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Haque MA, Yoshimoto A, Nakagawa H, Nishimura K. Effect of long-term inorganic arsenic exposure on erythropoietin production in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 99:105877. [PMID: 38876227 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Arsenic is widely present in the environment in trivalent and pentavalent forms; long-term arsenic exposure due to environmental pollution has become a problem. Previous reports have shown that 24-h exposure to arsenate (as pentavalent arsenic) potentiates erythropoietin (EPO) production via reactive oxygen species (ROS) in EPO-producing HepG2 cells. However, the effects of long-term arsenate exposure on EPO production remain unclear. In HepG2 cells subcultured for 3 weeks in the presence of arsenate, EPO mRNA levels were lower than those in untreated cells. Levels of ARSENITE METHYLTRANSFERASE mRNA, as well as those of Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase proteins, were increased compared to untreated cells, but levels of malondialdehyde were not significantly altered. Thus, long-term exposure to arsenate enhances ROS scavenging, suggesting that the ROS-induced accumulation of EPO mRNA is attenuated by arsenate exposure. The induction of EPO accumulation by hypoxia also was attenuated by long-term arsenate exposure, suggesting an impairment in responsivity of EPO production. Furthermore, mRNA levels of SIRTUIN-1, which affects EPO transcription, were potentiated by long-term arsenate exposure. These results suggest that long-term arsenate exposure has multiple, distinct effects on EPO production in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Anamul Haque
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58 Rinku Ohrai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-853, Japan
| | - Akari Yoshimoto
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58 Rinku Ohrai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-853, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58 Rinku Ohrai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-853, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nishimura
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58 Rinku Ohrai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-853, Japan.
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Nishimura K, Iitaka S, Sakaki T, Tsuji K, Yoshimoto A, Haque MA, Nakagawa H. Effect of long-term treatment with trivalent chromium on erythropoietin production in HepG2 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 752:109872. [PMID: 38141908 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) is sometimes taken as a long-term supplement, but its effectiveness is unclear. Recently, Cr(III) reportedly modulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression. Our previous study reported that increased PPARγ after 24 h Cr(III) treatment promoted erythropoietin (EPO) production in HepG2 cells. In the current study, we analyzed 4-week Cr(III) treatment effects on PPARγ and EPO production in HepG2 cells. Long-term Cr(III) treatment resulted in significantly elevated mRNA expression levels of PPARγ and EPO compared to controls. Additionally, treatment with a PPARγ inhibitor suppressed EPO mRNA expression. Increased EPO mRNA expression due to stimulation with hypoxia or cobalt was unaffected by long-term Cr(III) treatment. Administration of lipopolysaccharide and pyocyanin which causes oxidative stress, promoted EPO production, but this effect was attenuated in cells treated with Cr(III). Long-term Cr(III) treatment increased hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α and 2α mRNA expression and protein levels. Increased PPARγ, induced by long-term Cr(III) treatment, suppressed sirtuin1 (SIRT1) mRNA expression and increased EPO mRNA expression, suggesting that increased PPARγ attenuated the suppressive effect of SIRT1 on HIF. These results suggest that the sustained increase in PPARγ during long-term Cr(III) treatment maintains increased EPO production through a mechanism different from that observed under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Nishimura
- Laboratory of Bioenvironmental Sciences, Course of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58 Rinku Ohrai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan.
| | - Suzuka Iitaka
- Laboratory of Bioenvironmental Sciences, Course of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58 Rinku Ohrai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Takuya Sakaki
- Laboratory of Bioenvironmental Sciences, Course of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58 Rinku Ohrai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Keigo Tsuji
- Laboratory of Bioenvironmental Sciences, Course of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58 Rinku Ohrai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Akari Yoshimoto
- Laboratory of Bioenvironmental Sciences, Course of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58 Rinku Ohrai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Md Anamul Haque
- Laboratory of Bioenvironmental Sciences, Course of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58 Rinku Ohrai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Bioenvironmental Sciences, Course of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58 Rinku Ohrai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
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Chen X, Chen W, Wang D, Ma L, Tao J, Zhang A. Subchronic Arsenite Exposure Induced Atrophy and Erythropoietin Sensitivity Reduction in Skeletal Muscle Were Relevant to Declined Serum Melatonin Levels in Middle-Aged Rats. TOXICS 2023; 11:689. [PMID: 37624196 PMCID: PMC10458431 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a kind of widespread environmental toxicant with multiorgan-toxic effects, and arsenic exposure is associated with the occurrence and development of many chronic diseases. The influence of environmental arsenic exposure on skeletal muscle, which is a vital organ of energy and glucose metabolism, has received increasing attention. This study aimed to investigate the types of inorganic arsenic-induced skeletal muscle injury, and the potential regulatory effects of melatonin (MT) and erythropoietin (EPO) in young (3-month-old) and middle-aged (12-month-old) rats. Our results showed that 1 mg/L sodium arsenite exposure for 3 months could accelerate gastrocnemius muscle atrophy and promote the switch of type II fibers to type I fibers in middle-aged rats; however, it did not cause significant pathological changes of gastrocnemius muscle in young rats. In addition, arsenite could inhibit serum MT levels, and promote serum EPO levels but inhibit EPO receptor (EPOR) expression in gastrocnemius muscle in middle-aged rats, while serum MT levels and EPOR expression in gastrocnemius muscle showed an opposite effect in young rats. Importantly, exogenous MT antagonized the arsenite-induced skeletal muscle toxic effect and restored serum EPO and gastrocnemius muscle EPOR expression levels in middle-aged rats. There was a positive correlation among gastrocnemius muscle index, serum MT level, and gastrocnemius muscle EPOR protein level in arsenite-exposed rats. This study demonstrated that inorganic arsenic could accelerate skeletal muscle mass loss and type II fiber reduction in middle-aged rats, which may be related to decreased MT secretion and declined EPO sensitivity in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Aihua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.C.)
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Yasuoka Y, Izumi Y, Sands JM, Kawahara K, Nonoguchi H. Progress in the Detection of Erythropoietin in Blood, Urine, and Tissue. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114446. [PMID: 37298922 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of erythropoietin (Epo) was difficult until a method was developed by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). WADA recommended the Western blot technique using isoelectric focusing (IEF)-PAGE to show that natural Epo and injected erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) appear in different pH areas. Next, they used sodium N-lauroylsarcosinate (SAR)-PAGE for better differentiation of pegylated proteins, such as epoetin β pegol. Although WADA has recommended the use of pre-purification of samples, we developed a simple Western blotting method without pre-purification of samples. Instead of pre-purification, we used deglycosylation of samples before SDS-PAGE. The double detection of glycosylated and deglycosylated Epo bands increases the reliability of the detection of Epo protein. All of the endogenous Epo and exogenous ESAs shift to 22 kDa, except for Peg-bound epoetin β pegol. All endogenous Epo and exogenous ESAs were detected as 22 kDa deglycosylated Epo by liquid chromatography/mass spectrum (LC/MS) analysis. The most important factor for the detection of Epo is the selection of the antibody against Epo. WADA recommended clone AE7A5, and we used sc-9620. Both antibodies are useful for the detection of Epo protein by Western blotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Yasuoka
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Izumi
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Jeff M Sands
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 1639 Pierce Drive, WMB Room 3313, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Katsumasa Kawahara
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nonoguchi
- Division of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University Medical Center, 6-100 Arai, Kitamoto 364-8501, Japan
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