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LeBlanc KL, Kumkrong P, Mercier PHJ, Mester Z. Selenium analysis in waters. Part 2: Speciation methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:1635-1651. [PMID: 29935780 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In aquatic ecosystems, there is often no correlation between the total concentration of selenium present in the water column and the toxic effects observed in that environment. This is due, in part, to the variation in the bioavailability of different selenium species to organisms at the base of the aquatic food chain. The first part of this review (Kumkrong et al., 2018) discusses regulatory framework and standard methodologies for selenium analysis in waters. In this second article, we are reviewing the state of speciation analysis and importance of speciation data for decision makers in industry and regulators. We look in detail at fractionation methods for speciation, including the popular selective sequential hydride generation. We examine advantages and limitations of these methods, in terms of achievable detection limits and interferences from other matrix species, as well as the potential to over- or under-estimate operationally-defined fractions based on the various conversion steps involved in fractionation processes. Additionally, we discuss methods of discrete speciation (through separation methods), their importance in analyzing individual selenium species, difficulties associated with their implementation, as well as ways to overcome these difficulties. We also provide a brief overview of biological treatment methods for the remediation of selenium-contaminated waters. We discuss the importance of selenium speciation in the application of these methods and their potential to actually increase the bioavailability of selenium despite decreasing its total waterborne concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L LeBlanc
- National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Paramee Kumkrong
- National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick H J Mercier
- National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zoltán Mester
- National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Wang C, He M, Chen B, Hu B. Polymer monolithic capillary microextraction on-line coupled with ICP-MS for determination of inorganic selenium species in natural waters. Talanta 2018; 188:736-743. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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3
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Zhang Y, Chen B, Wu S, He M, Hu B. Graphene oxide-TiO2 composite solid phase extraction combined with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for the speciation of inorganic selenium in water samples. Talanta 2016; 154:474-80. [PMID: 27154702 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a method of graphene oxide (GO)-TiO2 composite solid phase extraction followed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) detection was proposed for the speciation of inorganic selenium in environmental waters. The adsorption behavior of inorganic Se(IV) and Se(VI) on the GO-TiO2(1:1) composite was investigated. It was found that Se(IV) was quantitatively retained on the GO-TiO2 composites within a wide pH range of 0.5-10, while Se(VI) was quantitatively adsorbed on GO-TiO2(1:1) composite at pH 0.5-2, and no obvious adsorption of Se(VI) within the pH range of 4-10 was found. By selecting pH 6.0, Se(IV) could be easily determined. After reduction of Se(VI), total Se was determined by the proposed method, and Se(VI) was calculated as the difference between the total Se and Se(IV). The factors affecting the separation/preconcentration of Se(IV) and Se(VI) were studied. Under the optimum conditions, the isothermal adsorption of Se(IV) on the GO-TiO2(1:1) composite fitted Langmuir model; a linear range over 0.1-12ngmL(-1) was obtained. The limit of detection (LOD) and precision of the method for Se(IV) was 0.04ngmL(-1) and 9.4% (cSe(IV)=0.5ngmL(-1), n=7), respectively. In order to verify the accuracy of the method, a standard water sample (GSBZ50031-94) was analyzed, and the determined value was in a good agreement to the certified value. The established method was applied to inorganic Se speciation in environmental water samples and the recovery of 87.4-102% was obtained for the spiked samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shaowei Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei Institute for Nationalities, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Man He
