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Jin Z, Jia W, Sheng W, Sun M, Ren L, Bai D, Wang S, Ya T, Wang Z, Tang X. Fluorescence immunoassay for simultaneous detection typical β-agonists in animal derived food using blue-green upconversion nanoparticles as labels. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 303:123253. [PMID: 37579663 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Common typical β-agonists mainly include ractopamine (RAC), salbutamol (SAL), and clenbuterol (CLB). In view of the harm to human health causes by the ingestion of animal derived food containing β-agonists, and a series of regulations have been issued to restrict the usage of β-agonists as growth promoters. In this work, a fluorescence immunoassay is developed for the simultaneous detection of typical β-agonists based on blue-green upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) combine with magnetic separation. Here, blue-green UCNPs act as a signal amplification source, and magnetic polystyrene microspheres (MPMs) act as an ideal separation medium. Based on a competitive form, capture probe competes (RAC-OVA@MPMs and SAL-OVA@MPMs) with targets to bind corresponding signal probe (anti-RAC antibody@NaYF4:Yb, Tm UCNPs and anti-SAL antibody@NaYF4:Yb, Er UCNPs). The fluorescence difference values of the competitive immune-complex obtained via magnetic separation at 483 nm and 550 nm are proportional to concentrations of RAC and SAL, respectively. The immunoassay has the wide detection linear range from 0.001 to 100 μg L-1, and the low limit of detection (LOD) is 5.04 × 10-4 μg L-1 for RAC, 1.97 × 10-4 μg L-1 for SAL, respectively. Meanwhile, use of antibody with same recognition ability for SAL and CLB makes that the fluorescence immunoassay can achieve simultaneous detection of three typical β-agonists (RAC, SAL, and CLB). This fluorescence immunoassay has good application value and practicability for simultaneous detection of typical β-agonists in animal derived food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Wenjing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Wei Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Meiyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Lishuai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Dongmei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tingting Ya
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Ziwuzhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Xinshuang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
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2
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Yin B, Wan X, Yue W, Zhou T, Shi L, Wang S, Lin X. A portable automated chip for simultaneous rapid point-of-care testing of multiple β-agonists. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 239:115586. [PMID: 37603988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Abusive use of β-agonists as feed additives for animals and medication is detrimental to human health and food safety. Conventional assays are restricted to a single type of β-agonists detection and cannot match the multiplexing features to perform automated, high throughput, and rapid quantitative analysis in real samples. In this research, we develop a portable automated chip system (PACS) with highly integrated automated devices in conjunction with portable microfluidic chips to provide simultaneous point-of-care testing of multiple β-agonists in the field, simplifying complex manual methods, shortening assay times, and improving sensitivity. Specifically, silicon film is used as reaction substrates for immobilizing the conjugates of β-agonists to increase the sensitivity of the assay result. Then, the PACS with a chemiluminescence imaging detector is established for automatic high-throughput and sensitive detection of Clenbuterol, Ractopamine, and Salbutamol based on the indirect immunoassay. Newly developed chip with high mixing performance can improve the sensitivity of target determination. Multiplex assays were carried out using the developed system for Clenbuterol, Ractopamine, and Salbutamol with a limit of detection of 54 pg mL-1,59 pg mL-1, and 93 pg mL-1, respectively. Except for sample preparation and coating, the detection in the PACS takes less than 47 min. A satisfactory sample recovery (86.33%-108.12%) was obtained, validating the reliability and practical applicability of this PACS. Meanwhile, the PACS enables sensitive and rapid detection of multiple β-agonists in farms or markets where lacking advanced laboratory facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binfeng Yin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China.
