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Thawabteh AM, Naseef HA, Karaman D, Bufo SA, Scrano L, Karaman R. Understanding the Risks of Diffusion of Cyanobacteria Toxins in Rivers, Lakes, and Potable Water. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:582. [PMID: 37756009 PMCID: PMC10535532 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria, may be prevalent in our rivers and tap water. These minuscule bacteria can grow swiftly and form blooms in warm, nutrient-rich water. Toxins produced by cyanobacteria can pollute rivers and streams and harm the liver and nervous system in humans. This review highlights the properties of 25 toxin types produced by 12 different cyanobacteria genera. The review also covered strategies for reducing and controlling cyanobacteria issues. These include using physical or chemical treatments, cutting back on fertilizer input, algal lawn scrubbers, and antagonistic microorganisms for biocontrol. Micro-, nano- and ultrafiltration techniques could be used for the removal of internal and extracellular cyanotoxins, in addition to powdered or granular activated carbon, ozonation, sedimentation, ultraviolet radiation, potassium permanganate, free chlorine, and pre-treatment oxidation techniques. The efficiency of treatment techniques for removing intracellular and extracellular cyanotoxins is also demonstrated. These approaches aim to lessen the risks of cyanobacterial blooms and associated toxins. Effective management of cyanobacteria in water systems depends on early detection and quick action. Cyanobacteria cells and their toxins can be detected using microscopy, molecular methods, chromatography, and spectroscopy. Understanding the causes of blooms and the many ways for their detection and elimination will help the management of this crucial environmental issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mahmood Thawabteh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nursing and Health Professions, Birzeit University, Ramallah 00972, Palestine
- General Safety Section, General Services Department, Birzeit University, Bir Zeit 71939, Palestine
| | - Hani A Naseef
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nursing and Health Professions, Birzeit University, Ramallah 00972, Palestine
| | - Donia Karaman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 20002, Palestine
| | - Sabino A Bufo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa
| | - Laura Scrano
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, Via Lanera 20, 75100 Matera, Italy
| | - Rafik Karaman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 20002, Palestine
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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2
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Liu J, Xing Y, Lin Y, Xie Y, Zhou X. Effect of pretreatment approach on the ELISA-based detection of cyanotoxins in water: Analysis and application. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:161988. [PMID: 36739018 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Common cyanotoxins, such as microcystins and nodularins, are produced by frequently occurring harmful cyanobacterial algal blooms in freshwater systems. The required routine monitoring of microcystins and nodularins in drinking water and ambient water demands cost-efficient and reliable enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. We validated the performance of a self-produced broad-spectrum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit and investigated two different methods of mitigating the matrix effects to elucidate the effect of the respective pretreatment approaches recommended by China and the United States on the quantitative detection of cyanotoxins in surface water. We found that the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit achieved a detection limit of 0.15 μg/L with a linear detection range from 0.27 μg/L to 1.87 μg/L for microcystin-LR (the most studied and widely distributed cyanotoxin). The matrix effects could be mitigated both by dilution of water samples with an optimal dilution ratio and dilution of antibody with the buffer containing phosphate buffer solution (10×), bovine serum albumin (1 %) and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (0.5 %). In terms of the surface water samples being tested, the concentrations of microcystins and nodularins measured based on pretreatment approach recommended by the United States were 1- 5 times that measured based on pretreatment approach recommended by China, indicating that the pretreatment approach of China overlooks cyanotoxins. In addition, all the measured total microcystins and nodularins of the surface water samples were below the health advisory limit (1.6 μg/L) for microcystins in drinking water proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency for school-age children and adults. Our research could provide significant information for outbreak warnings and risk management of harmful cyanobacterial algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchuan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Yunpeng Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yongshu Lin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yangcun Xie
- Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100043, PR China.
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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3
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Li F, Yang Y, Tan J, Wang Z, Zhou X. Group-targeting sulfonamides via an evanescent-wave biosensor based on rational designed coating antigen. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160703. [PMID: 36493837 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In order to effectively monitor a wide variety of sulfonamides residues in the environment, group-targeting immunoassay based on the group-specific antibodies has attracted great attentions, which can realize the detection of a group of contaminants in environment as many as possible even the unrecognized ones. Indirect competitive immunoassay is generally adopted for small molecule detection however the rational design of immobilized coating antigen for improved recognition capability on the solid surface is far from enough. To cover the research gap, we proposed the design criteria of coating antigen for surface-based indirect competitive immunoassay based on the molecular docking. Taking the group-specific antibodies against sulfonamides (SA) as a proof-of-concept, a hapten with a linking arm with 3 methyl groups was selected to synthesize the coating antigen. Through surface immobilization of coating antigen, a portable biosensor for group-targeting immunoassay of sulfonamides was developed and demonstrated excellent performance with detection limits lower than 0.6 μg/L for four SA variants, and the cross-reactivities of 148-215 % relative to sulfadiazine. The recovery rates of SAs in liquid milk ranges from 87 to 97 %, which confirmed the application potential of this method in the determination of SAs. Its capability to measure total SAs in a simple and low-cost way would pave the way for a variety of application fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxu Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yihan Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jisui Tan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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4