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Wei XS, Wu YW, Han LJ, Guo J, Sun HL. Speciation of inorganic selenium in environmental water samples by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry after preconcentration by using a mesoporous zirconia coating on coal cinder. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2260-7. [PMID: 24841359 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A simple, novel, and selective flow-injection solid-phase extraction with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry method was developed for the speciation of inorganic selenium in environmental water samples. A mesoporous zirconia film was simply introduced to coat coal cinder by means of the sol-gel technique, and the adsorptive performance of the coated material for Se(IV)/Se(VI) was investigated in different media. Both Se(IV) and Se(VI) can be retained quantitatively by the material in HCl/NaOH (pH 1.0-9.0) media, while only Se(IV) was adsorbed quantitatively in sodium acetate buffer (pH 3.5-6.0). Thus, the assay of Se(VI) is based on subtracting Se(IV) from total selenium by controlling different adsorptive media without employing any redox procedure. Under the optimum conditions, the detection limit of Se(IV) is 9.0 ng/L with an enrichment factor of 100, and the relative standard deviation is 3.6% (n = 9, C = 5.0 ng/mL). The developed method was successfully applied to the speciation of inorganic selenium in environmental water samples with satisfactory results. In order to further verify the accuracy of the developed method, it was applied to analysis of total selenium in GSBZ 50031-94 certified reference environmental water, and the determined values coincided with the certified values very well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shu Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis and Reuse Technique, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, P.R. China
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Herrero Latorre C, Barciela García J, García Martín S, Peña Crecente RM. Solid phase extraction for the speciation and preconcentration of inorganic selenium in water samples: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 804:37-49. [PMID: 24267061 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Selenium is an essential element for the normal cellular function of living organisms. However, selenium is toxic at concentrations of only three to five times higher than the essential concentration. The inorganic forms (mainly selenite and selenate) present in environmental water generally exhibit higher toxicity (up to 40 times) than organic forms. Therefore, the determination of low levels of different inorganic selenium species in water is an analytical challenge. Solid-phase extraction has been used as a separation and/or preconcentration technique prior to the determination of selenium species due to the need for accurate measurements for Se species in water at extremely low levels. The present paper provides a critical review of the published methods for inorganic selenium speciation in water samples using solid phase extraction as a preconcentration procedure. On the basis of more than 75 references, the different speciation strategies used for this task have been highlighted and classified. The solid-phase extraction sorbents and the performance and analytical characteristics of the developed methods for Se speciation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Herrero Latorre
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Dpto. Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias, Alfonso X el Sabio s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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Chen ML, An MI. Selenium adsorption and speciation with Mg–FeCO3 layered double hydroxides loaded cellulose fibre. Talanta 2012; 95:31-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hamorsky KT, Ensor CM, Pasini P, Daunert S. A protein switch sensing system for the quantification of sulfate. Anal Biochem 2011; 421:172-80. [PMID: 22067979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein engineering has generated versatile methods and technologies that have been instrumental in advancements in the fields of sensing, therapeutics, and diagnostics. Herein, we demonstrate the employment of rational design to engineer a unique bioluminescence-based protein switch. A fusion protein switch combines two totally unrelated proteins, with distinct characteristics, in a manner such that the function of one protein is dependent on another. Herein we report a protein switch sensing system by insertion of the sulfate-binding protein (SBP) into the structure of the photoprotein aequorin (AEQ). In the presence of sulfate, SBP undergoes a conformational change bringing the two segments of AEQ together, "turning on" bioluminescence in a dose-dependent fashion, thus allowing quantitative detection of sulfate. A calibration plot was obtained by correlating the amount of bioluminescence generated with the concentration of sulfate present. The switch demonstrated selectivity and reproducibility, and a detection limit of 1.6×10(-4)M for sulfate. Moreover, the sensing system was validated by performing sulfate detection in clinical and environmental samples, such as, serum, urine, and tap water. The detection limits and working ranges in all three samples fall within the average normal/recommended sulfate levels in the respective matrices.