| | - Xinhua Wan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China
| | - Wenkai Yue
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China
| | - Teng Zhou
- Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Liuyong Shi
- Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Songbai Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Xiaodong Lin
- Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
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3
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Gao H, Chen M, Gao H, Gao S, Liu X, Du R, Wang F, Wang Y, Wan L. Determination of ractopamine residue in animal derived foods using electromembrane extraction followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1675:463179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Sakr M, Fouad M, Hanafi R, Al-Easa H, El-Moghazy S. Response Surface Methodology for Spectrophotometric Determination of Two β-Adrenergic Agonists-Terbium Chemosensors in Urine and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:355-367. [PMID: 33871029 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to literature reports, none of the previous methods of analysis had touched the multivariate approach for the quantification of significant factors affecting the interaction of dobutamine or hexoprenaline with Terbium. OBJECTIVE Two novel β-adrenergic agonists-lanthanide chemosensors were prepared for the determination of dobutamine and hexoprenaline in their pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms and in urine samples. Fabrication of the two chemosensors was based on their ligand-metal interaction with the lanthanide Terbium. METHODS A Plackett-Burman Design (PBD) was selected for the screening of four main variables (reaction time, metal volume, pH, and temperature). Applying Response Surface Methodology (RSM), a Central Composite Design (CCD) was executed for the optimization of the significant factors with narrower upper and lower limits. Spectrophotometric technique was exploited for the analysis of the two chemosensors. RESULTS Maximum absorption was obtained at 299 and 298 nm for dobutamine-terbium and hexoprenaline-terbium complexes, respectively. Only factors that were found to bear significant effects on the formed complexes were promoted to the optimization level. Model verification was carried out, where target results coincided with those at the predicted levels, indicating the efficiency of the two proposed models. Validation of the proposed was implemented and linear ranges were found to be 3.30-13.50 and 1.90-10.00 µg/mL, for dobutamine and hexoprenaline, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Recovery and relative standard deviation values by application in pure powder, pharmaceutical dosage forms and spiked urine samples indicated high accuracy and reproducibility. Wide-ranging linear values and comparatively low detection limits inferred the effectiveness of the proposed method. HIGHLIGHTS RSM for optimization of spectrophotometric determination of dobutamine and hexoprenaline β-adrenergic agonists-lanthanide chemosensors; PBD was used for screening and CCD for optimization of variables affecting the spectrophotometric method; Determination of dobutamine and hexoprenaline in pure powder, pharmaceutical dosage form, and spiked urine samples was accomplished after method validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Sakr
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Marwa Fouad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Rasha Hanafi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala Al-Easa
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Samir El-Moghazy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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5
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Xu C, Gao H, Pan N, Jiang M, Huang Y, Zhu K, Gong P, Lv S. Clenbuterol, salbutamol, and ractopamine in fresh meat products in Jilin province, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2019.1634100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaojian Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haicheng Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nanzhu Pan
- College of food engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Mengmeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ketong Zhu
- College of food engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Pingsheng Gong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shaowu Lv
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Analysis of 10 β-agonists in pork meat using automated dispersive pipette extraction and LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1084:64-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Pseudo template molecularly imprinted polymer for determination of 14 kind of β-agonists in animal urine by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1526:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Magnetic graphene dispersive solid phase extraction-ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for determination of β-agonists in urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1067:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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9
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Velasco‐Bejarano B, Bautista J, Noguez MO, Camacho E, Rodríguez ME, Rodríguez L. Resolution of
R‐(−)
and
S‐(+)‐
enantiomers of clenbuterol in pharmaceutical preparations and black‐market products using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1738-1743. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Velasco‐Bejarano
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán‐UNAMDepartamento de Ciencias Químicas, Sección de Química Orgánica Av. 1 de mayo S/N, Col. Sta. María las Torres Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México México C.P. 54740
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje‐CONADEDirección de Medicina y Ciencias Aplicadas Camino a Santa Teresa No. 482, Col. Peña Pobre, Delegación Tlalpan Ciudad de México México C. P. 14060
| | - Jahir Bautista
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje‐CONADEDirección de Medicina y Ciencias Aplicadas Camino a Santa Teresa No. 482, Col. Peña Pobre, Delegación Tlalpan Ciudad de México México C. P. 14060
| | - Ma. Olivia Noguez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán‐UNAMDepartamento de Ciencias Químicas, Sección de Química Orgánica Av. 1 de mayo S/N, Col. Sta. María las Torres Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México México C.P. 54740
| | - Evangelina Camacho
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje‐CONADEDirección de Medicina y Ciencias Aplicadas Camino a Santa Teresa No. 482, Col. Peña Pobre, Delegación Tlalpan Ciudad de México México C. P. 14060
| | - Martha E. Rodríguez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje‐CONADEDirección de Medicina y Ciencias Aplicadas Camino a Santa Teresa No. 482, Col. Peña Pobre, Delegación Tlalpan Ciudad de México México C. P. 14060