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Liu J, Yang Y, Zhu Q, Wang Z, Hu G, Shi H, Zhou X. ELISA-Based Method for Variant-Independent Detection of Total Microcystins and Nodularins via a Multi-immunogen Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12984-12993. [PMID: 34551520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Required routine monitoring of microcystins (MCs) and nodularins (NODs) in water samples, as posed by U.S. EPA Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule 4, demands cost-effective, reliable, and sensitive detection methods. To target as many MC and NOD variants as possible, we developed an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with group-specific monoclonal antibodies for variant-independent detection of total MCs and NODs. In this ELISA method, the mice monoclonal antibodies presenting both high affinities and broad-spectrum recognition capabilities against MCs and NODs were self-produced by designing MC hapten-based multi-immunogens to minimize specificity for the particular variant. Their high affinities and variant-independent binding capabilities against MCs and NODs were validated by both wet lab and in silico methods. The developed ELISA method achieved a limit of detection of below 0.3 μg/L for 13 MC/NOD variants, well with the reported best cross-reactivities of 60-127% relative to MC-LR. As a case study, this ELISA method was used to map the variations of intracellular and extracellular total MCs/NODs in the Luoma Lake drinking water source, China, in July, 2020. Its capability to measure total MCs/NODs with high sensitivity and high throughput in a simple and affordable way would truly be a disruptive technology capable of changing our understanding of bloom/toxin dynamics and having obvious implications for monitoring efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchuan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yihan Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guanjiu Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Analysis for Organic Pollutants in Surface Water, Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Hanchang Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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5
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Li B, Liu Y, Zhang H, Liu Y, Liu Y, Xie P. Research progress in the functionalization of microcystin-LR based on interdisciplinary technologies. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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6
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Yang R, Boldrey J, Jiles D, Schneider I, Que L. On chip detection of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor secreted from dopaminergic cells under magnetic stimulation. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 182:113179. [PMID: 33774433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a small protein potently promoting the survival of dopaminergic and motor neurons. GDNF can be secreted from different types of cells including the dopaminergic neural cell line, N27. N27 cells, a rat dopaminergic neural cell line, is regarded as a suitable in vitro model for Parkinson's disease (PD) research. For PD treatment, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a noninvasive therapeutic method, showed beneficial clinical effects, but the mechanism for its benefit is not understood. Because GDNF is a potent neurotrophic factor, it is of great value to evaluate if GDNF secretion from N27 cells can be affected by magnetic stimulation (MS). However, the current methods for detecting GDNF are time-consuming and expensive. In this paper we outline the detection of GDNF secretion from N27 cells by ultrasensitive nanopore thin film sensors (nanosensor) for the first time. As low as 2 pg/mL GDNF can be readily detected by the nanosensor. Furthermore, we show that MS can promote GDNF secretion from N27 cells. Specifically, the GDNF concentration in N27 cell-conditioned media under MS treatment shows statistically significant increase up to 2-fold after 5 days in vitro in comparison with the control. This nanosensor along with the in vitro PD model N27 cells provides a low-cost, easy-to-use, sensitive approach for studying potential cell biological mechanisms of the clinical benefits of MS on PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyuan Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, United States
| | - Joseph Boldrey
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, United States
| | - David Jiles
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, United States
| | - Ian Schneider
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, United States; Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, United States
| | - Long Que
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, United States.
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7
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Liu J, Xing Y, Zhou X, Chen GY, Shi H. Light-sheet skew rays enhanced U-shaped fiber-optic fluorescent immunosensor for Microcystin-LR. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 176:112902. [PMID: 33341317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel U-shaped fiber-optic evanescent-wave fluorescent immunosensor was designed that exploits light-sheet excitation of skew rays in a passive fiber for sensitive microcystin-LR (MC-LR) detection in real-time. In particular, a light sheet comprising a thin plane of light can be concentrated into exciting the optimum ray group, resulting in enhanced interaction between light and fluorophores. Meanwhile, skew rays excited by transmitting light into an optical fiber with an angle offset allow a much higher number of total-internal-reflections with increased interaction length along the fiber interface, which strengthens the light-matter interactions. Under the optimal angle offset, the proposed evanescent wave fluorescent immunosensor is the first demonstration of integrating light-sheet skew rays and a U-shaped fiber-optic probe for enhanced sensitivity. The results show that fluorescence sensitivity of the U-shaped fiber-optic probe with light-sheet skew rays excitation is 16 times higher than that of collimated skew rays excitation. Combined with this newly designed light-sheet skew rays enhanced U-shaped fiber-optic fluorescent immunosensor, a sensitive and real-time MC-LR detection method was established based on the indirect competitive immunoassay principle. Real environmental water samples spiked with MC-LR were determined by the immunosensor with recovery rates between 85% and 112%. The present system could be an alternative tool for the on-site environmental monitoring, in-field food safety assurance and clinical diagnostics. It also advances the fiber-optic sensors field in terms of experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchuan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yunpeng Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - George Y Chen
- Laser Physics and Photonic Devices Laboratories, UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, 5095, Australia.
