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Unno M. Modes of PADing. Nat Chem Biol 2024; 20:662-663. [PMID: 38308045 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01506-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Unno
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi, Japan.
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2
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Zhou X, Kong S, Maker A, Remesh SG, Leung KK, Verba KA, Wells JA. Antibody discovery identifies regulatory mechanisms of protein arginine deiminase 4. Nat Chem Biol 2024; 20:742-750. [PMID: 38308046 PMCID: PMC11142921 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Unlocking the potential of protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) as a drug target for rheumatoid arthritis requires a deeper understanding of its regulation. In this study, we use unbiased antibody selections to identify functional antibodies capable of either activating or inhibiting PAD4 activity. Through cryogenic-electron microscopy, we characterized the structures of these antibodies in complex with PAD4 and revealed insights into their mechanisms of action. Rather than steric occlusion of the substrate-binding catalytic pocket, the antibodies modulate PAD4 activity through interactions with allosteric binding sites adjacent to the catalytic pocket. These binding events lead to either alteration of the active site conformation or the enzyme oligomeric state, resulting in modulation of PAD4 activity. Our study uses antibody engineering to reveal new mechanisms for enzyme regulation and highlights the potential of using PAD4 agonist and antagonist antibodies for studying PAD4-dependency in disease models and future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sophie Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Allison Maker
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Soumya G Remesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin K Leung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kliment A Verba
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James A Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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3
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Ranaivoson FM, Bande R, Cardaun I, De Riso A, Gärtner A, Loke P, Reinisch C, Vogirala P, Beaumont E. Crystal structure of human peptidylarginine deiminase type VI (PAD6) provides insights into its inactivity. IUCRJ 2024; 11:395-404. [PMID: 38656308 PMCID: PMC11067741 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252524002549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Human peptidylarginine deiminase isoform VI (PAD6), which is predominantly limited to cytoplasmic lattices in the mammalian oocytes in ovarian tissue, is essential for female fertility. It belongs to the peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzyme family that catalyzes the conversion of arginine residues to citrulline in proteins. In contrast to other members of the family, recombinant PAD6 was previously found to be catalytically inactive. We sought to provide structural insight into the human homologue to shed light on this observation. We report here the first crystal structure of PAD6, determined at 1.7 Å resolution. PAD6 follows the same domain organization as other structurally known PAD isoenzymes. Further structural analysis and size-exclusion chromatography show that PAD6 behaves as a homodimer similar to PAD4. Differential scanning fluorimetry suggests that PAD6 does not coordinate Ca2+ which agrees with acidic residues found to coordinate Ca2+ in other PAD homologs not being conserved in PAD6. The crystal structure of PAD6 shows similarities with the inactive state of apo PAD2, in which the active site conformation is unsuitable for catalytic citrullination. The putative active site of PAD6 adopts a non-productive conformation that would not allow protein-substrate binding due to steric hindrance with rigid secondary structure elements. This observation is further supported by the lack of activity on the histone H3 and cytokeratin 5 substrates. These findings suggest a different mechanism for enzymatic activation compared with other PADs; alternatively, PAD6 may exert a non-enzymatic function in the cytoplasmic lattice of oocytes and early embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanomezana M. Ranaivoson
- Protein Sciences Department, Evotec (United Kingdom), 95 Park Drive, Abingdon OX14 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - Rieke Bande
- Assay Development Department, Manfred Eigen Campus, Evotec (Germany), Essener Bogen 7, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isabell Cardaun
- In vitro Biology Department, Manfred Eigen Campus, Evotec SE, Essener Bogen 7, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonio De Riso
- Protein Sciences Department, Evotec (United Kingdom), 95 Park Drive, Abingdon OX14 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Gärtner
- In vitro Biology Department, Manfred Eigen Campus, Evotec SE, Essener Bogen 7, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pui Loke
- Chemistry Department, Evotec (United Kingdom), 95 Park Drive, Abingdon OX14 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Reinisch
- Assay Development Department, Manfred Eigen Campus, Evotec (Germany), Essener Bogen 7, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Prasuna Vogirala
- Protein Sciences Department, Evotec (United Kingdom), 95 Park Drive, Abingdon OX14 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Beaumont
- Protein Sciences Department, Evotec (United Kingdom), 95 Park Drive, Abingdon OX14 4RY, United Kingdom
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4
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Méchin MC, Simon M. Deimination in epidermal barrier and hair formation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220245. [PMID: 37778378 PMCID: PMC10542453 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) transform a protein arginine residue into the non-standard amino acid citrulline. This calcium-dependent post-translational modification of proteins is called citrullination or deimination. As described in this special issue, PADs play a role in various physiological processes, and PAD deregulations are involved in many human diseases. Three PADs are expressed in the epidermis, where their roles begin to be deciphered. PAD1 and PAD3 are involved in keratinocyte differentiation, particularly in the epidermal barrier function, keratins, filaggrin and filaggrin-related proteins being the most abundant deiminated epidermal proteins. Reduced amounts of deiminated proteins and PAD1 expression may be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, two very frequent and chronic skin inflammatory diseases. The trichohyalin/PAD3/transglutaminase three pathway is important for hair shaft formation. Mutations of the PADI3 gene, leading to a decreased activity or abnormal localization of the corresponding isotype, are the cause of a rare hair disorder called uncombable hair syndrome, and are associated with the central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, a frequent alopecia mainly affecting women of African ancestry. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'The virtues and vices of protein citrullination'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Méchin
