence on the heme uptake process by endothelial cells in both, in vitro and ex vivo systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Wajda
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jakub Dybas
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Marta Z Pacia
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Natalia Wilkosz
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bułat
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Chwiej
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna M Marzec
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland.
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, Krakow Institute of Technology, 73 Zakopianska St., 30-418, Kraków, Poland.
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2
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Grujcic M, Milovanovic M, Nedeljkovic J, Jovanovic D, Arsenijevic D, Solovjova N, Stankovic V, Tanaskovic I, Arsenijevic A, Milovanovic J. The Possible Effects of Galectin-3 on Mechanisms of Renal and Hepatocellular Injury Induced by Intravascular Hemolysis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8129. [PMID: 39125698 PMCID: PMC11311984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Intravascular hemolysis is a central feature of congenital and acquired hemolytic anemias, complement disorders, infectious diseases, and toxemias. Massive and/or chronic hemolysis is followed by the induction of inflammation, very often with severe damage of organs, which enhances the morbidity and mortality of hemolytic diseases. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin that modulates the functions of many immune cells, thus affecting inflammatory processes. Gal-3 is also one of the main regulators of fibrosis. The role of Gal-3 in the development of different kidney and liver diseases and the potential of therapeutic Gal-3 inhibition have been demonstrated. Therefore, the objective of this review is to discuss the possible effects of Gal-3 on the process of kidney and liver damage induced by intravascular hemolysis, as well as to shed light on the potential therapeutic targeting of Gal-3 in intravascular hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Grujcic
- Institute for Transfusiology and Hemobiology of Military Medical Academy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Marija Milovanovic
- Center for Harm Reduction of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.M.); (D.A.); (V.S.); (A.A.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Nedeljkovic
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Danijela Jovanovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Dragana Arsenijevic
- Center for Harm Reduction of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.M.); (D.A.); (V.S.); (A.A.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Natalija Solovjova
- Academy of Applied Studies Belgrade, The College of Health Science, Cara Dušana 254, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Vesna Stankovic
- Center for Harm Reduction of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.M.); (D.A.); (V.S.); (A.A.)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Irena Tanaskovic
- Center for Harm Reduction of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.M.); (D.A.); (V.S.); (A.A.)
- Department of Histology and Embriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijevic
- Center for Harm Reduction of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.M.); (D.A.); (V.S.); (A.A.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milovanovic
- Center for Harm Reduction of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.M.); (D.A.); (V.S.); (A.A.)
- Department of Histology and Embriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
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3
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Zemtsovski JD, Tumpara S, Schmidt S, Vijayan V, Klos A, Laudeley R, Held J, Immenschuh S, Wurm FM, Welte T, Haller H, Janciauskiene S, Shushakova N. Alpha1-antitrypsin improves survival in murine abdominal sepsis model by decreasing inflammation and sequestration of free heme. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1368040. [PMID: 38562925 PMCID: PMC10982482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1368040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive inflammation, hemolysis, and accumulation of labile heme play an essential role in the pathophysiology of multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in sepsis. Alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), an acute phase protein with heme binding capacity, is one of the essential modulators of host responses to inflammation. In this study, we evaluate the putative protective effect of AAT against MODS and mortality in a mouse model of polymicrobial abdominal sepsis. Methods Polymicrobial abdominal sepsis was induced in C57BL/6N mice by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Immediately after CLP surgery, mice were treated intraperitoneally with three different forms of human AAT-plasma-derived native (nAAT), oxidized nAAT (oxAAT), or recombinant AAT (recAAT)-or were injected with vehicle. Sham-operated mice served as controls. Mouse survival, bacterial load, kidney and liver function, immune cell profiles, cytokines/chemokines, and free (labile) heme levels were assessed. In parallel, in vitro experiments were carried out with resident peritoneal macrophages (MPMΦ) and mouse peritoneal mesothelial cells (MPMC). Results All AAT preparations used reduced mortality in septic mice. Treatment with AAT significantly reduced plasma lactate dehydrogenase and s-creatinine levels, vascular leakage, and systemic inflammation. Specifically, AAT reduced intraperitoneal accumulation of free heme, production of cytokines/chemokines, and neutrophil infiltration into the peritoneal cavity compared to septic mice not treated with AAT. In vitro experiments performed using MPMC and primary MPMΦ confirmed that AAT not only significantly decreases lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory cell activation but also prevents the enhancement of cellular responses to LPS by free heme. In addition, AAT inhibits cell death caused by free heme in vitro. Conclusion Data from the septic CLP mouse model suggest that intraperitoneal AAT treatment alone is sufficient to improve sepsis-associated organ dysfunctions, preserve endothelial barrier function, and reduce mortality, likely by preventing hyper-inflammatory responses and by neutralizing free heme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan D. Zemtsovski