| | - Hanchang Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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8
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Zhang T, Li Y, Chen C, Liu X, Tian Y, Zeng S, He M. Rapid screening and quantification of multi-class antibiotic pollutants in water using a planar waveguide immunosensor. RSC Adv 2019; 9:38422-38429. [PMID: 35540241 PMCID: PMC9075870 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06796e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are commonly used in livestock-related agriculture and aquaculture, but they also remain in water and potentially threaten human health. Immunosensors are attractive tools for the rapid detection of antibiotics in water due to their high sensitivity and low costs. However, the simultaneous detection of multi-class antibiotics remains a challenge due to the limited number of detection sites on the immunochip. Also, matrix effects hinder the practical application of these sensors. This paper presents a method for multi-class antibiotic detection in real water using a planar waveguide immunosensor (PWI). We integrate the screening and quantitive detection sites on the same immunochip, and a single screening detection site could detect multi-class antibiotics from the same family, increasing the detection types of analytes. In addition, to eliminate the matrix effects, we develop a testing buffer for real water detection, so that complex pretreatments of the samples can be omitted. Using our sensor and testing buffer, we detect 14 different antibiotics in real water. Lincomycin can be detected with a detection limit of 0.01 μg L−1, and 13 quinolones can be screened in a single assay. These results demonstrate that this planar waveguide immunosensor is capable of simultaneous screening and quantification of multi-class antibiotic pollutants and is expected to be applied for practical environmental monitoring. We present a method for simultaneous screening and quantitative detection of multi-class antibiotics in real water using planar waveguide immunosensors.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianmu Zhang
- Center for Sensor Technology of Environment and Health, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China .,State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yijun Li
- Center for Sensor Technology of Environment and Health, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China .,State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Chunfei Chen
- Guangxi Environmental Monitoring Centre Nanning 530028 China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Guangxi Environmental Monitoring Centre Nanning 530028 China
| | - Yan Tian
- Guangxi Environmental Monitoring Centre Nanning 530028 China
| | - Siyu Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Miao He
- Center for Sensor Technology of Environment and Health, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China .,State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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9
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Vogiazi V, de la Cruz A, Mishra S, Shanov V, Heineman WR, Dionysiou DD. A Comprehensive Review: Development of Electrochemical Biosensors for Detection of Cyanotoxins in Freshwater. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1151-1173. [PMID: 31056912 PMCID: PMC6625642 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms are increasing in frequency and cyanotoxins have become an environmental and public concern in the U.S. and worldwide. In this Review, the majority of reported studies and developments of electrochemical affinity biosensors for cyanotoxins are critically reviewed and discussed. Essential background information about cyanobacterial toxins and electrochemical biosensors is combined with the rapidly moving development of electrochemical biosensors for these toxins. Current issues and future challenges for the development of useful electrochemical biosensors for cyanotoxin detection that meet the demands for applications in field freshwater samples are discussed. The major aspects of the entire review article in a prescribed sequence include (i) the state-of-the-art knowledge of the toxicity of cyanotoxins, (ii) important harmful algal bloom events, (iii) advisories, guidelines, and regulations, (iv) conventional analytical methods for determination of cyanotoxins, (v) electrochemical transduction, (vi) recognition receptors, (vii) reported electrochemical biosensors for cyanotoxins, (viii) summary of analytical performance, and (ix) recent advances and future trends. Discussion includes electrochemical techniques and devices, biomolecules with high affinity, numerous array designs, various detection approaches, and research strategies in tailoring the properties of the transducer-biomolecule interface. Scientific and engineering aspects are presented in depth. This review aims to serve as a valuable source to scientists and engineers entering the interdisciplinary field of electrochemical biosensors for detection of cyanotoxins in freshwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileia Vogiazi
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE) , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - Armah de la Cruz
- Office of Research and Development , US Environmental Protection Agency , Cincinnati , Ohio 45220 , United States
| | - Siddharth Mishra
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati 45221 , Ohio United States
| | - Vesselin Shanov
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE) , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati 45221 , Ohio United States
| | - William R Heineman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE) , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
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10
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Picardo M, Filatova D, Nuñez O, Farré M. Recent advances in the detection of natural toxins in freshwater environments. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Construction of an immunized rabbit phage display antibody library for screening microcystin-LR high sensitive single-chain antibody. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 123:369-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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12
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Xu C, Liu X, Liu Y, Zhang X, Zhang C, Li J, Liu X. High sensitive single chain variable fragment screening from a microcystin-LR immunized mouse phage antibody library and its application in immunoassay. Talanta 2019; 197:397-405. [PMID: 30771953 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is one of common high-toxic biotoxins produced by cyanobacteria in waterbody. A high sensitive and convenient detection method is necessary for monitoring for MC-LR. To establish a high sensitive indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IC-ELISA) based on single chain variable fragment (scFv) for detecting MC-LR, 16 positive anti-MC-LR phage scFv particles were screened out from a MC-LR-immunized mouse phage scFv library, which was successfully constructed with the capacity of 8.67 × 107 CFU/mL. The most positive anti-MC-LR phage scFv (MscFv7) was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli (E.coli) HB2151. The molecular weight (M.W.) of expressed protein was about 30 kDa, and the concentration of purified protein was 512.6 μg/mL analyzed by SDS-PAGE and protein quantitative respectively. The IC-ELISA based on MscFv7-scFv for MC-LR shows a half-maximum inhibition (IC50) of 0.471 μg/L and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.044 μg/L, which is below the maximum residue limit standard (MRLs) of 1.0 μg/L in drinking water. The MscFv7-scFv has a strong cross-recognition for MC-RR and MC-YR with cross-reactivity (CRs) of 93.1% and 85.9%, respectively, but weak for MC-LW with that of 9.7%, even non-recognition for MC-WR, MC-LF and MC-LY. The recovery rates of IC-ELISA to detect MC-LR spiked in different cleanliness of water samples were 81.2-106.3% with CVs of 2.62-10.22% at intra-assay and inter-assay. The results showed that we obtained a high sensitive anti-MC-LR scFv, and the established IC-ELISA based on MscFv7-scFv should be promising for ultrasensitive monitoring MC-LR, MC-RR and MC-YR in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxin Xu
- Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Huaihua Vocational and Technical College, Huaihua 418007, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Cunzheng Zhang
- Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jianhong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xianjin Liu
- Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
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13
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Liu Y, Ji J, Cui F, Sun J, Wu H, Pi F, Zhang Y, Sun X. Development of a two-step immunochromatographic assay for microcystin-LR based on fluorescent microspheres. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Development of novel portable and reusable fiber optical chemiluminescent biosensor and its application for sensitive detection of microcystin-LR. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 121:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Liu L, Zhou X, Wilkinson JS, Hua P, Song B, Shi H. Integrated optical waveguide-based fluorescent immunosensor for fast and sensitive detection of microcystin-LR in lakes: Optimization and Analysis. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28623299 PMCID: PMC5473886 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03939-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, biosensor technologies which can detect various contaminants in water quickly and cost-effectively are in great demand. Herein, we report an integrated channel waveguide-based fluorescent immunosensor with the ability to detect a maximum of 32 contaminants rapidly and simultaneously. In particular, we use waveguide tapers to improve the efficiency of excitation and collection of fluorescent signals in the presence of fluorophore photobleaching in a solid surface bioassay. Under the optimized waveguide geometry, this is the first demonstration of using such a type of waveguide immunosensor for the detection of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in lake water. The waveguide chip was activated by (3-Mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane/N-(4-maleimidobutyryloxy) succinimide (MTS/GMBS) for immobilization of BSA-MC-LR conjugate, which was confirmed to have uniform monolayer distribution by atomic force microscopy. All real lake samples, even those containing MC-LR in the sub-microgram per liter range (e.g. 0.5 μg/L), could be determined by the immunosensor with recovery rates between 84% and 108%, confirming its application potential in the measurement of MC-LR in real water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanhua Liu
- Center for Sensor Technology of Environment and Health, State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10084, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Center for Sensor Technology of Environment and Health, State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10084, China.
