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From targeted methods to metabolomics based strategies to screen for growth promoters misuse in horseracing and livestock: A review. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Blokland MH, van Tricht EF, van Ginkel LA, Sterk SS. Applicability of an innovative steroid-profiling method to determine synthetic growth promoter abuse in cattle. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:265-275. [PMID: 29030156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A robust LC-MS/MS method was developed to quantify a large number of phase I and phase II steroids in urine. The decision limit is for most compounds lower than 1ngml-1 with a measurement uncertainty smaller than 30%. The method is fully validated and was applied to assess the influence of administered synthetic steroids and beta-agonists on the steroidogenesis. From three animal experiments, clenbuterol, diethylstilbestrol and stanozolol, the steroid profiles in urine of bovine animals were compared before and after treatment. It was demonstrated that the steroid profiles were altered due to these treatments. A predictive multivariate model was built to identify deviations from normal population steroid profiles. The abuse of synthetic steroids can be detected in urine samples from bovine animals using this model. The samples from the animal experiments were randomly analysed using this method and predictive model. It was shown that these samples were predicted correctly in the exogenous steroids group.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Blokland
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - E F van Tricht
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - L A van Ginkel
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - S S Sterk
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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3
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De Clercq N, Van Meulebroek L, Vanden Bussche J, Croubels S, Delahaut P, Vanhaecke L. The impact of stress on the prevalence of prednisolone in bovine urine: A metabolic fingerprinting approach. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 154:206-16. [PMID: 26321385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies support the hypothesis that the glucocorticoid prednisolone can be formed from cortisol under influence of stress. To evaluate this hypothesis, urine samples of supposedly non-stressed bovines (at the farm) and bovines subjected to two different forms of stress, i.e. upon slaughter (natural stress) or following administration of a synthetic analog of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (pharmacologically-induced stress) were analysed, and their urinary cortisol and prednisolone levels evaluated. At the farm, none of the examined samples exhibited urinary prednisolone levels higher than the CCα (0.09 μg L(-1)). Upon slaughter or following synthetically induced stress, significantly positive correlations between cortisol and prednisolone could be demonstrated, 0.52 and 0.69, respectively. Of all prednisolone-positive urine samples (n=84), only one showed a prednisolone levels (i.e. 6.45 μg L(-1)) above the threshold level of 5 μg L(-1) suggested by the European Reference Laboratories. Subsequently, an untargeted analysis was performed (metabolic fingerprinting) to characterize the urinary metabolite patterns related to the three different cattle groups. In this context, multivariate statistics assigned a total of 169 differentiating metabolites as playing a key role in the urinary pattern in response to stress. Three of these ions were defined as steroids using an in-house created database. As a result, the metabolic fingerprinting approach proved to be a powerful tool to classify unknown bovine urine samples that tested positive for prednisolone, while providing information about the stress status of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie De Clercq
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven Van Meulebroek
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Julie Vanden Bussche
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Philippe Delahaut
- CER Groupe, Département Santé, Rue du Point du Jour 8, B-6900 Marloie, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Wu X, Gao F, Zhang W, Ni J. Metabolism study of boldenone in human urine by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:570-5. [PMID: 26319750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Boldenone (BOLD), an anabolic steroid, is likely to be abused in livestock breeding and in sports. Although some of BOLD metabolites in human urine, such as 5β-adrost-1-en-17β-ol-3-one (BM1), have been detected, investigations on their excretion patterns for both genders are insufficient. Moreover, little research on 17α-BOLD glucuronide as a metabolite in human urine has been reported. The aim of this study is to make a contribution to the knowledge of 17β-BOLD metabolism in humans. Three male and three female volunteers were orally administrated with 30mg 17β-BOLD. Urine samples were collected and analyzed with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The data proved that 17β-BOLD, BM1, and 17α-BOLD were excreted in urine in both free and glucuronic conjugated forms after administration of 17β-BOLD. For most subjects, the urinary concentrations of BM1 were higher than that of 17β-BOLD. 17α-BOLD was excreted in small amounts. 