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Srinu Tumpara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Vijith Vijayan
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Klos
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Laudeley
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Held
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Immenschuh
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian M. Wurm
- Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hermann Haller
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabina Janciauskiene
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nelli Shushakova
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Su J, Wu S, Zhou F, Tong Z. Research Progress of Macromolecules in the Prevention and Treatment of Sepsis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13017. [PMID: 37629199 PMCID: PMC10455590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241613017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is associated with high rates of mortality in the intensive care unit and accompanied by systemic inflammatory reactions, secondary infections, and multiple organ failure. Biological macromolecules are drugs produced using modern biotechnology to prevent or treat diseases. Indeed, antithrombin, antimicrobial peptides, interleukins, antibodies, nucleic acids, and lentinan have been used to prevent and treat sepsis. In vitro, biological macromolecules can significantly ameliorate the inflammatory response, apoptosis, and multiple organ failure caused by sepsis. Several biological macromolecules have entered clinical trials. This review summarizes the sources, efficacy, mechanism of action, and research progress of macromolecular drugs used in the prevention and treatment of sepsis.
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Chen C, Wu X, Zhang W, Pu Y, Xu X, Sun Y, Fei Y, Zhou S, Fang B. Predictive value of risk factors for prognosis of patients with sepsis in intensive care unit. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33881. [PMID: 37335653 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis has emerged as a major global public health concern due to its elevated mortality and high cost of care. This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors associated with the mortality of sepsis patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and to intervene in the early stages of sepsis in order to improve patient outcomes and reduce mortality. From January 1st, 2021 to December 31st, 2021, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, and The Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine were designated as sentinel hospitals, and sepsis patients in their respective ICU and Emergency ICU were selected as research subjects, and divided into survivors and non-survivors according to their discharge outcomes. The mortality risk of sepsis patients was subsequently analyzed by logistic regression. A total of 176 patients with sepsis were included, of which 130 (73.9%) were survivors and 46 (26.1%) were non-survivors. Factors identified as having an impact on death among sepsis patients included female [Odds Ratio (OR) = 5.135, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.709, 15.427, P = .004)], cardiovascular disease (OR = 6.272, 95% CI: 1.828, 21.518, P = .004), cerebrovascular disease (OR = 3.133, 95% CI: 1.093, 8.981, P = .034), pulmonary infections (OR = 6.700, 95% CI: 1.744, 25.748, P = .006), use of vasopressors (OR = 34.085, 95% CI: 10.452, 111.155, P < .001), WBC < 3.5 × 109/L (OR = 9.752, 95% CI: 1.386, 68.620, P = .022), ALT < 7 U/L (OR = 7.672, 95% CI: 1.263, 46.594, P = .027), ALT > 40 U/L (OR = 3.343, 95% CI: 1.097, 10.185, P = .034). Gender, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, pulmonary infections, the use of vasopressors, WBC, and ALT are important factors in evaluating the prognostic outcome of sepsis patients in the ICU. This suggests that medical professionals should recognize them expeditiously and implement aggressive treatment tactics to diminish the mortality rate and improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyu Chen
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Wu
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Pu
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangru Xu
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Sun
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuerong Fei
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Acupuncture and Massage College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bangjiang Fang
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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6