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Simon
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, 31024 Toulouse, France
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5
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Barasa L, Thompson PR. Protein citrullination: inhibition, identification and insertion. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220240. [PMID: 37778377 PMCID: PMC10542963 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein citrullination is a post-translational modification (PTM) that is catalysed by the protein arginine deiminase (PAD) family of enzymes. This PTM involves the transformation of an arginine residue into citrulline. Protein citrullination is associated with several physiological processes, including the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, neutrophil extracellular trap formation and DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Aberrant protein citrullination is relevant to several autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases and certain forms of cancer. PAD inhibitors have shown remarkable efficacy in a range of diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), lupus, atherosclerosis and ulcerative colitis. In RA, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies can be detected prior to disease onset and are thus a valuable diagnostic tool for RA. Notably, citrullinated proteins may serve more generally as biomarkers of specific disease states; however, the identification of citrullinated protein residues remains challenging owing to the small 1 Da mass change that occurs upon citrullination. Herein, we highlight the progress made so far in the development of pan-PAD and isozyme selective inhibitors as well as the identification of citrullinated proteins and the site-specific incorporation of citrulline into proteins. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'The virtues and vices of protein citrullination'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Barasa
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Nagasawa K, Kitano T. Pseudogenization of the Hair-Related Genes PADI3 and S100A3 in Cetaceans and Hippopotamus amphibius. J Mol Evol 2023; 91:745-760. [PMID: 37787841 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-023-10133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Hair-related genes in mammals play important roles in the development and maintenance of hair and other keratinous structures in mammals. The peptidyl arginine deiminase 3 (PADI3) gene encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of arginine residues to citrulline. The S100 calcium binding protein A3 (S100A3) gene encodes a protein that is highly expressed in the hair cuticle and contains arginine residues that are converted to citrullines by PADI enzymes. In this study, we investigated the pseudogenization events of PADI3 and S100A3 in cetaceans and Hippopotamus amphibius. We found that PADI3 underwent three independent pseudogenization events during cetacean evolution, in baleen whales, toothed cetaceans other than Physeter catodon, and P. catodon. Notably, the entire PADI3 gene is absent in the baleen whales. Pseudogenization of S100A3 occurred independently in cetaceans and H. amphibius. Interestingly, we found that in cetaceans S100A3 underwent pseudogenization before PADI3, suggesting that differential selection pressures were acting on the two genes. Our findings provide valuable insights into the molecular evolution of these genes in cetaceans and hippopotamuses, highlighting their importance for understanding the evolution of hair-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyomi Nagasawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa-Cho, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 316-8511, Japan
| | - Takashi Kitano
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa-Cho, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 316-8511, Japan.
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7
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Green RM, Thompson PR. Current insights into the role of citrullination in thrombosis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 75:102313. [PMID: 37148643 PMCID: PMC10523988 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein citrullination is a post-translational modification of arginine that controls a diverse array of cellular processes, including gene regulation, protein stability, and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Histone citrullination promotes chromatin decondensation and NET formation, a pro-inflammatory form of cell death that is aberrantly increased in numerous immune disorders. This review will provide insights into NETosis and how this novel form of cell death contributes to inflammatory diseases, with a particular emphasis on its role in thrombosis. We will also discuss recent efforts to develop PAD-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Madison Green
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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Song YH, Wang ZJ, Kang L, He ZX, Zhao SB, Fang X, Li ZS, Wang SL, Bai Y. PADs and NETs in digestive system: From physiology to pathology. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1077041. [PMID: 36761761 PMCID: PMC9902375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1077041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are the only enzyme class known to deiminate arginine residues into citrulline in proteins, a process known as citrullination. This is an important post-translational modification that functions in several physiological and pathological processes. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are generated by NETosis, a novel cell death in neutrophils and a double-edged sword in inflammation. Excessive activation of PADs and NETs is critically implicated in their transformation from a physiological to a pathological state. Herein, we review the physiological and pathological functions of PADs and NETs, in particular, the involvement of PAD2 and PAD4 in the digestive system, from inflammatory to oncological diseases, along with related therapeutic prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hang Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Kang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Xuan He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Bing Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Shen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Ling Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Sawata M, Shima H, Murayama K, Matsui T, Igarashi K, Funabashi K, Ite K, Kizawa K, Takahara H, Unno M. Autocitrullination and Changes in the Activity of Peptidylarginine Deiminase 3 Induced by High Ca 2+ Concentrations. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:28378-28387. [PMID: 35990454 PMCID: PMC9386831 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are enzymes that catalyze the Ca2+-dependent conversion of arginine residues into proteins to citrulline residues. Five PAD isozymes have been identified in mammals. Several studies have shown that the active-site pockets of these isozymes are formed when Ca2+ ions are properly bound. We previously characterized the structures of PAD3 in six states. Among these, we identified a "nonproductive" form of PAD3 in which the active site was disordered even though five Ca2+ ions were bound. This strange structure was probably obtained as a result of either high Ca2+ concentration (∼260 mM)-induced denaturation during the crystallization process or high Ca2+-concentration-induced autocitrullination. While autocitrullination has been reported in PAD2 and PAD4 for some time, only a single report on PAD3 has been published recently. In this study, we investigated whether PAD3 catalyzes the autocitrullination reaction and identified autocitrullination sites. In addition to the capacity of PAD3 for autocitrullination, the autocitrullination sites increased depending on the Ca2+ concentration and reaction time. These findings suggest that some of the arginine residues in the "nonproductive" form of PAD3 would be autocitrullinated. Furthermore, most of the autocitrullinated sites in PAD3 were located near the substrate-binding site. Given the high Ca2+ concentration in the crystallization condition, it is likely that Arg372 was citrullinated in the "nonproductive" PAD3 structure, the structure was slightly altered from the active form by citrulline residues, and probably inhibited Ca2+-ion binding at the proper position. Following Arg372 citrullination, PAD3 enters an inactive form; however, the Arg372-citrullinated PAD3 are considered minor components in autocitrullinated PAD3 (CitPAD3), and CitPAD3 does not significantly decrease the enzyme activity. Autocitrullination of PAD3 could not be confirmed at the low Ca2+ concentrations seen in vivo. Future experiments using cells and animals are needed to verify the effect of Ca2+ on the PAD3 structure and functions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Sawata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi 316-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shima
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Murayama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Matsui
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Funabashi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi 316-8511, Japan
| | - Kenji Ite
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi 316-8511, Japan
| | - Kenji Kizawa
- Kao Corporation, Biological Science Research Laboratory, Odawara 250-0002, Japan
| | - Hidenari Takahara
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Inashiki 300-0393, Japan
- Frontier Research Center for Applied Atomic Sciences, Ibaraki University, Naka 319-1106, Japan
| | - Masaki Unno
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi 316-8511, Japan
- Frontier Research Center for Applied Atomic Sciences, Ibaraki University, Naka 319-1106, Japan
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Gómez-Bañuelos E, Konig MF, Andrade F. Microbial pathways to subvert host immunity generate citrullinated neoantigens targeted in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 75:102423. [PMID: 35834948 PMCID: PMC9668488 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The specific association between antibodies to citrullinated proteins and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has centered interest on understanding why citrullinated proteins become immunogenic in this disease, which is believed to inform the origins of autoimmunity in RA. Since citrullination is a physiologic post-translational modification (PTM), one theory is that conditions promoting abnormal citrullination are initiators of self-reactive immune responses to citrullinated proteins in RA. Foremost candidates that dysregulate the normal balance of citrullination are microbial agents, which can exploit citrullination as an effector mechanism to subvert host antimicrobial activities and maximize their progeny. Here, we will use the host-pathogen interface as a unifying model to link microbe-induced citrullination and the loss of immunological tolerance to citrullinated antigens in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Gómez-Bañuelos
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. https://twitter.com/@Eduardo95668787
| | - Maximilian F Konig
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. https://twitter.com/@MaxKonigMD
| | - Felipe Andrade
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Cicek E, Monard G, Sungur FA. Molecular Mechanism of Protein Arginine Deiminase 2: A Study Involving Multiple Microsecond Long Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Biochemistry 2022; 61:1286-1297. [PMID: 35737372 PMCID: PMC9260958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) is a Ca2+-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of protein arginine residues to citrulline. This kind of structural modification in histone molecules may affect gene regulation, leading to effects that may trigger several diseases, including breast cancer, which makes PAD2 an attractive target for anticancer drug development. To design new effective inhibitors to control activation of PAD2, improving our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PAD2 using up-to-date computational techniques is essential. We have designed five different PAD2-substrate complex systems based on varying protonation states of the active site residues. To search the conformational space broadly, multiple independent molecular dynamics simulations of the complexes have been performed. In total, 50 replica simulations have been performed, each of 1 μs, yielding a total simulation time of 50 μs. Our findings identify that the protonation states of Cys647, Asp473, and His471 are critical for the binding and localization of the N-α-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester substrate within the active site. A novel mechanism for enzyme activation is proposed according to near attack conformers. This represents an important step in understanding the mechanism of citrullination and developing PAD2-inhibiting drugs for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Cicek
- Informatics Institute, Computational Science and Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, TR-34469 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gerald Monard
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LPCT, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Fethiye Aylin Sungur
- Informatics Institute, Computational Science and Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, TR-34469 Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Neira JL, Araujo-Abad S, Cámara-Artigas A, Rizzuti B, Abian O, Giudici AM, Velazquez-Campoy A, de Juan Romero C. Biochemical and biophysical characterization of PADI4 supports its involvement in cancer. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 717:109125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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