17α-BOLD, 17β-BOLD, and BM1 were present naturally in urine with low concentrations. Administration of 30mg 17β-BOLD could not influence the excretion profiles of urinary androsterone, etiocholanolone, and testosterone/epitestosterone ratio. There were no differences in BOLD metabolic patterns between man and woman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Wu
- Kunming Medical University, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Kunming Medical University, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jian Ni
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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Gerlach T, Knaust J, Kaiser C, Körner M, Hettwer K, Uhlig S, Simon K, Baronian K, Kunze G. Development and assessment of a novel Arxula adeninivorans androgen screen (A-YAS) assay and its application in analysis of cattle urine. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:1073-1081. [PMID: 24927152 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The novel A-YAS assay for the detection of androgenic activity in liquid samples such as urine has been developed and assessed. The assay is based on transgenic Arxula adeninivorans yeast cells as the bio-component. The cells were engineered to co-express the human androgen receptor (hAR) gene and the inducible phytase reporter gene (phyK, derived from Klebsiella sp. ASR1), under the control of an Arxula derived glucoamylase (GAA) promoter, which had been modified by the insertion of hormone-responsive elements (HREs). The Arxula transformation/expression platform Xplor®2 was used to select stable mitotic resistance marker free transformants and the most suitable cells were characterized for performance as a sensor bio-component. The assay is easy-to-use, fast (6-25 h) and is currently the most sensitive yeast-based androgen screen with an EC50, limit of detection and of quantification values for 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) of 277.1±53.0, 56.5±4.1 and 76.5±6.7 ng L(-1), respectively. Furthermore, the assay allows the determination of androgenic and anti-androgenic activity of various compounds such as naturally occurring androgens and estrogens, pharmaceuticals and biocides. The robustness of the A-YAS assay enables it to be used for analysis of complex samples such as urine. The results of the analysis of a number of cattle urine samples achieved by the A-YAS assay correlate well with GC-MS analysis of the same samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Gerlach
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Knaust
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Christian Kaiser
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Martina Körner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Karina Hettwer
- Quo Data GmbH, Kaitzer Str. 135, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Steffen Uhlig
- Quo Data GmbH, Kaitzer Str. 135, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kirsten Simon
- New Diagnostics GmbH, Moosstr. 92c, D-85356 Freising, Germany
| | - Keith Baronian
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Gotthard Kunze
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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de Rijke E, Zoontjes PW, Samson D, Oostra S, Sterk SS, van Ginkel LA. Investigation of the presence of prednisolone in bovine urine. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:605-13. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.878479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Leporati M, Capra P, Cannizzo F, Biolatti B, Nebbia C, Vincenti M. Determination of prednisolone metabolites in beef cattle. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1044-54. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.777975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gómez C, Pozo OJ, Geyer H, Marcos J, Thevis M, Schänzer W, Segura J, Ventura R. New potential markers for the detection of boldenone misuse. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 132:239-46. [PMID: 22664392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Boldenone is one of the most frequently detected anabolic androgenic steroids in doping control analysis. Boldenone misuse is commonly detected by the identification of the active drug and its main metabolite, 5β-androst-1-en-17β-ol-3-one (BM1), by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), after previous hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase enzymes, extraction and derivatization steps. However, some cases of endogenous boldenone and BM1 have been reported. Nowadays, when these compounds are detected in urine at low concentrations, isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) analysis is needed to confirm their exogenous origin. The aim of the present study was to identify boldenone metabolites conjugated with sulphate and to evaluate their potential to improve the detection of boldenone misuse in sports. Boldenone was administered to a healthy volunteer and urine samples were collected up to 56h after administration. After a liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate, urine extracts were analysed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using electrospray ionisation in negative mode by monitoring the transition of m/z 365-350, specific for boldenone sulphate. Boldenone sulphate was identified in the excretion study urine samples and, moreover, another peak with the same transition was observed. Based on the MS/MS behaviour the metabolite was identified as epiboldenone sulphate. The identity was confirmed by isolation of the LC peak, solvolysis and comparison of the retention time and MS/MS spectra with an epiboldenone standard. These sulphated metabolites have not been previously reported in humans and although they account for less than 1% of the administered dose, they were still present in urine when the concentrations of the major metabolites, boldenone and BM1, were at the level of endogenous origin. The sulphated metabolites were also detected in 10 urine samples tested positive to boldenone and BM1 by GC-MS. In order to verify the usefulness of these new metabolites to discriminate between endogenous and exogenous origin of boldenone, four samples containing endogenous boldenone and BM1, confirmed by IRMS, were analysed. In 3 of the 4 samples, neither boldenone sulphate nor epiboldenone sulphate were detected, confirming that these metabolites were mainly detected after exogenous administration of boldenone. In contrast, boldenone sulphate and, in some cases, epiboldenone sulphate were present in samples with low concentrations of exogenous boldenone and BM1. Thus, boldenone and epiboldenone sulphates are additional markers for the exogenous origin of boldenone and they can be used to reduce the number of samples to be analysed by IRMS. In samples with boldenone and BM1 at the concentrations suspicion for endogenous origin, only if boldenone and epiboldenone sulphates are present, further analysis by IRMS will be needed to confirm exogenous origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gómez
- Bioanalysis and Analytical Services Research Group, Neurosciences Program, IMIM, Institut de Recerca Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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Primary hepatocytes as an useful bioassay to characterize metabolism and bioactivity of illicit steroids in cattle. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:1224-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Blokland MH, Van Tricht EF, Van Rossum HJ, Sterk SS, Nielen MWF. Endogenous steroid profiling by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and multivariate statistics for the detection of natural hormone abuse in cattle. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1030-45. [PMID: 22651818 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.675593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
For years it has been suspected that natural hormones are illegally used as growth promoters in cattle in the European Union. Unfortunately there is a lack of methods and criteria that can be used to detect the abuse of natural hormones and distinguish treated from non-treated animals. Pattern recognition of steroid profiles is a promising approach for tracing/detecting the abuse of natural hormones administered to cattle. Traditionally steroids are analysed in urine as free steroid after deconjugation of the glucuronide (and sulphate) conjugates. The disadvantage of this deconjugation is that valuable information about the steroid profile in the sample is lost. In this study we develop a method to analyse steroids at very low concentration levels (ng l(-1)) for the free steroid, glucuronide and sulphate conjugates in urine samples. This method was used to determine concentrations of natural (pro)hormones in a large population (n = 620) of samples from male and female bovine animals and from bovine animals treated with testosterone-cypionate, estradiol-benzoate, dihydroepiandrosterone and pregnenolone. The data acquired were used to build a statistical model applying the multivariate technique 'Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy' (SIMCA). It is demonstrated that by using this model the results of the urine analysis can indicate which animal may have had illegal treatment with natural (pro)hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Blokland
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Residues, Wageningen UR, The Netherlands.
