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Adjei JK, Ofori A, Megbenu HK, Ahenguah T, Boateng AK, Adjei GA, Bentum JK, Essumang DK. Health risk and source assessment of semi-volatile phenols, p-chloroaniline and plasticizers in plastic packaged (sachet) drinking water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149008. [PMID: 34303974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The presence of U.S. EPA priority organic contaminants in drinking water poses a dire health risk on consumers. Packaged drinking water such as plastic sachet drinking water has significantly gained market in both developed and developing countries, especially, its dominance in the Ghanaian market. The treatment process, packaging, and storage of the sachet drinking water contribute to the levels of genotoxic semi-volatile phenols, p-chloroaniline, and plasticizers contamination in the drinking water. The study thus sought to investigate the levels of semi-volatile phenols, p-chloroaniline, and plasticizer contaminants in sachet drinking water on the Ghanaian market and the associated health risk of exposure. The study also investigated the possible sources of the contaminants. A total of thirty (30) different brands of sachet water on the Ghanaian market were studied. The samples were extracted in replicates (n = 3) using Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) cartridges and further analysed with GC-MS (SIM mode). The source apportionment was conducted using absolute principal component analysis coupled with multiple, linear regression (APCA-MLR) and automatic linear regression (APCA-MALR) modelling. The mean total levels for the phenols, p-chloroaniline, and plasticizers were between 210.2 and 18,914.9, 11.2 and 18,871.0, and 21.2 and 69,834.1 ng/L respectively. The cumulative non-cancer risk (hazard quotient) and cancer risk upon exposure were computed to range between 2.1 × 10-3 and 1.2 and 1.5 × 10-7 and 1.3 × 10-4 respectively. About 37% of the samples had elevated cancer risk (>10-6) which may contribute to the existing incidence, cause for concern. The five sources found for the contaminants were apportioned as "environmental background (major)", "water treatment/disinfectant", "plastic/plasticizers", "storage and preservation", and "residual inter-conversion/degradation sources".
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kweku Adjei
- The Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Ghana.
| | - Albert Ofori
- The Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Harry Kwaku Megbenu
- The Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Thomas Ahenguah
- OneSource Laboratory Services, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Alex Kissi Boateng
- School of Physical Sciences Instrumental Analysis Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Technology, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - George Alimoh Adjei
- The Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - John Kwesi Bentum
- The Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Ghana; School of Physical Sciences Instrumental Analysis Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Technology, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - David Kofi Essumang
- The Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
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Kadmi Y, Favier L, Yehya T, Soutrel I, Simion AI, Vial C, Wolbert D. Controlling contamination for determination of ultra-trace levels of priority pollutants chlorophenols in environmental water matrices. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Tang C, Tan J. Determination of Chlorophenols in Sewage Sludge and Soil by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Ultrasonic-Assisted and Solid-Phase Extraction. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1327537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caiming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Tan
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Simultaneous determination of the full chlorophenol spectrum in human urine using gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 965:123-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chen ML, Min JQ, Cai MQ, Pan SD, Jin MC. Rapid analysis of six trace trichlorophenols in seawater by magnetic micro-solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:2396-405. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Lan Chen
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering; Zhejiang Shuren University; Hangzhou China
| | - Jian-Qing Min
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering; Zhejiang Shuren University; Hangzhou China
| | - Mei-Qiang Cai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering; Zhejiang Gongshang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Sheng-Dong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province; Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Ningbo Zhejiang China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control; Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Ningbo China
| | - Mi-Cong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province; Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Ningbo Zhejiang China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control; Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Ningbo China
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Ben Hassine S, Hammami B, Touil S, Driss MR. Determination of Chlorophenols in Water Samples Using Solid-Phase Extraction Enrichment Procedure and Gas Chromatography Analysis. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 95:654-660. [PMID: 26067701 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure followed by derivatization and gas chromatography electron capture detection was evaluated for the determination of trace amounts of chlorophenols (CPs) in waters samples. Different parameters affecting extraction efficiency such as, volume of elution solvent, volume and pH of water sample, quantity of sorbent phase were studied and optimized. SPE was carried out on polystyrene-divinylbenzene (Bond Elut ENV) and high recoveries were obtained using 1000 mg of this cartridge for the treatment of 500 mL of acidified water sample. The described method was then tested on spiked tap, mineral, ground and surface water samples. The overall procedure provided limits of detection lower than 20 ng L(-1), recoveries of 70%-106% and an enrichment factor of 500 for the examined CPs in 500 mL water samples. Among the studied compounds, pentachlorophenol was detected in tap water at a concentration level of 0.06 µg L(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ben Hassine
- Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry (UR 11ES29), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia.