| | - Leonardo Rodríguez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje‐CONADEDirección de Medicina y Ciencias Aplicadas Camino a Santa Teresa No. 482, Col. Peña Pobre, Delegación Tlalpan Ciudad de México México C. P. 14060
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10
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Lin YP, Lee YL, Hung CY, Huang WJ, Lin SC. Determination of multiresidue analysis of β-agonists in muscle and viscera using liquid chromatograph/tandem mass spectrometry with Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe methodologies. J Food Drug Anal 2017; 25:275-284. [PMID: 28911668 PMCID: PMC9332531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The official analytical method of the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare for testing for veterinary drug residues in foods is the multiresidue analysis of β-agonists. Samples are pretreated through liquid–liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction. This method is time consuming and requires the intensive use of solvents. To improve analytical efficiency and reduce costs, our study incorporated QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) techniques to establish a new method of multiresidue analysis of β-agonists in animal muscle and viscera. The pretreatment time was shortened and solvent usage was minimized. The modified analysis was conducted using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and quantification was performed using multiple reaction monitoring. The results demonstrated that the correlation coefficients of the tissue calibration curve were higher than 0.99 and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 1 ppb. The average recoveries in spiked samples varied from 70% to 120%, and the relative difference between duplicated analysis results was lower than 10%. On the basis of the results, the proposed method was concluded to be an appropriate procedure for determining the presence of β-agonists, and demonstrated the advantages of high recovery rates in spiked samples, high precision, reduced analysis time and solvent usage, and lower costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ping Lin
- Corresponding authors. Public Health Bureau, Tainan City Government, No. 163, Dongsing Rd., Sinying District, Tainan City 730, Taiwan, ROC. E-mail addresses: (Y.-P. Lin), (Y.-L. Lee)
| | - Ying-Lin Lee
- Corresponding authors. Public Health Bureau, Tainan City Government, No. 163, Dongsing Rd., Sinying District, Tainan City 730, Taiwan, ROC. E-mail addresses: (Y.-P. Lin), (Y.-L. Lee)
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11
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Decheng S, Ruiguo W, Peilong W, Genlong Z, Yufei F, Xia F, Yang L, Xiaoou S. Accumulation and Determination of Phenylethanolamine A Residue in Hair of Swine and Sheep. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 41:146-152. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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12
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Yan K, Zhang H, Hui W, Zhu H, Li X, Zhong F, Tong X, Chen C. Rapid screening of toxic salbutamol, ractopamine, and clenbuterol in pork sample by high-performance liquid chromatography—UV method. J Food Drug Anal 2016; 24:277-283. [PMID: 28911579 PMCID: PMC9339574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid and simple high-performance liquid chromatography–UV method was developed for the separation and quantification of salbutamol, ractopamine, and clenbuterol in pork. A mixture of acetonitrile–formic acid–ammonium acetate was used as the mobile phase to separate three β-agonists on a C18 column with gradient. The effects of the addition of formic acid and ammonium acetate to mobile phases on the separation of β-agonists were investigated. These additives can greatly improve the resolution and sensitivity. Under the optimized chromatographic condition, this separation does not need extra sample preparation. Complete baseline separation of three β-agonists was achieved in < 20 minutes; the linear range is 0.2–50 μg/L with a correlation coefficient R2 value of > 0.99. Excellent method reproducibility was found by intra- and interday precisions with a relative standard deviation of < 3%. The detection limit (S/N = 3) was found to be <0.05 μg/L; this method can be used for routine screening of the β-agonist residues in foods of animal origin before being identified by confirmatory methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunping Yan
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR
China
- Shaanxi Lifegen Co., Ltd, Xi’an, PR
China
- Corresponding authors. 229 Taibai North Rd, 386 Mail Box, Xi’an 710069, China. E-mail addresses: (K. Yan), (C. Chen)
| | - Huiqun Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR
China
| | - Wenli Hui
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR
China
| | - Hongli Zhu
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR
China
- Shaanxi Lifegen Co., Ltd, Xi’an, PR
China
| | - Xinbo Li
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR
China
| | - Fangyi Zhong
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR
China
| | - Xiu’e Tong
- Weinan Products Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Weinan, PR
China
| | - Chao Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR
China
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection System, Xi’an, PR
China
- Corresponding authors. 229 Taibai North Rd, 386 Mail Box, Xi’an 710069, China. E-mail addresses: (K. Yan), (C. Chen)
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13
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Wang L, Zeng Z, Wang Z, He L. Correction function for biased results due to matrix effects in residue analysis of beta-agonists in porcine tissues and urine with LC-MS/MS. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra28050h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A correction function is proposed to compensate for matrix effects in the residue analysis of nine β-agonists by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiQi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine
- Jiangxi Agricultural University
- Nanchang
- China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU)
| | - ZhenLing Zeng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU)
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Zhong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine
- Jiangxi Agricultural University
- Nanchang
- China
| | - LiMin He
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU)
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- China
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14
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Wang L, Zeng Z, Wang Z, Guo J, He L. Influence of Water in Samples on Residues Analysis of Beta-Agonists in Porcine Tissues and Urine Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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A method for multiple identification of four β2-Agonists in goat muscle and beef muscle meats using LC-MS/MS based on deproteinization by adjusting pH and SPE for sample cleanup. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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16
