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Yang L, Wang S, Peng X, Zheng M, Yang Y, Xiao K, Liu G. Gas chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry screening of organic chemicals in fly ash samples from industrial sources and implications for understanding the formation mechanisms of unintentional persistent organic pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 664:107-115. [PMID: 30739845 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Clarifying the occurrences of organic chemicals in fly ash produced during industrial thermal processes is important for improving our understanding of the formation mechanisms of toxic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), halogenated PAHs, dioxins, and other unintentional persistent organic pollutants. We developed a highly sensitive gas chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (GC-Orbitrap/MS) method and applied it to screening of organic pollutants in fly ash samples from multiple industrial thermal processes. The GC-Orbitrap/MS method could detect and quantify organic pollutants at part per billion (ppb) levels. In total, 96 organic chemicals, including alkanes, benzene derivatives, phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and biphenyl derivatives were identified in the fly ash samples. Several organic chemicals with chlorine or bromine substituents were abundant in secondary copper smelter fly ash, and these might act as precursors for formation of dioxins, brominated dioxins, and other dioxin-like compounds. Several chlorinated and brominated PAH compounds were also found in the secondary copper smelter fly ash. PAHs were dominant chemicals in the secondary aluminum smelter fly ash samples, and were present in much higher concentrations than in the samples from other industries. This indicates that there are different chemical formation pathways in different industries. Possible formation pathways of PAHs and dioxins were investigated and deduced in this study. These results improve our understanding of the formation mechanisms of toxic unintentional persistent organic pollutants and could be useful for reducing their source emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shen Wang
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Xing Peng
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ke Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Wu CY, Chou MS, Lin JH. Oxidative scrubbing of DMS-containing waste gases by hypochlorite solution. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Félix JS, Domeño C, Nerín C. Characterization of wood plastic composites made from landfill-derived plastic and sawdust: volatile compounds and olfactometric analysis. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 33:645-655. [PMID: 23259974 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Application of wood plastic composites (WPCs) obtained from recycled materials initially intended for landfill is usually limited by their composition, mainly focused on release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which could affect quality or human safety. The study of the VOCs released by a material is a requirement for new composite materials. Characterization and quantification of VOCs of several WPC produced with low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate (PE/EVA) films and sawdust were carried out, in each stage of production, by solid phase microextraction in headspace mode (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). An odor profile was also obtained by HS-SPME and GC-MS coupled with olfactometry analysis. More than 140 compounds were observed in the raw materials and WPC samples. Some quantified compounds were considered WPC markers such as furfural, 2-methoxyphenol, N-methylphthalimide and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Hexanoic acid, acetic acid, 2-methoxyphenol, acetylfuran, diacetyl, and aldehydes were the most important odorants. None of the VOCs were found to affect human safety for use of the WPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana S Félix
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza (UNIZAR), Zaragoza 50018, Spain.
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Godayol A, Alonso M, Sanchez JM, Anticó E. Odour-causing compounds in air samples: Gas-liquid partition coefficients and determination using solid-phase microextraction and GC with mass spectrometric detection. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1045-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Godayol
- Department of Chemistry; University of Girona; Girona Spain
| | - Mònica Alonso
- Department of Chemistry; University of Girona; Girona Spain
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Kotowska U, Żalikowski M, Isidorov VA. HS-SPME/GC-MS analysis of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds emitted from municipal sewage sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:2893-2907. [PMID: 21688031 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the research involved identification and semi-quantitative determination of unknown volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds emitted to air by sewage sludge formed in the process of municipal wastewater treatment in a sewage treatment plant. Samples taken directly after completion of the technological process as well as the sludge stored on the premise of the sewage treatment plant were analyzed. A simple method using off-line headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been proposed for extraction and detection of organic pollutants. For reliable identification of compounds, combination of two independent parameters: mass spectra and linear temperature programmed retention indices were employed. Over 170 compounds of different structure were identified including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, carbonyls, as well as sulfur, nitrogen, and chlorine containing compounds. The prevailing substances included: ethyl ether, n-hexane, p-xylene, o-xylene, mesitylene, m-ethylbenzene, limonene, n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane. A few compounds such as methanetiol, dimethyl polisulfide, octaatomic sulfur, phthalic anhydride, and indoles were identified in the sludge for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Kotowska
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, ul. Hurtowa 1, 15-399, Bialystok, Poland.