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Destrez B, Bichon E, Rambaud L, Courant F, Monteau F, Pinel G, Antignac JP, Le Bizec B. Criteria to distinguish between natural situations and illegal use of boldenone, boldenone esters and boldione in cattle 2. Direct measurement of 17beta-boldenone sulpho-conjugate in calf urine by liquid chromatography--high resolution and tandem mass spectrometry. Steroids 2009; 74:803-8. [PMID: 19409402 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Boldenone is banned in the European Union (Directive 96/22/EC) as growth promoter for meat producing animals. Boldione (ADD), boldenone and boldenone esters (mainly the undecylenate form) are commercially available as anabolic preparations, either to the destination of human, horse or cattle. Since the late 90s, the natural occurrence of boldenone metabolites has been reported in cattle. According to EU regulation, the unambiguous demonstration of boldenone administration in bovine urine should be provided on the basis of boldenone identification in the corresponding conjugate fraction. An analytical method has been developed and validated according to current standards with main concern to the measurement of intact 17beta-boldenone-sulphate. The analytical procedure included direct extraction-purification of target analyte on octadecylsilyl cartridges and direct detection of phase II metabolite by liquid chromatography (negative electrospray), tandem mass spectrometry (QqQ) or high resolution mass spectrometry (Orbitrap). Decision limit (CCalpha) and detection capability (CCbeta) were respectively 0.2 microg L(-1) and 0.4 microg L(-1) on triple quadrupole and 0.1 microg L(-1) and 0.2 microg L(-1) on hybrid system. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of incurred samples collected in different experiments. 17beta-Boldenone-sulphate was measurable up to 36h after oral administration of boldione, and 30 days after 17beta-boldenone undecylenate intra-muscular injection. This conjugate form was never detected in non-treated animals, confirming its status of definitive candidate marker for boldenone administration in calf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Destrez
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes (ENVN), BP 50707, Route de Gachet, 44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France
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Van Poucke C, Van Vossel E, Van Peteghem C. Fractionation of free and conjugated steroids for the detection of boldenone metabolites in calf urine with ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:2324-2332. [PMID: 18615838 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
For over a decade there has been an intensive debate on the possible natural origin of boldenone (androst-1,4-diene-17beta-ol-3-one, 17beta-boldenone) in calf urine and several alternative markers to discriminate between endogenously formed boldenone and exogenously administered boldenone have been suggested. The currently approved method for proving illegal administration of beta-boldenone(ester) is the detection of beta-boldenone conjugates. In the presented method the sulphate, glucuronide and free fractions are separated from each other during cleanup on a SAX column to be able to determine the conjugated status of the boldenone metabolites. The sulphate and glucuronide fractions are submitted to hydrolysis and all three fractions are further cleaned up on a combination of C18/NH2 solid-phase extraction (SPE) columns. Chromatographic separation of the boldenone metabolites was achieved with a Waters Acquity UPLC instrument using a Sapphire C18 (1.7 microm; 2x50 mm) column within 5 min. Detection of the analytes was achieved by electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. The decision limits of this method, validated according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC, were 0.08 ng mL(-1) for androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione, 0.13 ng mL(-1) for androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, 0.11 ng mL(-1) for 17alpha-boldenone, 0.07 ng mL(-1) for 17beta-boldenone, 0.24 ng mL(-1) for 5beta-androst-1-en-17beta-ol-3-one and 0.58 ng mL(-1) for 6beta-hydroxy-17beta-boldenone. Because of the fractionation approach used in this method there is no need for conjugated reference standards which often are not available. The disadvantage of needing three analytical runs to determine the conjugated status of each of the metabolites was overcome by using fast chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Van Poucke
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
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Arioli F, Gavinelli MP, Fracchiolla ML, Casati A, Fidani M, Ferrer E, Pompa G. Evaluation of boldenone formation and related steroids transformations in veal faeces by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:217-223. [PMID: 18085508 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
It is established that bovine urine can result positive for boldenone and androstadienedione in consequence of faecal contamination. The simple transfer of steroids to urine is one minor aspect of faecal contamination. A high de novo production of steroids in faeces after deposition and in faeces-contaminated urine is almost certainly due to microbial activity, although the precursor compounds and transformations leading to the presence of these illegal steroids are unclear. We developed a simple in vitro method - incubation of faecal matter suspended in 0.9% saline - to induce steroid transformations in faeces, and analyzed the products by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, without the need for prior extraction. Norethandrolone was the internal standard. The linearity (R(2): 0.987-0.999), sensitivity (LODs: 0.3 to 1.0 ng/mL; LOQs: 1.0 to 3.0 ng/mL), precision (intra-day CVs: 2.6-8.2; inter-day CVs: 4.5-11.5) and accuracy (percentage recovery: 89-120%) were calculated for the studied steroids. Androstenedione, androstadienedione, alpha- and beta-boldenone, testosterone and epitestosterone transformations were investigated. Mutual interconversion of steroids was observed, although 17beta-hydroxy steroids had low stability compared with 17alpha-hydroxy and 17-keto steroids. The results suggest that this simple in vitro system may be an effective way of studying hormone transformations in faeces and, after analogue studies, in faeces-contaminated urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Arioli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Technologies for Food Safety, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, Milan, Italy.