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Xiong L, Gao YQ, Li WH, Yang XL, Shimo SP. Simple and sensitive monitoring of β2-agonist residues in meat by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using a QuEChERS with preconcentration as the sample treatment. Meat Sci 2015; 105:96-107. [PMID: 25828164 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS/MS) method was established for the simultaneous determination of the levels of 10 β2-agonists in meat. The samples were extracted using an aqueous acidic solution and cleaned up using a Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) technique utilising a DVB-NVP-SO3Na sorbent synthesised in-house. First, the β2-agonist residues were extracted in an aqueous acidic solution, followed by matrix solid-phase dispersion for clean-up. The linearities of the method were R(2)=0.9925-0.9998, with RSDs of 2.7-15.3% and 73.7-103.5% recoveries. Very low limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) of 0.2-0.9 μg/kg and 0.8-3.2 μg/kg, respectively, were achieved for spiked meat. The values obtained were lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by the EU and China. These results clearly demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach. The evaluated method provided reliable screening, quantification and identification of 10 β2-agonists in meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiong
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock Product (Lanzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Ya-Qin Gao
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock Product (Lanzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Wei-Hong Li
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock Product (Lanzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Yang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock Product (Lanzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Shimo Peter Shimo
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock Product (Lanzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou 730050, China
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Suo D, Zhao G, Wang R, Su X. Determination of ractopamine in animal hair: Application to residue depletion in sheep and residue monitoring. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 972:124-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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An on-site immunosensor for ractopamine based on a personal glucose meter and using magnetic β-cyclodextrin-coated nanoparticles for enrichment, and an invertase-labeled nanogold probe for signal amplification. Mikrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-014-1392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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Leporati M, Bergoglio M, Capra P, Bozzetta E, Abete MC, Vincenti M. Development, validation and application to real samples of a multiresidue LC-MS/MS method for determination of β2 -agonists and anabolic steroids in bovine hair. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:936-946. [PMID: 25230191 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
β(2) -agonists are often abused in cattle breeding because of their effects on animal growth and meat properties. The use of β(2) -agonists as growth promoters is forbidden in the European Union (Council Directive 96/23/EC classifies them into group A of Annex I), due to their toxicity and carcinogenic properties, as for anabolic steroids, which are often administered in combination with β(2) -agonists, to promote the storage of proteins and increase muscle size. A unique confirmatory liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantitative detection of 13 β(2) -agonists and anabolic steroids plus the qualitative identification of other three analytes in bovine hair was developed and validated, according to Decision 2002/657/CE. Hair samples were washed with dichloromethane, digested within a NaOH solution and subjected to liquid-liquid extraction. The analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in the selected reaction monitoring mode. The absence of matrix interferents, together with good repeatability of both retention times and relative abundances of diagnostic transitions, allowed the correct identification of all analytes. The quantitative calibrations obtained from spiked blank hair samples proved linear in the range tested. CCα and CCβ ranged from 0.5 ng/g to 30 ng/g. Intralaboratory reproducibility (CV%) ranged between 5.0 and 17.7 and trueness between 96% ± 7% and 105% ± 8%. The applicability of the method to real positive samples was demonstrated for both β(2) -agonists and anabolic steroids. 17α-boldenone was found in most (70%) hair samples obtained from untreated animals, supporting the hypothesis of endogenous production of this steroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leporati
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia 'Alessandro Bertinaria', regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
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20
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Gao H, Han J, Yang S, Wang Z, Wang L, Fu Z. Highly sensitive multianalyte immunochromatographic test strip for rapid chemiluminescent detection of ractopamine and salbutamol. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 839:91-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Fan S, Zou J, Miao H, Zhao Y, Chen H, Zhao R, Wu Y. Simultaneous and confirmative detection of multi-residues of β2-agonists and β-blockers in urine using LC-MS/MS/MS coupled with β-receptor molecular imprinted polymer SPE clean-up. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:2093-101. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.840929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Ru(phen)32+ doped silica nanoparticle based immunochromatographic strip for rapid quantitative detection of β-agonist residues in swine urine. Talanta 2013; 114:160-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Fragkaki AG, Georgakopoulos C, Sterk S, Nielen MWF. Sports doping: emerging designer and therapeutic β2-agonists. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 425:242-58. [PMID: 23954776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Beta2-adrenergic agonists, or β2-agonists, are considered essential bronchodilator drugs in the treatment of bronchial asthma, both as symptom-relievers and, in combination with inhaled corticosteroids, as disease-controllers. The use of β2-agonists is prohibited in sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) due to claimed anabolic effects, and also, is prohibited as growth promoters in cattle fattening in the European Union. This paper reviews the last seven-year (2006-2012) literature concerning the development of novel β2-agonists molecules either by modifying the molecule of known β2-agonists or by introducing moieties producing indole-, adamantyl- or phenyl urea derivatives. New emerging β2-agonists molecules for future therapeutic use are also presented, intending to emphasize their potential use for doping purposes or as growth promoters in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", Kifisias 37, 15123 Maroussi, Greece.
