Molecularly imprinted polymer using β-cyclodextrin as functional monomer for the efficient recognition of bilirubin

Molecularly imprinted polymers for selective extraction/microextraction of cancer biomarkers: A review

Over recent years, great efforts have been extensively documented in top scientific journals on the development of methods for early diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of cancers which are prevalent critical diseases with a high mortality rate among men and women. The determination of cancer biomarkers using different optimum methodologies is one of the finest options for achieving these goals with more precision, speed, and at a lower cost than traditional clinical procedures. In this regard, while focusing on specific biomarkers, molecularly imprinted technology has enabled novel diagnostic techniques for a variety of diseases. Due to the well-known advantages of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), this review focuses on the current trends of MIPs-based extraction/microextraction methods, specifically targeting cancer biomarkers from various matrices. These optimized methods have demonstrated high selectivity, accuracy, sorbent reusability, extraction recovery, and low limits of detection and quantification for a variety of cancer biomarkers, which are a powerful tool to provide early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring, with potential clinical application expected soon. This review highlights the key progress, specific modifications, and strategies used for MIP synthesis. The future perspectives for cancer biomarkers purification and determination by fabricating MIP-based techniques are also discussed.

Biocompatible Composite Microspheres of Chitin/Ordered Mesoporous Carbon CMK3 for Bilirubin Adsorption and Cell Microcarrier Culture

Extra bilirubin in the blood can provoke serious illness in patients with severe liver disease. Hemoperfusion is an effective method to remove the extra bilirubin, but its application is limited by the low adsorption efficiency and poor biocompatibility of available adsorbent materials. In this study, chitin/ordered mesoporous carbon CMK3 (Ch/CMK3) microspheres were successfully prepared. Results of characterization experiments indicated that these composite microspheres possess a multilayered porous nanofibrous structure with an extremely large specific surface area (300.19 m² g^-1 ) and large pore size. Notably, the Ch/CMK3 microspheres demonstrated a high bilirubin adsorption capacity (228.19 mg g^-1 ) in phosphate buffer solution, and an outstanding bilirubin removal ratio (76.78%±4.40%) in the plasma of rabbits with hyperbilirubinemia without affecting the protein components. More importantly, the Ch/CMK3 microspheres showed no effect on other blood components, no cytotoxicity, and no systemic toxicity to mice. Cell coculture experiments revealed that the microspheres could provide a three-dimensional (3D) space to promote cell adhesion, proliferation, and nutrient exchange. These Ch/CMK3 microspheres featuring a strong ability for bilirubin adsorption and good biocompatibility could be a promising candidate in biomedical applications such as hemoperfusion, cell microcarrier, and 3D tissue engineering. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Removal of bisphenol A from aqueous media using a highly selective adsorbent of hybridization cyclodextrin with magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer

In this study, a unique magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MMIP) adsorbent towards bisphenol A (BPA) as a template molecule was developed by bulk polymerization using β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as a co-monomer with methacrylic acid (MAA) to form MMIP MAA-βCD as a new adsorbent. β-CD was hybridized with MAA to obtain water-compactible imprinting sites for the effective removal of BPA from aqueous samples. Benzoyl peroxide and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate were used as the initiator and cross-linker, respectively. The adsorbents were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electronic microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and X-ray diffraction. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to characterize the MAA-βCD and BPA-MAA-βCD complex. Several parameters influencing the adsorption efficiency of BPA such as adsorbent dosage, pH of sample solution, contact time, initial concentrations and temperature as well as selectivity and reusability study have been evaluated. MMIP MAA-βCD showed significantly higher removal efficiency and selective binding capacity towards BPA compared to MMIP MAA owing to its unique morphology with the presence of β-CD. The kinetics data can be well described by the pseudo second-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm and Halsey models best fitted the isotherm data. The thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption reaction was a spontaneous and exothermic process. Therefore, MMIP based on the hybrid monomer of MAA-βCD shows good potential of a new monomer in molecularly imprinted polymer preparation and can be used as an effective adsorbent for the removal of BPA from aqueous solutions.

Chemical binding of horseradish peroxidase enzyme with poly beta-cyclodextrin and its application as molecularly imprinted polymer for the monitoring of H2 O2 in human plasma samples

In this study, a selective and sensitive molecular imprinting-based electrochemical sensors, for horseradish peroxidase (HRP) entrapment was fabricated using electro polymerization of ß-Cyclodextrin (ß-CD) on the surface of glassy carbon electrode. Poly beta-cyclodextrin P(ß-CD) provide efficient surface area for self-immobilization of HRP as well as improve imprinting efficiency. The proposed imprinted biosensor successfully utilized for detection of HRP with excellent analytical results which linear range is 0.1 mg/mL to 10 ng/mL with LOD of 2.23 ng/mL. Furthermore, electrocatalytical activity of the prepared biosensor toward the reduction of hydrogen peroxide was investigated in the ranges of 1 to 15 μM with a detection limit of 0.4 μM by using chronoamperometry technique. The developed biosensor was used for the detection of hydrogen peroxide in unprocessed human plasma sample.