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Domeño C, Rodríguez-Lafuente A, Martos JM, Bilbao R, Nerín C. VOC removal and deodorization of effluent gases from an industrial plant by photo-oxidation, chemical oxidation, and ozonization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:2585-2591. [PMID: 20192167 DOI: 10.1021/es902735g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of photo-oxidation, chemical oxidation by sodium hypochlorite, and ozonization for the industrial-scale removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and odors from gaseous emissions was studied by applying these treatments (in an experimental system) to substances passing through an emission stack of a factory producing maize derivatives. Absorption and ozonization were the most efficient treatment, removing 75% and 98% of VOCs, respectively, while photo-oxidation only removed about 59%. The emitted chemical compounds and odors were identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (in full-scan mode). In addition to presenting the results, their implications for selecting optimal processes for treating volatile emissions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Domeño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna st. 3, Torres Quevedo Building, Zaragoza, Spain
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Mattarozzi M, Musci M, Careri M, Mangia A, Fustinoni S, Campo L, Bianchi F. A novel headspace solid-phase microextraction method using in situ derivatization and a diethoxydiphenylsilane fibre for the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry determination of urinary hydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5634-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bianchi F, Bisceglie F, Careri M, Di Berardino S, Mangia A, Musci M. Innovative sol–gel coatings for solid-phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1196-1197:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Experimental design for the optimization of the extraction conditions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milk with a novel diethoxydiphenylsilane solid-phase microextraction fiber. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1196-1197:41-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Demeestere K, Dewulf J, De Witte B, Van Langenhove H. Sample preparation for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in air and water matrices. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1153:130-44. [PMID: 17258752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes literature data from the past 5 years on new developments and/or applications of sample preparation methods for analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOC), mainly in air and water matrices. Novel trends in the optimization and application of well-established airborne VOC enrichment techniques are discussed, like the implementation of advanced cooling systems in cryogenic trapping and miniaturization in adsorptive enrichment techniques. Next, focus is put on current tendencies in integrated sampling-extraction-sample introduction methods such as solid phase microextraction (SPME) and novel in-needle trapping devices. Particular attention is paid to emerging membrane extraction techniques such as membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) and membrane extraction with a sorbent interface (MESI). For VOC enrichment out of water, recent evolutions in direct aqueous injection (DAI) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) are highlighted, with main focus on miniaturized solvent extraction methods such as single drop microextraction (SDME) and liquid phase microextraction (LPME). Next, solvent-free sorptive enrichment receives major attention, with particular interest for innovative techniques such as stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and solid phase dynamic extraction (SPDE). Finally, recent trends in membrane extraction are reviewed. Applications in both immersion and headspace mode are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Demeestere
- Research Group EnVOC, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Hu YL, Fu YL, Li GK. Preparation of anilinemethyltriethoxysilane/polydimethylsiloxane sol–gel coatings for solid-phase microextraction of aromatic compounds. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pozzi R, Bocchini P, Pinelli F, Galletti GC. Rapid analysis of tile industry gaseous emissions by ion mobility spectrometry and comparison with solid phase micro-extraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:1219-26. [PMID: 17133278 DOI: 10.1039/b609850a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present paper reports on a rapid method for the analysis of gaseous emissions from ceramic industry, based on ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) as a means for on-site monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced during tile baking. IMS was calibrated with a set of reference compounds (i.e. ethyl acetate, ethanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane, 1,3-dioxolane, 1,4-dioxane, benzene, toluene, cyclohexane, acetone, acetic acid) via air-flow permeation. The technique was tested on a laboratory-scale kiln and tiles prepared with selected glycol- and resin-based additives. Finally, the analytical method was applied to emissions from two industries in the Modena (Italy) ceramic area. The results of all experimental phases were compared to those obtained by solid phase micro-extraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME/GC/MS). IMS showed potential as a real-time monitoring device for quality assessment in ceramic industry emissions. IMS spectra, SPME/GC/MS data, relationship between additives/baking conditions and produced VOCs and advantages and limitations of both techniques will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pozzi
- Department of Chemistry G Ciamician, University of Bologna, via F Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
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Domeño C, Ruiz B, Nerín C. Determination of sterols in biological samples by SPME with on-fiber derivatization and GC/FID. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 381:1576-83. [PMID: 15827725 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 01/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new procedure for the determination of sterols in serum samples is proposed. The system consists of coating a Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) microfiber in headspace mode with the derivatizing agent N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoracetamide (BSTFA) and then applying this coated fiber to the simultaneous extraction and derivatization of three precursors in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway (desmosterol, lathosterol and lanosterol) and two phytosterols (sitosterol and sitostanol) in serum samples. Optimization of the analytical procedure via the application of an experimental design, a study of matrix effects, and an analysis of serum pool samples are all described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Domeño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Centro Politécnico Superior (CPS), University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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