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Ma XQ, Liu YY, Zhong ZQ, Chen SM, Hu WT, Sheng YR, Liu YK, Wei CY, Li MQ, Zhu XY. Heme induced progesterone-resistant profiling and promotion of endometriosis in vitro and in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023:166761. [PMID: 37247698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent, progesterone-resistant gynecological disease with an unknown pathogenesis. Compared to women without endometriosis, women with endometriosis have a remarkably high heme level in the peritoneal fluid. To further investigate the pathomechanisms of heme in endometriosis, we aimed to identify the dysregulated expression of heme-trafficking proteins, such as PGRMC1/2 that are also receptors that mediate the non-genomic responses to progesterone, and heme-degrading enzymes between ectopic endometrial stromal cells and their normal counterparts. We found that heme could regulate progesterone receptor-related gene expression. Functional human endometrial stromal cell experiments showed that heme promotes cell proliferation and migration in a heme oxygenase-1-independent manner; moreover, blocking oxidative phosphorylation/ATP generation could abolish these effects of heme in vitro, whereas intraperitoneal hemopexin administration could alleviate heme-triggered ectopic lesions in vivo. Therefore, heme likely mediates the induction of progesterone resistance and simultaneously induces endometriosis via the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qian Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China; Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Disease, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Yin Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510510, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qi Zhong
- Xinglin College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Man Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China; Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Disease, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ting Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China; Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Disease, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ran Sheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China; Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Disease, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Kai Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China; Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Disease, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yan Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China; Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Disease, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Qing Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China; Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Disease, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Yong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China; Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Disease, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China.
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7
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De Simone G, Varricchio R, Ruberto TF, di Masi A, Ascenzi P. Heme Scavenging and Delivery: The Role of Human Serum Albumin. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030575. [PMID: 36979511 PMCID: PMC10046553 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme is the reactive center of several metal-based proteins that are involved in multiple biological processes. However, free heme, defined as the labile heme pool, has toxic properties that are derived from its hydrophobic nature and the Fe-atom. Therefore, the heme concentration must be tightly controlled to maintain cellular homeostasis and to avoid pathological conditions. Therefore, different systems have been developed to scavenge either Hb (i.e., haptoglobin (Hp)) or the free heme (i.e., high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), hemopexin (Hx), and human serum albumin (HSA)). In the first seconds after heme appearance in the plasma, more than 80% of the heme binds to HDL and LDL, and only the remaining 20% binds to Hx and HSA. Then, HSA slowly removes most of the heme from HDL and LDL, and finally, heme transits to Hx, which releases it into hepatic parenchymal cells. The Hx:heme or HSA:heme complexes are internalized via endocytosis mediated by the CD91 and CD71 receptors, respectively. As heme constitutes a major iron source for pathogens, bacteria have evolved hemophores that can extract and uptake heme from host proteins, including HSA:heme. Here, the molecular mechanisms underlying heme scavenging and delivery from HSA are reviewed. Moreover, the relevance of HSA in disease states associated with increased heme plasma concentrations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna De Simone
- Department of Sciences, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, Roma Tre University, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Romualdo Varricchio
- Department of Sciences, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, Roma Tre University, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Tommaso Francesco Ruberto
- Department of Sciences, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, Roma Tre University, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra di Masi
- Department of Sciences, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, Roma Tre University, 00146 Roma, Italy
- Centro Linceo Interdisciplinare Beniamino Segre, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 00165 Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Department of Sciences, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, Roma Tre University, 00146 Roma, Italy
- Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 00165 Roma, Italy
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8