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24
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Wang L, Zeng Z, Wang X, Yang J, Chen Z, He L. Multiresidue analysis of nine β-agonists in animal muscles by LC-MS/MS based on a new polymer cartridge for sample cleanup. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1843-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Xufeng Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Jianwen Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Zhaohua Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Limin He
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
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25
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Ultra sensitive microfluidic immunosensor for determination of clenbuterol in bovine hair samples using electrodeposited gold nanoparticles and magnetic micro particles as bio-affinity platform. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 41:211-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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26
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Li L, Du H, Yu H, Xu L, You T. Application of ionic liquid as additive in determination of threeβ-agonists by capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:277-83. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Libo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun; Jilin; P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Du
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism; the First Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun; Jilin; P. R. China
| | - Huan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun; Jilin; P. R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun; Jilin; P. R. China
| | - Tianyan You
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun; Jilin; P. R. China
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27
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Sai F, Hong M, Yunfeng Z, Huijing C, Yongning W. Simultaneous detection of residues of 25 β₂-agonists and 23 β-blockers in animal foods by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:1898-1905. [PMID: 22329604 DOI: 10.1021/jf2039058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of residues of 25 β₂-agonists and 23 β-blockers in animal foods by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC-LIT-MS). This method is based on a new procedure of hydrolysis and extraction by 5% trichloracetic acid, and then cleaned up by mixed strong cation exchange (MCX) cartridges coupled with a novelty cleanup step by methanol. Methanol and 0.1% formic acid were used as mobile phases for gradient elution, while a Supelco Ascentis Express Rp-Amide column was used for LC separation. ESI positive ion scan mode was used with consecutive reaction monitoring (CRM, MS³). Nine β₂-agonists labeled by the deuterium isotope were used as internal standards for quantification. The linear ranges of 48 analytes were from 5 to 200 μg/L; the coefficient of correlation was not less than 0.995. Blank pork muscle, blank liver, and blank kidney were selected as representative matrix for spiked standard recovery test. The recoveries of each compound were in the range of 46.6-118.9%, and the relative standard deviations were in the range of 1.9-28.2%. Decision limits (CCα, α = 0.01) of 48 analytes in muscles, liver, and kidney samples ranged from 0.05 to 0.49 μg/kg, and the detection capability (CCβ, β = 0.05) ranged from 0.13 to 1.64 μg/kg. This method was successfully applied to 110 real animal origin food samples including meat, liver, and kidney of pig and chicken samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Sai
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Beijing Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
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28
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Wang W, Xiang S, Xie S, Xiang B. An adaptive single-well stochastic resonance algorithm applied to trace analysis of clenbuterol in human urine. Molecules 2012; 17:1929-38. [PMID: 22337140 PMCID: PMC6268344 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17021929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the theory of stochastic resonance, an adaptive single-well stochastic resonance (ASSR) coupled with genetic algorithm was developed to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of weak chromatographic signals. In conventional stochastic resonance algorithm, there are two or more parameters needed to be optimized and the proper parameters values were obtained by a universal searching within a given range. In the developed ASSR, the optimization of system parameter was simplified and automatic implemented. The ASSR was applied to the trace analysis of clenbuterol in human urine and it helped to significantly improve the limit of detection and limit of quantification of clenbuterol. Good linearity, precision and accuracy of the proposed method ensure that it could be an effective tool for trace analysis and the improvement of detective sensibility of current detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Suyun Xiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Supramolecular Medicinal Materials and Applications, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Shaofei Xie
- Nanjing Changao Pharmaceutical Technology Limited, Nanjing 210022, China
| | - Bingren Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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29
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Abstract
Clenbuterol is therapeutically used for the treatment of pulmonary diseases such as bronchial asthma or for tocolytic reasons. In cattle feeding as well as in sports it is illicitly misused due to its anabolic properties to promote muscle growth. Sample preparation procedures and analytical techniques used for the detection of clenbuterol are manifold and vary with the objectives of the investigation. Methods for its detection in biological specimens, drug preparations, the environment, food and feed products are reported. They are mainly based on immunochemical, chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques, or on capillary electrophoresis. Sample preparation primarily includes liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction. Depending on the aim of the method clenbuterol can be determined in single- or multi-analyte methods. In biological and environmental samples concentrations are generally low due to the potency of the drug. Thus, highly sensitive procedures are required for expedient analyses.