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Gallina G, Ferretti G, Merlanti R, Civitareale C, Capolongo F, Draisci R, Montesissa C. Boldenone, boldione, and milk replacers in the diet of veal calves: the effects of phytosterol content on the urinary excretion of boldenone metabolites. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:8275-83. [PMID: 17844992 DOI: 10.1021/jf071097c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-six veal calves were split into two groups and fed two milk replacers with a different content of phytosterols for 26 days; then, 14 calves (7 animals from each diet) were kept as controls and 12 calves (6 per diet) received daily, per os, a combination of 17beta-boldenone (17beta-Bol) and androsta-1,4-dien-3,17-dione (ADD) for 38 days. The urinary elimination of 17 alpha-/17beta-boldenone conjugates (17 alpha/beta-Bol) and androsta-1,4-dien-3,17-dione (ADD) was followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry from all of the animals until slaughtering. In urine from treated animals, 17 alpha-Bol concentrations, despite a great variability, were greater than 17beta-Bol, both detected always as conjugates. At days 1, 2, and 3, the mean urine concentration of 17 alpha-Bol was higher than 12 ng/mL. A remarkable decrease was observed during the following days, but the 17 alpha-Bol concentration was still higher than the attention level of 2 ng/mL in 58% of the samples; the concentration of 17beta-Bol was around the action level of 1 ng/mL; two days after treatment withdrawal, no 17beta-Bol was detected in the urine. In urine from control animals, the 17 alpha-Bol concentration was strictly related to the phytosterol content of the diet, while, in urine from treated animals, the much higher 17 alpha-Bol levels were not modified by the production from diet precursors. The results confirmed that a 17 alpha-Bol level higher than 2 ng/mL should be considered as evidence of suspected illegal treatment and that the urinary excretion of 17beta-Bol is due to exogenous administration of 17beta-Bol. The discontinuous rate of elimination of both 17 alpha- and 17beta-Bol, despite the daily administration of 17beta-Bol plus ADD, indicates the necessity for further research to detect other urinary boldenone metabolites to strength surveillance strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gallina
- Department of Public Health Comparative Pathology and Veterinary Hygiene, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
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Kootstra PR, Zoontjes PW, van Tricht EF, Sterk SS. Multi-residue screening of a minimum package of anabolic steroids in urine with GC-MS. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 586:82-92. [PMID: 17386699 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 11/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The method comprises the screening of two groups of anabolic compounds, the stilbenes and several steroids. All compounds, inclusive their metabolites when possible, for which gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) currently is the preferred analytical technique, are included. Two different derivatives are prepared. One group, including the stilbenes, is detected as HFB derivative (Method 1), the second group is detected as TMS derivative (Method 2). The method is used to perform a qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of a minimum package of anabolic steroids to be included in National Residue Control Plans based on Council Directive 96/23 and complies with the current Minimum Required Performance Limits. The method has been validated according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The CCalpha and CCbeta values are based on the detection of the most abundant ion. Results of validation experiments are presented. The method is flexible and due to the non-specific sample clean-up more and new anabolic compounds can be easily added in order to new monitoring requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Kootstra
- RIVM, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Laboratory for Food and Residue Analyses, European Union Community Reference Laboratory, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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