| | - B Hammami
- Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry (UR 11ES29), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - S Touil
- Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry (UR 11ES29), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - M R Driss
- Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry (UR 11ES29), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
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Kolliopoulos AV, Kampouris DK, Banks CE. Indirect electroanalytical detection of phenols. Analyst 2015; 140:3244-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02374a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel indirect electrochemical protocol for the electroanalytical detection of phenols is presented for the first time. This methodology is demonstrated with the indirect determination of the target analytes phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol through an electrochemically adapted optical protocol. A critical comparison with the direct electrochemical detection of the phenols is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios V. Kolliopoulos
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and the Environment
- Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Manchester Metropolitan University
- Manchester M1 5GD
| | - Dimitrios K. Kampouris
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and the Environment
- Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Manchester Metropolitan University
- Manchester M1 5GD
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and the Environment
- Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Manchester Metropolitan University
- Manchester M1 5GD
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Kochmann S, Matysik FM. Hyphenation of capillary high-performance ion-exchange chromatography with mass spectrometry using sheath-flow electrospray ionization. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:2670-2680. [PMID: 25366413 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mass spectrometry (MS) is an attractive method for extending capillary-size ion chromatography (cHPIC) to create a valuable technique for speciation analysis. For hyphenation, the aqueous effluent of cHPIC has to be transformed into a volatile mixture for MS while preserving analytical concentrations as well as peak shapes during transfer from cHPIC to MS. Finally, the approach should technically be flexible and easy-to-use. A combination of cHPIC and sheath-flow electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS offers to solve all these challenges. METHODS cHPIC/sheath-flow-ESI-TOFMS was used in this study for the speciation analysis of various arsenic model compounds. These model compounds were analyzed with different hyphenation setups and configurations of cHPIC/MS and their respective assets and drawbacks were examined and discussed. The parameters (flow rate and composition of sheath liquid) of sheath-flow ESI and their influence on the performance of the spray and the sensitivity of the detector were investigated and compared with those of sheathless ESI. RESULTS Using an injection valve to couple cHPIC and MS was found to be the best method for hyphenation, since it constitutes a flexible and dead-volume-free approach. The investigation of sheath-flow ESI revealed that the flow rate of the sheath liquid has to resemble the flow rate of the IC effluent to ensure a stable spray and that a composition of 2-propanol/water/ammonia at 50:50:0.2 (v/v/v) suits most applications without unilaterally promoting the sensitivity for either organic or inorganic compounds. The optimized setup and conditions were successfully applied to the analysis of a mixture of important arsenic species and used to determine limits of detection of organic and inorganic arsenic species (3.7 µg L(-1) elemental arsenic). CONCLUSIONS A method for cHPIC/sheath-flow-ESI-MS was developed. The method was shown to be a valuable tool for speciation and trace analysis. It features no dead volume, fast transfer from IC to MS, only minimal peak-widening, high reproducibility, and the ability to fine-tune the ESI spray for higher sensitivity and stability by adjusting the composition of the sheath-liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kochmann
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
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9
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Direct analysis of eight chlorophenols in urine by large volume injection online turbulent flow solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography with multiple wavelength ultraviolet detection. Talanta 2014; 119:396-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Ion chromatography-mass spectrometry: A review of recent technologies and applications in forensic and environmental explosives analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 806:27-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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de Morais P, Stoichev T, Basto MCP, Vasconcelos MTS. Extraction and preconcentration techniques for chromatographic determination of chlorophenols in environmental and food samples. Talanta 2012; 89:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Cai MQ, Chen XH, He SW, OuYang XK, Jin MC. Determination of four pyridine alkaloids from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3516-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Jin MC, Chen XH, Cai MQ, Zhu Y. Eluent Generator Reagent Free Ion Chromatography with Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Simultaneous Analysis of Organic Acids in Juices and Beverages. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032711003698812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Zakaria P, Dicinoski GW, Ng BK, Shellie RA, Hanna-Brown M, Haddad PR. Application of retention modelling to the simulation of separation of organic anions in suppressed ion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6600-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Chen XH, Cai MQ, Ouyang XK, Jin MC. Ion chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous confirmation and determination of indandione rodenticides in serum. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:1217-26. [PMID: 19488975 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a simple method for the simultaneous determination and confirmation of the indandione rodenticides in serum. After samples were extracted with 10% (v/v) methanol in acetonitrile and cleaned by solid-phase extraction, chromatographic separation was performed on an IonPac AS11 analytical column (250 x 4.0 mm) using gradient KOH eluent with 10% (v/v) methanol as organic modifier. Confirmation was depended on the extensive fragmentation of the indandione molecule under MS/MS conditions which provides sufficient structural information. Quantification was performed by negative electrospray ionization in multiple reaction monitoring mode. All the method parameters were validated. It was confirmed that this method could be used in clinical diagnosis and forensic toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Chen
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315010, China
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Analysis of indandione anticoagulant rodenticides in animal liver by eluent generator reagent free ion chromatography coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1213:77-82. [PMID: 18804211 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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MS techniques for analyzing phenols, their metabolites and transformation products of environmental interest. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Cai MQ, Chen XH, Yan YQ, Jin MC. Ion Chromatography in Combination with ESI Ion Trap MS for the Analysis of Diphacinone in Animal Livers. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Jin MC, Chen XH, Zhu Y. Determination of five 4-hydroxycoumarin rodenticides in animal liver tissues by ion chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1155:57-61. [PMID: 17210156 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel analytical method is proposed for rapid simultaneous determination of five 4-hydroxycoumarin rodenticides in animal liver tissues by eluent generator reagent free ion chromatography (RFIC) with fluorescence detection. Rodenticides were initially extracted from homogenized animal liver tissues with ethyl acetate and the extracts subjected to a solid-phase extraction process using Oasis HLB cartridges. The IC separation was carried out on an IonPac AS11 analytical column (250 mm x 4.0 mm) using gradient KOH containing 10% acetonitrile as organic modifier at a constant flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The analytes were detected by fluorescence at an excitation wavelength of 270 nm and an emission wavelength of 380 nm. The average recoveries of the objective compounds spiked in animal liver tissues were between 81% and 98%. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.004-0.010 mg/kg for them. Within-day and day-to-day relative standard deviations (RSD) were less than 8.5% and 9.7%, respectively. It was confirmed that this method could be used in a toxicological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Cong Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Xixi Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:407-418. [PMID: 17326037 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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