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Vázquez-Carballo C, Herencia C, Guerrero-Hue M, García-Caballero C, Rayego-Mateos S, Morgado-Pascual JL, Opazo-Rios L, González-Guerrero C, Vallejo-Mudarra M, Cortegano I, Gaspar ML, de Andrés B, Egido J, Moreno JA. Role of Toll-like receptor 4 in intravascular hemolysis-mediated injury. J Pathol 2022; 258:236-249. [PMID: 35903022 DOI: 10.1002/path.5995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Massive intravascular hemolysis is a common characteristic of several pathologies. It is associated with the release of large quantities of heme into the circulation, promoting injury in vulnerable organs, mainly kidney, liver, and spleen. Heme activates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a key regulator of the inflammatory response; however, the role of TLR4 in hemolysis and whether inhibition of this receptor may protect from heme-mediated injury are unknown. We induced intravascular hemolysis by injection of phenylhydrazine in wildtype and Tlr4-knockout mice. In this model, we analyzed physiological parameters, histological damage, inflammation and cell death in kidney, liver, and spleen. We also evaluated whether heme-mediated-inflammatory effects were prevented by TLR4 inhibition with the compound TAK-242, both in vivo and in vitro. Induction of massive hemolysis elicited acute kidney injury characterized by loss of renal function, morphological alterations of the tubular epithelium, cell death, and inflammation. These pathological effects were significantly ameliorated in the TLR4-deficient mice and in wildtype mice treated with TAK-242. In vitro studies showed that TAK-242 pretreatment reduced heme-mediated inflammation by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B) axis. However, analysis in liver and spleen indicated that TLR4 deficiency did not protect against the toxic accumulation of heme in these organs. In conclusion, TLR4 is a key molecule involved in the renal inflammatory response triggered by massive intravascular hemolysis. TLR4 inhibition may be a potential therapeutic approach to prevent renal damage in patients suffering from hemolysis. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vázquez-Carballo
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Herencia
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Melania Guerrero-Hue
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), UGC Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Caballero
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), UGC Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sandra Rayego-Mateos
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Morgado-Pascual
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), UGC Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Lucas Opazo-Rios
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Health Science Faculty, Universidad de Las Américas, Concepción-Talcahuano, Chile
| | - Cristian González-Guerrero
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Vallejo-Mudarra
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), UGC Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Isabel Cortegano
- Immunobiology Department, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Belén de Andrés
- Immunobiology Department, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Egido
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Moreno
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), UGC Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
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9
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Brain endothelial STING1 activation by Plasmodium-sequestered heme promotes cerebral malaria via type I IFN response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2206327119. [PMID: 36037380 PMCID: PMC9457060 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206327119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CM results from loss of blood–brain endothelial barrier function caused by unrestrained inflammatory response in the natural course of infection by Plasmodium parasites. However, the role of brain endothelium in triggering inflammatory mechanisms is still undetermined. We found that the innate immune sensor STING1 is crucial for production of IFNβ by brain endothelial cells in Plasmodium-infected mice. This in turn stimulates CXCL10-mediated recruitment of leukocytes and subsequent brain inflammation and tissue damage. We identified within extracellular particles released from Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes, a fraction containing products of hemoglobin degradation, namely, heme, which we show can bind STING1. Our results unravel a mechanism of CM immunopathogenesis: Heme contained in extracellular particles triggers the STING/IFNβ/CXCL10 axis in brain endothelial cells. Cerebral malaria (CM) is a life-threatening form of Plasmodium falciparum infection caused by brain inflammation. Brain endothelium dysfunction is a hallmark of CM pathology, which is also associated with the activation of the type I interferon (IFN) inflammatory pathway. The molecular triggers and sensors eliciting brain type I IFN cellular responses during CM remain largely unknown. We herein identified the stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1 (STING1) as the key innate immune sensor that induces Ifnβ1 transcription in the brain of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (Pba). This STING1/IFNβ-mediated response increases brain CXCL10 governing the extent of brain leukocyte infiltration and blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, and determining CM lethality. The critical role of brain endothelial cells (BECs) in fueling type I IFN–driven brain inflammation was demonstrated in brain endothelial–specific IFNβ-reporter and STING1-deficient Pba-infected mice, which were significantly protected from CM lethality. Moreover, extracellular particles (EPs) released from Pba-infected erythrocytes activated the STING1-dependent type I IFN response in BECs, a response requiring intracellular acidification. Fractionation of the EPs enabled us to identify a defined fraction carrying hemoglobin degradation remnants that activates STING1/IFNβ in the brain endothelium, a process correlated with heme content. Notably, stimulation of STING1-deficient BECs with heme, docking experiments, and in vitro binding assays unveiled that heme is a putative STING1 ligand. This work shows that heme resultant from the parasite heterotrophic activity operates as an alarmin, triggering brain endothelial inflammatory responses via the STING1/IFNβ/CXCL10 axis crucial to CM pathogenesis and lethality.