| | - James S Wilkinson
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, Southampton University, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ping Hua
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, Southampton University, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Baodong Song
- Center for Sensor Technology of Environment and Health, State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10084, China
| | - Hanchang Shi
- Center for Sensor Technology of Environment and Health, State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10084, China
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16
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Tuo X, Chen J, Zhao S, Xie P. Chemical proteomic analysis of the potential toxicological mechanisms of microcystin-RR in zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1206-1216. [PMID: 25854999 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are common toxins produced by freshwater cyanobacteria, and they represent a potential health risk to aquatic organisms and animals, including humans. Specific inhibition of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A is considered the typical mechanism of MCs toxicity, but the exact mechanism has not been fully elucidated. To further our understanding of the toxicological mechanisms induced by MCs, this study is the first to use a chemical proteomic approach to screen proteins that exhibit special interactions with MC-arginine-arginine (MC-RR) from zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver. Seventeen proteins were identified via affinity blocking test. Integration of the results of previous studies and this study revealed that these proteins play a crucial role in various toxic phenomena of liver induced by MCs, such as the disruption of cytoskeleton assembly, oxidative stress, and metabolic disorder. Moreover, in addition to inhibition of protein phosphate activity, the overall toxicity of MCs was simultaneously modulated by the distribution of MCs in cells and their interactions with other target proteins. These results provide new insight into the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity induced by MCs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1206-1216, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Tuo
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
- Basic Chemistry Experimental Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Sujuan Zhao
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
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17
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Production of monoclonal antibodies with broad specificity and development of an immunoassay for microcystins and nodularin in water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6037-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Extracellular microcystin prediction based on toxigenic Microcystis detection in a eutrophic lake. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20886. [PMID: 26876647 PMCID: PMC4753513 DOI: 10.1038/srep20886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing models for predicting microcystin concentration in water body generally use chlorophyll or cyanobacteria concentration as input variables, although microcystins only originate from toxigenic strains of a few species. Moreover, the nonconcurrency between harmful algal growth and toxin release has yet to be quantified. Therefore, this study explored a new prediction method that considers these toxin production mechanisms for the eutrophic Yangcheng Lake, a large-scale drinking water source in China. The Lake was monitored weekly at six sampling sites from July to October in 2012, including the detection of toxigenic Microcystis (expressed as mcyA copy number) by qPCR. Compared with chlorophyll a, cyanobacteria, and total Microcystis abundance, toxigenic Microcystis concentration was more significant in predicting extracellular microcystin. Site-specific nonlinear regression models that link mcyA to microcystins were established. Parameters for toxin release delay (i.e., one or two weeks) were embedded in these models. Further analysis ascribed the different release timescale to NH3-N:TN and TN:TP ratios of approximately 0.015 and 9.2, respectively, which may decrease the delay in microcystin release. Model applications in determining mcyA monitoring frequency and its warning thresholds were discussed.
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19
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Portable and reusable optofluidics-based biosensing platform for ultrasensitive detection of sulfadimidine in dairy products. SENSORS 2015; 15:8302-13. [PMID: 25860072 PMCID: PMC4431307 DOI: 10.3390/s150408302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sulfadimidine (SM2) is a highly toxic and ubiquitous pollutant which requires rapid, sensitive and portable detection method for environmental and food monitoring. Herein, the use for the detection of SM2 of a portable optofluidics-based biosensing platform, which was used for the accurate detection of bisphenol A, atrazine and melamine, is reported for the first time. The proposed compact biosensing system combines the advantages of an evanescent wave immunosensor and microfluidic technology. Through the indirect competitive immunoassay, the detection limit of the proposed optofluidics-based biosensing platform for SM2 reaches 0.05 μg·L−1 at the concentration of Cy5.5-labeled antibody of 0.1 μg·mL−1. Linearity is obtained over a dynamic range from 0.17 μg·L−1 to 10.73 μg·L−1. The surface of the fiber probe can be regenerated more than 300 times by means of 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate solution (pH = 1.9) washes without losing sensitivity. This method, featuring high sensitivity, portability and acceptable reproducibility shows potential in the detection of SM2 in real milk and other dairy products.