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Leyva D, Estévez J, Montero A, Pupo I. Separation and determination of selenium in water samples by the combination of APDC coprecipitation: X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-011-1375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Shlyapunova EV, Sergeeva VP, Sergeev GM. Highly sensitive redox-photometric determination of selenite and iodide ions in mineral waters. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934808030040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Grabarczyk M, Korolczuk M. Development of a simple and fast voltammetric procedure for determination of trace quantity of Se(IV) in natural lake and river water samples. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 175:1007-1013. [PMID: 19939556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A simple and fast cathodic stripping voltammetric procedure for determination of trace quantity of Se(IV) in natural samples containing high concentrations of surfactants and humic substances was developed. The procedure exploiting selenium accumulation (from sample solution spiked with 0.1 mol L(-1) HClO(4) and 4 x 10(-4)mol L(-1) Cu(NO(3))(2)) as Cu(2)Se was employed as the initial method. The deposited Cu(2)Se was stripped by differential pulse cathodic potential scan. The interference from dissolved organic matter such as surfactants and humic substances was eliminated by adding Amberlite XAD-7 resin to the voltammetric cell. The whole procedure was applied to a single cell, which allows one to monitor the voltammetric scan. Optimum conditions for removing the surfactants and humic substances due to their adsorption on XAD-7 resin were evaluated. The method was tested on synthetic samples spiked with surfactants and humic substances. The calibration graph for Se(IV) under optimized conditions following the accumulation of 30s was linear in the range from 2 x 10(-9) to 2 x 10(-7)mol L(-1) and was found to obey the equation y=0.74x-0.61, where y and x are the peak current (nA) and Se(IV) concentration (nmol L(-1)), respectively. The linear correlation coefficient was r=0.9993. The relative standard deviation for determination of Se(IV) at the concentration of 1 x 10(-8)mol L(-1) was 3.7% (n=5). The detection limit estimated from three times the standard deviation for low Se(IV) concentration and accumulation time of 30s was about 7.8 x 10(-10)mol L(-1). The presented procedure was successfully applied to selenium determination in TMRAIN-95 certified reference material and to real samples including spiked lake and river waters for selenium speciation.
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Sounderajan S, Kumar GK, Udas AC. Cloud point extraction and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry of Se (IV)--3,3'-diaminobenzidine for the estimation of trace amounts of Se (IV) and Se (VI) in environmental water samples and total selenium in animal blood and fish tissue samples. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 175:666-672. [PMID: 19932563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a method based on the cloud point extraction for the separation and preconcentration of Se (IV) and Se (VI) in environmental water samples as well as total selenium in animal blood and tissue samples. 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) is a selective and sensitive reagent and is known to form an intense yellow compound piazselenol with selenium (IV). When a system consisting of sample, DAB and surfactant Triton X-114 is warmed above the cloud point of the surfactant, it was seen that the DAB-Se (IV) complex gets extracted into the surfactant rich phase while the Se (VI) remains in the aqueous phase. Se (VI) in the sample was reduced to Se (IV) by microwave heating of solution in 4 mol L(-1) HCl and total Se was estimated by carrying out the CPE. The quantification of selenium was carried out using ETAAS. The analytical parameters for the quantitative cloud point extraction of the Se-DAB complex were investigated and optimized. The proposed procedure was validated by applying it to the determination of the content of Se in Certified Reference Material BND 701-02. (NPL, India). The detection limit of selenium in environmental water samples was 0.0025 microg L(-1) with an enrichment factor of 100. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for ten replicate measurements of 5 microg L(-1) was 3.6%. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of selenium (IV), (VI) in environmental water samples and determination of total selenium in human blood, SRM-IAEA-A-13 animal blood and SRM-IAEA-407 fish tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvarna Sounderajan
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, Maharashtra, India
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Gonzalvez A, Cervera M, Armenta S, de la Guardia M. A review of non-chromatographic methods for speciation analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 636:129-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Huang C, Wu C, Lai J, Li S, Zhen J, Zhao Y. CdS Quantum Dots as Fluorescence Probes for the Detection of Selenite. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710802209326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Huang C, Hu B, He M, Duan J. Organic and inorganic selenium speciation in environmental and biological samples by nanometer-sized materials packed dual-column separation/preconcentration on-line coupled with ICP-MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:336-345. [PMID: 17994643 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel, fast, and cheap nonchromatographic method for direct speciation of dissolved inorganic and organic selenium species in environmental and biological samples was developed by flow injection (FI) dual-column preconcentration/separation on-line coupled with ICP-MS determination. In the developed technique, the first column packed with nanometer-sized Al(2)O(3) could selectively adsorb the inorganic selenium [Se(IV), Se(VI)], and the retained inorganic selenium could be eluted by 0.2 mol l(-1) NaOH, while the organic Se [selenocystine (SeCys(2)) and selenomethionine (Se-Met)] was not retained. On the other hand, the second column packed with mesoporous TiO(2) chemically modified by dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) could selectively adsorb Se(IV) and SeCys(2) and barely adsorb Se(VI) and Se-Met. When the sample solution was passed through the column 1, separation of inorganic selenium and organic selenium could be achieved first. Then, the effluent from column 1 was successively introduced into the column 2 and the speciation of organic selenium could be attained due to the different adsorption behaviors of Se-Met and SeCys(2) on DMSA modified TiO(2). After that, the eluent from column 1 contained Se(IV), and Se(VI) was adjusted to desired pH and injected into column 2, and the speciation of Se(IV) and Se(VI) could also be realized thanks to their different retention on column 2. The parameters affecting the separation were investigated systematically and the optimal separation conditions were established. The detection limits obtained for Se(IV), Se(VI), Se-Met and SeCys(2) were 45-210 ng l(-1) with precisions of 3.6-9.7%. The proposed method has been successfully applied for the speciation of dissolved inorganic and organic selenium in environmental and biological samples. In order to validate the methodology, the developed method was also applied to the speciation of selenium in certified reference material of SELM-1 yeast, and the determined values were in good agreement with the certified values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozhang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Atomic Spectroscopic Detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Lin TS. Inorganic selenium speciation in groundwaters by solid phase extraction on Dowex 1X2. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2007; 149:80-5. [PMID: 17459575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A Dowex 1X2 resin separation technique followed by analysis with atomic absorption spectroscopy was evaluated for the study of inorganic selenium speciation in groundwaters. After Se(IV) and Se(VI) were retained on the resin column, Se(IV) and Se(VI) were eluted out by 0.1 and 1M nitric acid solutions. The method detection limit was 5.6 ng/L for both Se(IV) and Se(VI). Analysis of synthetic solutions consistently yielded more than 90% recovery of these two selenium forms with negligible cross-contamination. The results of spiked well waters show that this method can be applied at ultra-trace level of Se in groundwater and the interference of chloride ion can be neglected. Water samples collected from the monitoring wells in the Science-based Industrial Park, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, were analyzed. Average dissolved selenium concentrations were 32.1+/-17.6 ng/L. The proportion of Se(VI) to the total dissolved selenium ranged from 47.6 to 61.2% and an average of 53.8% in water samples analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tser-Sheng Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University, 306 Yuanpei Street, Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan.
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Chen B, Hu B, He M. Cloud point extraction combined with electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the speciation of inorganic selenium in environmental water samples. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:2894-900. [PMID: 16941541 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A new method based on cloud point extraction (CPE) separation and electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ETV-ICPMS) detection has been proposed for the speciation of inorganic selenium in environmental waters. When the temperature of the system is higher than the cloud point temperature (CPT) of the selected surfactant Triton X-114, the complex of Se(IV) with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) seems to be extracted into the surfactant-rich phase, whereas the Se(VI) remains in aqueous solutions. Thus, an in situ separation of Se(IV) and Se(VI) could be realized. The concentrated analyte was introduced into the ETV-ICP mass spectrometer for determination of Se((IV) after dilution with 200 microL methanol. Se(VI) was reduced to Se(IV) prior to determining total selenium, and its assay was based on subtracting Se(IV) from total selenium. The main factors affecting the CPE and the vaporization behavior of the analyte were investigated in detail. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) for Se(IV) was 8.0 ng/L with an enhancement factor of 39 when 10 mL of sample solution was preconcentrated to 0.2 mL. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was found to be 3.9% (C(Se(IV)) = 1.0 microg/L, n = 7). The proposed method was applied to the speciation of inorganic selenium in different environmental water samples with the recovery for the spiked samples in the range of 82-102%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Pedro J, Andrade F, Magni D, Tudino M, Bonivardi A. On-line submicellar enhanced fluorometric determination of Se(IV) with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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