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10
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Abstract
Ferroptosis is a novel form of cell death characterized by the iron-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxides and is different from other types of cell death. The mechanisms of ferroptosis are discussed in the review, including System Xc-, Glutathione Peroxidase 4 pathway, Ferroptosis Suppressor Protein 1 and Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase pathway. Ferroptosis is associated with the occurrence of various diseases, including sepsis. Research in recent years has displayed that ferroptosis is involved in sepsis occurrence and development. Iron chelators can inhibit the development of sepsis and improve the survival rate of septic mice. The ferroptotic cells can release damage-associated molecular patterns and lipid peroxidation, which further mediate inflammatory responses. Ferroptosis inhibitors can resist sepsis-induced multiple organ dysfunction and inflammation. Finally, we reviewed ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death that is different from other types of cell death in biochemistry, morphology, and major regulatory mechanisms, which is involved in multiple organ injuries caused by sepsis. Exploring the relationship between sepsis and ferroptosis may yield new treatment targets for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Sichuang Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongbin Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Sipin Tan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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11
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Christ B, Collatz M, Dahmen U, Herrmann KH, Höpfl S, König M, Lambers L, Marz M, Meyer D, Radde N, Reichenbach JR, Ricken T, Tautenhahn HM. Hepatectomy-Induced Alterations in Hepatic Perfusion and Function - Toward Multi-Scale Computational Modeling for a Better Prediction of Post-hepatectomy Liver Function. Front Physiol 2021; 12:733868. [PMID: 34867441 PMCID: PMC8637208 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.733868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver resection causes marked perfusion alterations in the liver remnant both on the organ scale (vascular anatomy) and on the microscale (sinusoidal blood flow on tissue level). These changes in perfusion affect hepatic functions via direct alterations in blood supply and drainage, followed by indirect changes of biomechanical tissue properties and cellular function. Changes in blood flow impose compression, tension and shear forces on the liver tissue. These forces are perceived by mechanosensors on parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells of the liver and regulate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions as well as cellular signaling and metabolism. These interactions are key players in tissue growth and remodeling, a prerequisite to restore tissue function after PHx. Their dysregulation is associated with metabolic impairment of the liver eventually leading to liver failure, a serious post-hepatectomy complication with high morbidity and mortality. Though certain links are known, the overall functional change after liver surgery is not understood due to complex feedback loops, non-linearities, spatial heterogeneities and different time-scales of events. Computational modeling is a unique approach to gain a better understanding of complex biomedical systems. This approach allows (i) integration of heterogeneous data and knowledge on multiple scales into a consistent view of how perfusion is related to hepatic function; (ii) testing and generating hypotheses based on predictive models, which must be validated experimentally and clinically. In the long term, computational modeling will (iii) support surgical planning by predicting surgery-induced perfusion perturbations and their functional (metabolic) consequences; and thereby (iv) allow minimizing surgical risks for the individual patient. Here, we review the alterations of hepatic perfusion, biomechanical properties and function associated with hepatectomy. Specifically, we provide an overview over the clinical problem, preoperative diagnostics, functional imaging approaches, experimental approaches in animal models, mechanoperception in the liver and impact on cellular metabolism, omics approaches with a focus on transcriptomics, data integration and uncertainty analysis, and computational modeling on multiple scales. Finally, we provide a perspective on how multi-scale computational models, which couple perfusion changes to hepatic function, could become part of clinical workflows to predict and optimize patient outcome after complex liver surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Christ
- Cell Transplantation/Molecular Hepatology Lab, Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Collatz
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Optisch-Molekulare Diagnostik und Systemtechnologié, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Herrmann
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Höpfl
- Faculty of Engineering Design, Production Engineering and Automotive Engineering, Institute for Systems Theory and Automatic Control, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias König
- Systems Medicine of the Liver Lab, Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Lambers
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering and Geodesy, Institute of Mechanics, Structural Analysis and Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Manja Marz