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20
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Gel pad array chip for high throughput and multi-analyte microbead-based immunoassays. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 66:370-8. [PMID: 25463645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We present here a gel pad array chip for high-throughput and multi-analyte microbead-based immunoassays. The chip is fabricated by photo-patterning of two polymeric gels, polyacrylamide gel and polyethylene glycol (PEG) gel, on a glass slide. The resulting chip consists of 40 polyacrylamide gel pad array units for the immobilization of microbeads and each gel pad array is surrounded with a PEG micropillar ring to confine the samples within the microarray. As a proof of concept, this chip was tested for quantitative immunoassays for two model cancer markers, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and prostate specific antigen (PSA), in serum samples. Detection limits below the physiological threshold level for cancer diagnosis were achieved with good inter- and intra-chip reproducibility. Moreover, by using spatial encoded microbeads, simultaneous detection of both hCG and PSA on each gel pad array is achieved with single filter fluorescence imaging. This gel pad array chip is easy to use, easy to fabricate with low cost materials and minimal equipment and reusable. It could be a useful tool for common biolabs to customize their own microbead array for multi-analyte immunoassays.
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21
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Samdal IA, Ballot A, Løvberg KE, Miles CO. Multihapten approach leading to a sensitive ELISA with broad cross-reactivity to microcystins and nodularin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8035-8043. [PMID: 24941031 DOI: 10.1021/es5012675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are a group of biotoxins (>150) produced by cyanobacteria, with a worldwide distribution. MCs are hepatotoxic, and acute exposure causes severe liver damage in humans and animals. Rapid and cheap methods of analysis are therefore required to protect people and livestock, especially in developing countries. To include as many MCs as possible in a single analysis, we developed a new competitive ELISA. Ovine polyclonal antibodies were raised using an immunogen made by conjugating a mixture of microcystins to cationised bovine serum albumin, and the plate-coating antigen was prepared by conjugating [Asp3]MC-RY to ovalbumin. This strategy was used also to minimize specificity for particular microcystin congeners. Cross-reactivity studies indicate that the ELISA has broad specificity to microcystins and also detects nodularin, providing a sensitive and rapid analytical method for screening large numbers of samples. The limit of quantitation for microcystins in drinking water is 0.04 μg/L, well below the WHO's maximum recommendation of 1 μg/L. The ELISA can be used for quantifying total microcystins in various matrices, including drinking water, cyanobacterial cultures, extracts, and algal blooms, and may be useful in detecting metabolites and conjugates of MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn A Samdal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute , P.O. Box 750, Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
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22
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Xiao-Hong Z, Lan-Hua L, Wei-Qi X, Bao-Dong S, Jian-Wu S, Miao H, Han-Chang S. A reusable evanescent wave immunosensor for highly sensitive detection of bisphenol A in water samples. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4572. [PMID: 24699239 PMCID: PMC3975238 DOI: 10.1038/srep04572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper proposed a compact and portable planar waveguide evanescent wave immunosensor (EWI) for highly sensitive detection of BPA. The incident light is coupled into the planar waveguide chip via a beveled angle through undergoing total internal reflection, where the evanescent wave field forms and excites the binding fluorophore-tagged antibodies on the chip surface. Typical calibration curves obtained for BPA has detection limits of 0.03 μg/L. Linear response for BPA ranged from 0.124 μg/L-9.60 μg/L with 50% inhibition concentration for BPA of 1.09 ± 0.25 μg/L. The regeneration of the planar optical waveguide chip allows the performance of more than 300 assay cycles within an analysis time of about 20 min for each assay cycle. By application of effective pretreatment procedure, the recoveries of BPA in real water samples gave values from 88.3% ± 8.5% to 103.7% ± 3.5%, confirming its application potential in the measurement of BPA in reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Xiao-Hong
- 1] State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China [2] Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Water Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, Nanjing, China
| | - Liu Lan-Hua
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Xu Wei-Qi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Song Bao-Dong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Sheng Jian-Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - He Miao
- 1] State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China [2] Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Water Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, Nanjing, China
| | - Shi Han-Chang
- 1] State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China [2] Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Water Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, Nanjing, China
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23
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Wheeler MJ. Immunoassay techniques. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2014; 1065:7-25. [PMID: 23996355 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-616-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
No other development has had such a major impact on the measurement of hormones as immunoassay. Reagents and assay kits can now be bought commercially but not for the more esoteric or new hormones. This chapter explains the basics of the immunoassay reaction and gives simple methods for immunoassays and immunometric assays and for the production of reagents for both antigenic and hapten hormones. Alternative methods are given for the preparation of labeled hormones as well as several possible separation procedures. The methods described here have been previously used in a wide range of assays and have stood the test of time. They will allow the production of usable immunoassays in a relatively short period of time.