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30
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MIAO H, ZOU J, FAN S, GAN L, ZHAO Y, WU Y. Determination of <I>β</I><SUB>2</SUB>-agonists and <I>β</I>-blockers in urine using high performance liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. Se Pu 2010; 28:572-8. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2010.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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31
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Ramos F, Baeta ML, Reis J, Silveira MIN. Evaluation of the illegal use of clenbuterol in Portuguese cattle farms from drinking water, urine, hair and feed samples. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 26:814-20. [PMID: 19680955 DOI: 10.1080/02652030902729908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of clenbuterol contamination in Portuguese food led to the specific inspection of 16 cattle farms for beta-agonists, involving the analysis of a total of 486 samples (78 feed, 106 drinking water, 168 urine and 134 hair). The samples were screened for the beta-agonists: bromobuterol, cimaterol, clenbuterol, clenpenterol, clenproperol, hydroxymethylclenbuterol, mapenterol, salbutamol and terbutaline. Only clenbuterol was found in all analyzed matrices and the most likely method of illegal administration to animals was through drinking water. Of all samples analysed, 14.15% of drinking water were found positive in the range 0.03-3.80 mg l(-1) clenbuterol. Inclusion of hair samples in the Portuguese plan for clenbuterol residue control in live animals is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ramos
- Grupo de Bromatologia, Centro de Estudos Farmaceuticos, Faculdade de Farmacia da Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal.
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32
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Kinsella B, O’Mahony J, Malone E, Moloney M, Cantwell H, Furey A, Danaher M. Current trends in sample preparation for growth promoter and veterinary drug residue analysis. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7977-8015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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33
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Zheng MM, Zhang MY, Feng YQ. Polymer monolith microextraction online coupled to hydrophilic interaction chromatography/mass spectrometry for analysis of β2-agonist in human urine. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:1965-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Gallo P, Nasi A, Vinci F, Fiori M, Brambilla G, Serpe L. The use of plasmatic acceptors as specific ligands in affinity chromatography cleanup of veterinary drugs from biological matrices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1153-62. [PMID: 18193407 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (bAAG) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) are plasmatic acceptors working as carriers by the specific and reversible binding of several drugs in vivo. We synthesized affinity columns by coupling bAAG and BSA to an activated chromatographic support through their carbohydrate moieties, to preserve protein tertiary structure and, consequently, to improve the biological activity in vitro. The bAAG and BSA affinity columns were used to study the binding of acidic and basic drugs. Moreover, a purification strategy was developed for the cleanup of drug residues from biological matrices and foods, prior to screening and/or confirmatory analysis, on the basis of the specific molecular recognition between the protein and the drug. The aim of this work was to test the potency of bAAG- and BSA-based affinity chromatography to bind some veterinary drugs and purify them in the context of the official control of animal products. The efficiency of these homemade affinity columns in minimising matrix interference and in selective cleanup of different classes of substances was reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Gallo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, 80055, Portici (NA), Italy.
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35
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Wen Y, Wang Y, Feng YQ. Extraction of clenbuterol from urine using hydroxylated poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography determination. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:2874-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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