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Daria Meyer
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole Radde
- Faculty of Engineering Design, Production Engineering and Automotive Engineering, Institute for Systems Theory and Automatic Control, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen R. Reichenbach
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Tim Ricken
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering and Geodesy, Institute of Mechanics, Structural Analysis and Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hans-Michael Tautenhahn
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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12
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Abstract
The ability to remember a previous encounter with pathogens was long thought to be a key feature of the adaptive immune system enabling the host to mount a faster, more specific and more effective immune response upon the reencounter, reducing the severity of infectious diseases. Over the last 15 years, an increasing amount of evidence has accumulated showing that the innate immune system also has features of a memory. In contrast to the memory of adaptive immunity, innate immune memory is mediated by restructuration of the active chromatin landscape and imprinted by persisting adaptations of myelopoiesis. While originally described to occur in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns, recent data indicate that host-derived damage-associated molecular patterns, i.e. alarmins, can also induce an innate immune memory. Potentially this is mediated by the same pattern recognition receptors and downstream signaling transduction pathways responsible for pathogen-associated innate immune training. Here, we summarize the available experimental data underlying innate immune memory in response to damage-associated molecular patterns. Further, we expound that trained immunity is a general component of innate immunity and outline several open questions for the rising field of pathogen-independent trained immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Jentho
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Inflammation Laboratory, Oeiras, Portugal.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Weis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany.,Institute for Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
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13
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Trained innate immunity, long-lasting epigenetic modulation, and skewed myelopoiesis by heme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2102698118. [PMID: 34663697 PMCID: PMC8545490 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102698118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection, extracellular “labile” heme, released from damaged red blood or parenchymal cells, acts as prototypical alarmin stimulating myeloid cells. A characteristic hallmark of myeloid cell activation is the development of trained immunity, specified as long-lasting adaptations based on transcriptional and epigenetic modifications. In vivo, this is maintained by the rerouting of hematopoiesis. We found that heme is a previously unrecognized trained immunity inducer promoting resistance to bacterial infection in mice. This goes along with extensive long-lasting epigenetic memory in hematopoietic stem cells provoking drastic changes in the transcription factor–binding landscape of myeloid progenitor cells. Given the critical role of heme during infections, we propose that trained immunity is a more general component of innate immunity than previously suggested. Trained immunity defines long-lasting adaptations of innate immunity based on transcriptional and epigenetic modifications of myeloid cells and their bone marrow progenitors [M. Divangahi et al., Nat. Immunol. 22, 2–6 (2021)]. Innate immune cells, however, do not exclusively differentiate between foreign and self but also react to host-derived molecules referred to as alarmins. Extracellular “labile” heme, released during infections, is a bona fide alarmin promoting myeloid cell activation [M. P. Soares, M. T. Bozza, Curr. Opin. Immunol. 38, 94–100 (2016)]. Here, we report that labile heme is a previously unrecognized inducer of trained immunity that confers long-term regulation of lineage specification of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells. In contrast to previous reports on trained immunity, essentially mediated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns, heme training depends on spleen tyrosine kinase signal transduction pathway acting upstream of c-Jun N-terminal kinases. Heme training promotes resistance to sepsis, is associated with the expansion of self-renewing hematopoetic stem cells primed toward myelopoiesis and to the occurrence of a specific myeloid cell population. This is potentially evoked by sustained activity of Nfix, Runx1, and Nfe2l2 and dissociation of the transcriptional repressor Bach2. Previously reported trained immunity inducers are, however, infrequently present in the host, whereas heme abundantly occurs during noninfectious and infectious disease. This difference might explain the vanishing protection exerted by heme training in sepsis over time with sustained long-term myeloid adaptations. Hence, we propose that trained immunity is an integral component of innate immunity with distinct functional differences on infectious disease outcome depending on its induction by pathogenic or endogenous molecules.