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24
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Li D, Gu AZ, He M. Quantification and genetic diversity of total and microcystin-producing Microcystis during blooming season in Tai and Yang-cheng lakes, China. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 116:1482-94. [PMID: 24471490 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of present study were to evaluate the abundances, genetic diversity of total and microcystin-producing Microcystis over temporal and spatial scales, and to investigate relationships among Microcystis and water parameters in Tai and Yang-cheng lakes. METHODS AND RESULTS Abundances of total and microcystin-producing Microcystis varied across sampling periods and locations, which were assessed using qPCR with primers specific to Microcystis 16S rDNA and mcyA genes. The 16S rDNA from two lakes were relatively diverse. However, mcyA genes were rather conservative and were >97% identical to reference sequences. The highly positive correlations between mcyA and microcystin presence (r = 0·671 in Tai; r = 0·799 in Yang-cheng) suggested that mcyA can be used as a good biomarker for microcystin productions. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that Microcystis were genetically diverse between these conjunctive lakes; however, mcyA genes were relatively conservative in two lakes. Quantifying mcyA by qPCR was an efficient tool for monitoring toxic Microcystis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study has improved our understanding of observable differences within and between each lake on spatial and temporal scales. And the discovery of new mcyA sequences in natural water enriched the understanding of phylogenetic diversity of Microcystis and toxin-production-related mcy gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Li
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (ESPC) State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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25
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Liu LH, Zhou XH, Xu WQ, Song BD, Shi HC. Highly sensitive detection of sulfadimidine in water and dairy products by means of an evanescent wave optical biosensor. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10501j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An integrated biosensor for sensitive and automatic detection of sulfadimidine in aqueous samples based on an immunoassay and evanescent wave fluorescence excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-hua Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC
- School of Environment
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 10084, China
| | - Xiao-hong Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC
- School of Environment
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 10084, China
| | - Wei-qi Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC
- School of Environment
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 10084, China
| | - Bao-dong Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC
- School of Environment
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 10084, China
| | - Han-chang Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC
- School of Environment
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 10084, China
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26
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Immunoassays and biosensors for the detection of cyanobacterial toxins in water. SENSORS 2013; 13:15085-112. [PMID: 24196435 PMCID: PMC3871135 DOI: 10.3390/s131115085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Algal blooms are a frequent phenomenon in nearly all kinds of fresh water. Global warming and eutrophication by waste water, air pollution and fertilizers seem to lead to an increased frequency of occurrence. Many cyanobacteria produce hazardous and quite persistent toxins, which can contaminate the respective water bodies. This may limit the use of the raw water for many purposes. The purification of the contaminated water might be quite costly, which makes a continuous and large scale treatment economically unfeasible in many cases. Due to the obvious risks of algal toxins, an online or mobile detection method would be highly desirable. Several biosensor systems have been presented in the literature for this purpose. In this review, their mode of operation, performance and general suitability for the intended purpose will be described and critically discussed. Finally, an outlook on current developments and future prospects will be given.
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27
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Srivastava A, Singh S, Ahn CY, Oh HM, Asthana RK. Monitoring approaches for a toxic cyanobacterial bloom. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:8999-9013. [PMID: 23865979 DOI: 10.1021/es401245k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms, dominated by Microcystis sp. and associated microcystin variants, have been implicated in illnesses of humans and animals. Little is known regarding the formation of blooms and the presence of cyanotoxin variants in water bodies. Furthermore, the role played by ecological parameters, in regulating Microcystis blooms is complicate and diverse. Local authorities responsible for water management are often faced with the challenging task of dealing with cyanobacterial blooms. Therefore, the development of suitable monitoring approaches to characterize cyanobacterial blooms is an important goal. Currently, various biological, biochemical and physicochemical methods/approaches are being used to monitor cyanobacterial blooms and detect microcystins in freshwater bodies. Because these methods can vary as to the information they provide, no single approach seemed to be sufficient to accurately monitor blooms. For example, immunosensors are more suited for monitoring the presence of toxins in clear water bodies while molecular methods are more suited to detect potentially toxic strains. Thus, monitoring approaches should be tailored for specific water bodies using methods based on economic feasibility, speed, sensitivity and field applicability. This review critically evaluates monitoring approaches that are applicable to cyanobacterial blooms, especially those that focus on the presence of Microcystis, in freshwater bodies. Further, they were characterized and ranked according to their cost, speed, sensitivity and selectivity. Suggested improvements were offered as well as future research endeavors to accommodate anticipated environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Srivastava
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi-221 005, India
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28
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Shi HC, Song BD, Long F, Zhou XH, He M, Lv Q, Yang HY. Automated online optical biosensing system for continuous real-time determination of microcystin-LR with high sensitivity and specificity: early warning for cyanotoxin risk in drinking water sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:4434-41. [PMID: 23514076 DOI: 10.1021/es305196f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The accelerated eutrophication of surface water sources and climate change have led to an annual occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms in many drinking water resources. To minimize the health risks to the public, cyanotoxin detection methods that are rapid, sensitive, real time, and high frequency must be established. In this study, an innovative automated online optical biosensing system (AOBS) was developed for the rapid detection and early warning of microcystin-LR (MC-LR), one of the most toxic cyanotoxins and most frequently detected in environmental water. In this system, the capturing molecular MC-LR-ovalbumin (MC-LR-OVA) was covalently immobilized onto a biochip surface. By an indirect competitive detection mode, samples containing different concentrations of MC-LR were premixed with a certain concentration of fluorescence-labeled anti-MC-LR-mAb, which binds to MC-LR with high specificity. Then, the sample mixture was pumped onto the biochip surface, and a higher concentration of MC-LR led to less fluorescence-labeled antibody bound onto the biochip surface and thus to lower fluorescence signal. The quantification of MC-LR ranges from 0.2 to 4 μg/L, with a detection limit determined as 0.09 μg/L. The high specificity and selectivity of the sensor were evaluated in terms of its response to a number of potentially interfering cyanotoxins. Potential interference of the environmental sample matrix was assessed by spiked samples, and the recovery of MC-LR ranged from 90 to 120% with relative standard deviation values <8%. The immunoassay performance of the AOBS was validated with respect to that of conventional high-performance liquid chromatography, and the correlation between methods agreed well (R(2) = 0.9762). This system has successfully been applied to long-term, continuous determination and early warning for MC-LR in Lake Tai from June 2011 to May 2012. Thus, the AOBS paves the way for a vital routine online analysis that satisfies the high demand for ensuring the safety of drinking water sources. The AOBS can also serve as early warning system for accidental or intentional water pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Chang Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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29
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Lu J, Wei W, Yin L, Pu Y, Liu S. Flow injection chemiluminescence immunoassay of microcystin-LR by using PEI-modified magnetic beads as capturer and HRP-functionalized silica nanoparticles as signal amplifier. Analyst 2013; 138:1483-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an36513h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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Zhu Y, Kuang H, Xu L, Ma W, Peng C, Hua Y, Wang L, Xu C. Gold nanorodassembly based approach to toxin detection by SERS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm15238j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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31
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Cruz AADL, Lynch TJ, Dionysiou DD. The Effects of Sample Matrices on Immunoassays to Detect Microcystin-LR in Water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2012.310145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Yu HW, Jang A, Kim LH, Kim SJ, Kim IS. Bead-based competitive fluorescence immunoassay for sensitive and rapid diagnosis of cyanotoxin risk in drinking water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:7804-11. [PMID: 21851106 DOI: 10.1021/es201333f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increased occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms and their toxins in drinking water sources, effective management based on a sensitive and rapid analytical method is in high demand for security of safe water sources and environmental human health. Here, a competitive fluorescence immunoassay of microcystin-LR (MCYST-LR) is developed in an attempt to improve the sensitivity, analysis time, and ease-of-manipulation of analysis. To serve this aim, a bead-based suspension assay was introduced based on two major sensing elements: an antibody-conjugated quantum dot (QD) detection probe and an antigen-immobilized magnetic bead (MB) competitor. The assay was composed of three steps: the competitive immunological reaction of QD detection probes against analytes and MB competitors, magnetic separation and washing, and the optical signal generation of QDs. The fluorescence intensity was found to be inversely proportional to the MCYST-LR concentration. Under optimized conditions, the proposed assay performed well for the identification and quantitative analysis of MCYST-LR (within 30 min in the range of 0.42-25 μg/L, with a limit of detection of 0.03 μg/L). It is thus expected that this enhanced assay can contribute both to the sensitive and rapid diagnosis of cyanotoxin risk in drinking water and effective management procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Weon Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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A novel dendritic surfactant for enhanced microcystin-LR detection by double amplification in a quartz crystal microbalance biosensor. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 86:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ding Y, Mutharasan R. Highly sensitive and rapid detection of microcystin-LR in source and finished water samples using cantilever sensors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:1490-1496. [PMID: 21189000 DOI: 10.1021/es1020795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine-arginine (MCLR) is one of the toxic microcystin congeners produced by the common cyanobacteria, blue-green algae. A piezoelectric-excited millimeter-sized cantilever (PEMC) sensor was developed for the sensitive detection of MCLR in a flow format using both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies that bind specifically to MCLR. PEMC is a resonant cantilever sensor whose resonant frequency decreases as target analyte binds to its surface. Monoclonal antibody against MCLR was immobilized on the sensor surface via amine coupling. As the toxin in the sample water bound to the antibody, resonant frequency decreased proportional to toxin concentration. Three water matrices, namely buffer, tap water, and river water, were spiked with MCLR standards and were successfully detected in the dynamic range of 1 pg/mL to 100 ng/mL (effective concentration -250 fg/mL to 25 ng/mL). The sensor response was characterized by a log-linear relationship between resonant frequency change and MCLR concentration. Positive verification of MCLR detection was confirmed by a sandwich binding on the sensor with a second antibody binding to MCLR on the sensor (attached in first detection step) which caused a further resonant frequency decrease. We show for the first time that MCLR in various water samples can be detected at 1 pg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Ding
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Dörr FA, Pinto E, Soares RM, Feliciano de Oliveira e Azevedo SM. Microcystins in South American aquatic ecosystems: Occurrence, toxicity and toxicological assays. Toxicon 2010; 56:1247-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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36
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Analysis of microcystins by capillary zone electrophoresis coupling with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Talanta 2010; 82:1101-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Triantis T, Tsimeli K, Kaloudis T, Thanassoulias N, Lytras E, Hiskia A. Development of an integrated laboratory system for the monitoring of cyanotoxins in surface and drinking waters. Toxicon 2010; 55:979-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Sun X, Shi H, Wang H, Xiao L, Li L. A Simple, Highly Sensitive, and Label-Free Impedimetric Immunosensor for Detection of Microcystin-LR in Water. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710903406912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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39
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Sensitive and rapid chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for microcystin-LR in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 649:123-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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Electrochemical immunoassay using quantum dot/antibody probe for identification of cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:2173-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Long F, He M, Zhu A, Shi H. Portable optical immunosensor for highly sensitive detection of microcystin-LR in water samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:2346-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Khreich N, Lamourette P, Renard PY, Clavé G, Fenaille F, Créminon C, Volland H. A highly sensitive competitive enzyme immunoassay of broad specificity quantifying microcystins and nodularins in water samples. Toxicon 2009; 53:551-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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A semi-quantitative dipstick assay for microcystin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:863-9. [PMID: 19306114 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An immunochromatographic lateral flow dipstick assay for the fast detection of microcystin-LR was developed. Colloid gold particles with diameters of 40 nm were used as red-colored antibody labels for the visual detection of the antigen. The new dipstick sensor is capable of detecting down to 5 microg x l(-1) (ppb; total inversion of the color signal) or 1 ppb (observation of color grading) of microcystin-LR. The course of the labeling reaction was observed via spectrometric wave shifts caused by the change of particle size during the binding of antibodies. Different stabilizing reagents showed that especially bovine serum albumin (BSA) and casein increase the assays sensitivity and the conjugate stability. Performance of the dipsticks was quantified by pattern processing of capture zone CCD images. Storage stability of dipsticks and conjugate suspensions over 115 days under different conditions were monitored. The ready-to-use dipsticks were successfully tested with microcystin-LR-spiked samples of outdoor drinking- and salt water and applied to the tissue of microcystin-fed mussels.