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14
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Type I interferon is induced by hemolysis and drives antibody-mediated erythrophagocytosis in sickle cell disease. Blood 2021; 138:1162-1171. [PMID: 34166491 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021011629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) suffer from intravascular hemolysis associated vascular injury and tissue damage. Classical monocytes (CMo), which are the most abundant of circulating monocytes, are activated in SCD, but the cause and consequences of activation remain incompletely understood. We found a positive correlation between total plasma heme levels and circulating IFN-α in patients with SCD along with upregulation of the type I Interferon (IFN-I) inducible genes in sort-purified SCD patients' CMo by transcriptome analysis. We demonstrated that hemolysis led to IFN-I expression, predominantly by mouse liver monocyte and macrophages (Mϕ), primarily through Tank kinase binding 1 (TBK1)/IκB kinase-ε (IKKε) but not TLR4. In response to hemolysis-induced IFN-I, mouse CMo migrated to the liver and differentiated into monocyte derived Mϕ, increasing their numbers by 6-fold with acute hemin treatment. Hemolysis-driven IFN-I activity also led to the induction of Fc receptor CD64 expression on monocyte and Mϕ populations, enhancing alloantibody-mediated erythrophagocytosis in SCD both in vivo in mice and in in vitro human cultures. Altogether, these data demonstrate IFN-I response to hemolysis as a novel activation pathway in monocytes and Mϕ in SCD, opening the possibility for development of IFN-I-based diagnostics and therapeutics against alloantibody-mediated erythrophagocytosis.
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15
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Detzel MS, Schmalohr BF, Steinbock F, Hopp MT, Ramoji A, Paul George AA, Neugebauer U, Imhof D. Revisiting the interaction of heme with hemopexin. Biol Chem 2021; 402:675-691. [PMID: 33581700 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In hemolytic disorders, erythrocyte lysis results in massive release of hemoglobin and, subsequently, toxic heme. Hemopexin is the major protective factor against heme toxicity in human blood and currently considered for therapeutic use. It has been widely accepted that hemopexin binds heme with extraordinarily high affinity of <1 pM in a 1:1 ratio. However, several lines of evidence point to a higher stoichiometry and lower affinity than determined 50 years ago. Here, we re-analyzed these data. SPR and UV/Vis spectroscopy were used to monitor the interaction of heme with the human protein. The heme-binding sites of hemopexin were characterized using hemopexin-derived peptide models and competitive displacement assays. We obtained a K D value of 0.32 ± 0.04 nM and the ratio for the interaction was determined to be 1:1 at low heme concentrations and at least 2:1 (heme:hemopexin) at high concentrations. We were able to identify two yet unknown potential heme-binding sites on hemopexin. Furthermore, molecular modelling with a newly created homology model of human hemopexin suggested a possible recruiting mechanism by which heme could consecutively bind several histidine residues on its way into the binding pocket. Our findings have direct implications for the potential administration of hemopexin in hemolytic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Sophie Detzel
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin Franz Schmalohr
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121Bonn, Germany
| | - Francèl Steinbock
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121Bonn, Germany
| | - Marie-Thérèse Hopp
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121Bonn, Germany
| | - Anuradha Ramoji
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, D-07747Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, D-07745Jena, Germany
| | - Ajay Abisheck Paul George
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121Bonn, Germany
| | - Ute Neugebauer
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, D-07747Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, D-07745Jena, Germany
| | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121Bonn, Germany
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16
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Zeyu Zhang, Yuanjian Fang, Cameron Lenahan, Sheng Chen. The role of immune inflammation in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Exp Neurol 2020; 336:113535. [PMID: 33249033 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a devastating disease, which mainly caused by the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm. Clinical trials have demonstrated that cerebral vasospasm (CVS) is not the sole contributor to delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and poor outcomes in patients with aSAH. Currently, accumulating evidence suggests that early brain injury (EBI), which occurs within 72 h after the onset of aSAH, lays the foundation for subsequent pathophysiological changes and poor outcomes of patients. The pathological mechanisms of EBI mainly include increased intracranial pressure, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, cerebral edema and cell death. Among them, the brain immune inflammatory responses involve a variety of immune cells and active substances, which play an important role in EBI after aSAH and may be related to DCI and long-term outcomes. Thus, attention should be paid to strategies targeting cerebral immune inflammatory responses. In this review, we discuss the role of immune inflammatory responses in the occurrence and development of aSAH, as well as some inflammatory biomarkers related to CVS, DCI, and aSAH outcomes. In addition, we also summarize the potential therapeutic drugs that target cerebral immune inflammatory responses for patients with aSAH in current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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17