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44
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Rapid chemiluminescence biosensing of microcystin-LR. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 636:218-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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45
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Wu JE, Chang C, Ding WP, He DP. Determination of florfenicol amine residues in animal edible tissues by an indirect competitive ELISA. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:8261-8267. [PMID: 18710242 DOI: 10.1021/jf8010454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Florfenicol (FF) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used increasingly in aquaculture, livestock, and poultry to treat diseases. To avoid using labor-intensive instrumental methods to detect residues of FF in food and food products, a simple and convenient indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) method for florfenicol's major metabolite, florfenicol amine (FFA), was developed using a polyclonal antibody prepared in this study. FFA was covalently attached to carrier protein as immunogen by using the glutaraldehyde method. The antibodies obtained were characterized by an ELISA method and showed excellent specificity and sensitivity with the 50% inhibition values (IC 50) of 3.34 microg/L for FFA in PBS buffer. In the ELISA, sample extractions were performed by ethyl acetate/ammonium hydroxide (90 + 10, v/v) following combined acid hydrolysis of FF and its known metabolites. The limits of detection (LOD) calculated from the analysis of 20 known negative swine muscle, chicken muscle, and fish samples were 3.08, 3.3, and 3.86 microg/kg (mean + 3 SD), respectively. Recoveries of FFA fortified at the levels of 5, 50, 100, and 300 microg/kg ranged from 64.6 to 124.7%, with coefficients of variation of 11.3-25.8% over the range of FFA concentrations studied. Validation of the ELISA method with FFA-fortified swine muscle at the levels of 10, 50, 100, and 200 microg/kg was carried out using GC, resulting in a similar correlation in swine muscle ( r = 0.97). The results suggest that this ELISA is a specific, accurate, and sensitive method, which is suitable for use as a screening method to detect residues of FFA in animal edible tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-E Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, People's Republic of China
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46
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Loyprasert S, Thavarungkul P, Asawatreratanakul P, Wongkittisuksa B, Limsakul C, Kanatharana P. Label-free capacitive immunosensor for microcystin-LR using self-assembled thiourea monolayer incorporated with Ag nanoparticles on gold electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 24:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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47
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Development of evanescent wave all-fiber immunosensor for environmental water analysis. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 23:952-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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48
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A highly specific immunoassay for microcystin-LR detection based on a monoclonal antibody. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 603:111-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 09/09/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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49
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Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Lopez de Alda MJ, Barceló D. Advantages and limitations of on-line solid phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry technologies versus biosensors for monitoring of emerging contaminants in water. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:97-115. [PMID: 17275010 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
On-line solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and biosensors are advanced technologies that have found increasing application in the analysis of environmental contaminants although their application to the determination of emerging contaminants (previously unknown or unrecognized pollutants) has been still limited. This review covers the most recent advances occurred in the areas of on-line SPE-LC-MS and biosensors, discusses and compares the main strengths and limitations of the two approaches, and examines their most relevant applications to the analysis of emerging contaminants in environmental waters. So far, the on-line configuration most frequently used has been SPE coupled to liquid chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry. Sorbents used for on-line SPE have included both traditional (alkyl-bonded silicas and polymers) and novel (restricted access materials (RAMs), molecularly imprinted synthetic polymers (MIPs), and immobilized receptors or antibodies (immunosorbents) materials. The biosensor technologies most frequently applied have been based on the use of antibodies and, to a lesser extent, enzymes, bacteria, receptors and DNA as recognition elements, and the use of optical and electrochemical transducing elements. Emerging contaminants investigated by means of these two techniques have included pharmaceuticals, endocrine disrupting compounds such as estrogens, alkylphenols and bisphenol A, pesticides transformation products, disinfection by-products, and bacterial toxins and mycotoxins, among others. Both techniques offer advantageous, and frequently comparable, features such as high sensitivity and selectivity, minimum sample manipulation, and automation. Biosensors are, in addition, relatively cheap and fast, which make them ideally suited for routine testing and screening of samples; however, in most cases, they can not compete yet with on-line SPE procedures in terms of accuracy, reproducibility, reliability (confirmation) of results, and capacity for multi-analyte determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rodriguez-Mozaz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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50
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Sangolkar LN, Maske SS, Chakrabarti T. Methods for determining microcystins (peptide hepatotoxins) and microcystin-producing cyanobacteria. WATER RESEARCH 2006; 40:3485-96. [PMID: 17014889 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Episodes of cyanobacterial toxic blooms and fatalities to animals and humans due to cyanobacterial toxins (CBT) are known worldwide. The hepatotoxins and neurotoxins (cyanotoxins) produced by bloom-forming cyanobacteria have been the cause of human and animal health hazards and even death. Prevailing concentration of cell bound endotoxin, exotoxin and the toxin variants depend on developmental stages of the bloom and the cyanobacterial (CB) species involved. Toxic and non-toxic strains do not show any predictable morphological difference. The current instrumental, immunological and molecular methods applied for determining microcystins (peptide hepatotoxins) and microcystin-producing cyanobacteria are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita N Sangolkar
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India.
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