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Therapeutic Potential of Heme Oxygenase-1 and Carbon Monoxide in Acute Organ Injury, Critical Illness, and Inflammatory Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111153. [PMID: 33228260 PMCID: PMC7699570 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an inducible stress protein that catalyzes the oxidative conversion of heme to carbon monoxide (CO), iron, and biliverdin (BV), the latter of which is converted to bilirubin (BR) by biliverdin reductase. HO-1 has been implicated as a cytoprotectant in various models of acute organ injury and disease (i.e., lung, kidney, heart, liver). Thus, HO-1 may serve as a general therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases. HO-1 may function as a pleiotropic modulator of inflammatory signaling, via the removal of heme, and generation of its enzymatic degradation-products. Iron release from HO activity may exert pro-inflammatory effects unless sequestered, whereas BV/BR have well-established antioxidant properties. CO, derived from HO activity, has been identified as an endogenous mediator that can influence mitochondrial function and/or cellular signal transduction programs which culminate in the regulation of apoptosis, cellular proliferation, and inflammation. Much research has focused on the application of low concentration CO, whether administered in gaseous form by inhalation, or via the use of CO-releasing molecules (CORMs), for therapeutic benefit in disease. The development of novel CORMs for their translational potential remains an active area of investigation. Evidence has accumulated for therapeutic effects of both CO and CORMs in diseases associated with critical care, including acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS), mechanical ventilation-induced lung injury, pneumonias, and sepsis. The therapeutic benefits of CO may extend to other diseases involving aberrant inflammatory processes such as transplant-associated ischemia/reperfusion injury and chronic graft rejection, and metabolic diseases. Current and planned clinical trials explore the therapeutic benefit of CO in ARDS and other lung diseases.
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18
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Buehler PW, Humar R, Schaer DJ. Haptoglobin Therapeutics and Compartmentalization of Cell-Free Hemoglobin Toxicity. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:683-697. [PMID: 32589936 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hemolysis and accumulation of cell-free hemoglobin (Hb) in the circulation or in confined tissue compartments such as the subarachnoid space is an important driver of disease. Haptoglobin is the Hb binding and clearance protein in human plasma and an efficient antagonist of Hb toxicity resulting from physiological red blood cell turnover. However, endogenous concentrations of haptoglobin are insufficient to provide protection against Hb-driven disease processes in conditions such as sickle cell anemia, sepsis, transfusion reactions, medical-device associated hemolysis, or after a subarachnoid hemorrhage. As a result, there is increasing interest in developing haptoglobin therapeutics to target 'toxic' cell-free Hb exposures. Here, we discuss key concepts of Hb toxicity and provide a perspective on the use of haptoglobin as a therapeutic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Buehler
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Rok Humar
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik J Schaer
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
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19
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Hemolysis Derived Products Toxicity and Endothelium: Model of the Second Hit. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110660. [PMID: 31766155 PMCID: PMC6891750 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular diseases are multifactorial, often requiring multiple challenges, or ‘hits’, for their initiation. Intra-vascular hemolysis illustrates well the multiple-hit theory where a first event lyses red blood cells, releasing hemolysis-derived products, in particular cell-free heme which is highly toxic for the endothelium. Physiologically, hemolysis derived-products are rapidly neutralized by numerous defense systems, including haptoglobin and hemopexin which scavenge hemoglobin and heme, respectively. Likewise, cellular defense mechanisms are involved, including heme-oxygenase 1 upregulation which metabolizes heme. However, in cases of intra-vascular hemolysis, those systems are overwhelmed. Heme exerts toxic effects by acting as a damage-associated molecular pattern and promoting, together with hemoglobin, nitric oxide scavenging and ROS production. In addition, it activates the complement and the coagulation systems. Together, these processes lead to endothelial cell injury which triggers pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory phenotypes. Moreover, among endothelial cells, glomerular ones display a particular susceptibility explained by a weaker capacity to counteract hemolysis injury. In this review, we illustrate the ‘multiple-hit’ theory through the example of intra-vascular hemolysis, with a particular focus on cell-free heme, and we advance hypotheses explaining the glomerular susceptibility observed in hemolytic diseases. Finally, we describe therapeutic options for reducing endothelial injury in hemolytic diseases.
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