Metal-Organic Framework Traps with Record-High Bilirubin Removal Capacity for Hemoperfusion Therapy

Adsorption-based hemoperfusion has been widely used to remove toxins from the blood of patients suffering acute liver failure (ALF). However, its detoxification effect has been severely hampered by the unsatisfactory adsorption performance of clinically used porous adsorbents, such as activated carbon (AC) and adsorption resin. Herein, two cage-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), PCN-333 (constructed from 4,4,4-s-triazine-2,4,6-triyl-tribenzoic acid (H₃TATB) ligands and Al₃ metal clusters) and MOF-808 (constructed from 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (H₃BTC) ligands and Zr₆ metal clusters), are introduced for highly efficient hemoperfusion. They possess negligible hemolytic activity and can act as "bilirubin traps" to achieve outstanding adsorption performance toward bilirubin, a typical toxin related to ALF. Notably, PCN-333 shows a record-high adsorption capacity (∼1003.8 mg g^-1) among various bilirubin adsorbents previously reported. More importantly, they can efficiently adsorb bilirubin in bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution or even in 100% fetal bovine serum (FBS) due to their high selectivity. Strikingly, the adsorption rate and capacity of PCN-333 in biological solutions are approximately four times faster and 69 times higher than those of clinical AC, respectively. Findings in this work pave a new avenue to overcome the challenge of low adsorption efficiency and capacity in hemoperfusion therapy.

Development of new methods for determination of bilirubin

The ever-increasing demand for a sensitive, rapid and reliable method for determination of serum bilirubin level has been inciting the interest of the researchers to develop new methods for both laboratory set up and point of care applications. These efforts embrace measurement of different forms of bilirubin, such as, unconjugated (free and albumin bound) bilirubin, conjugated (direct) bilirubin, and total (both conjugated and unconjugated) bilirubin in the serum that may provide critical information useful for diagnosis of many diseases and metabolic disorders. Herein, an effort has been made to provide a broad overview on the subject starting from the conventional spectroscopy based analytical methods widely practiced in the laboratory setup along with the sophisticated instrument based sensitive methods suitable for determination of different forms of bilirubin to various portable low cost systems applicable in point of care (POC) settings. In all these discussions emphasis is given on the novel methods and techniques bearing potential to measure the bilirubin level in biological samples reliably with less technical complexity and cost. We expect that this review will serve as a ready reference for the researchers and clinical professionals working on the subject and allied fields.

State-of-the-art applications of cyclodextrins as functional monomers in molecular imprinting techniques: a review

As a versatile tool in separation science, cyclodextrins and their derivatives, known as emerging functional monomers, have been used extensively in molecular imprinting techniques. The attributes of cyclodextrins and their derivatives are widely known to form host-guest inclusion complex processes between the polymer and template. The exploitation of the imprinting technique could produce a product of molecularly imprinted polymers, which are very robust with long-term stability, reliability, cost-efficiency, and selectivity. Hence, molecularly imprinted polymers have gained popularity in chemical separation and analysis. Molecularly imprinted polymers containing either cyclodextrin or its derivatives demonstrate superior binding effects for a target molecule. As noted in the previous studies, the functional monomers of cyclodextrins and their derivatives have been used in molecular imprinting for selective separation with a wide range of chemical compounds, including steroidals, amino acids, polysaccharides, drugs, plant hormones, proteins, pesticides, and plastic additives. Therefore, the main goal of this review is to illustrate the exotic applications of imprinting techniques employing cyclodextrins and their derivatives as single or binary functional monomers in synthesizing molecularly imprinted polymers in areas of separation science by reviewing some of the latest studies reported in the literature.

A surface molecularly imprinted electrospun polyethersulfone (PES) fiber mat for selective removal of bilirubin

Electrospinning and surface molecular imprinting were used together to prepare a surface molecularly imprinted electrospun polyethersulfone (PES) fiber mat for selective removal of bilirubin.

A sensitive detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity based on β-cyclodextrin polymer enhanced fluorescence combined with an exonuclease reaction

A strategy for T4 polynucleotide kinase activity detection was proposed based on a β-cyclodextrin polymer (polyβ-CD) and an exonuclease reaction. The fluorescence of pyrene enhanced by more than 10 times in the presence of polyβ-CD, and a simple detection of T4 PNK was achieved with a detection limit of 0.02 units per mL.

A triple-function zwitterion for preparing water compatible diclofenac imprinted polymers

A novel zwitterion acting as both a functional monomer and a crosslinker with the protein-resistant ability concomitantly was synthesized for preparing water compatible diclofenac imprinted polymers. This new imprinted polymer showed high imprinting efficiency for template and strong anti-protein adsorption in aqueous medium.

β-Cyclodextrin/chitosan–magnetic graphene oxide–surface molecularly imprinted polymer nanocomplex coupled with chemiluminescence biosensing of bovine serum albumin

In this report, a sensitive and selective chemiluminescence biosensor for bovine serum albumin coupled with surface molecularly imprinted nanocomplex using β-cyclodextrin/chitosan–magnetic graphene oxide as backbone material was investigated.

Molecularly imprinted fluorescent chemosensor synthesized using quinoline-modified-β-cyclodextrin as monomer for spermidine recognition

Preparation of imprinted fluorescent chemosensor using quinoline-modified-β-cyclodextrin as monomer for spermidine recognition.

Molecular imprinting science and technology: a survey of the literature for the years 2004-2011

Herein, we present a survey of the literature covering the development of molecular imprinting science and technology over the years 2004-2011. In total, 3779 references to the original papers, reviews, edited volumes and monographs from this period are included, along with recently identified uncited materials from prior to 2004, which were omitted in the first instalment of this series covering the years 1930-2003. In the presentation of the assembled references, a section presenting reviews and monographs covering the area is followed by sections describing fundamental aspects of molecular imprinting including the development of novel polymer formats. Thereafter, literature describing efforts to apply these polymeric materials to a range of application areas is presented. Current trends and areas of rapid development are discussed.

Application of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in sample preparation

Functionalized magnetic nanoparticles have attracted much attention in sample preparation because of their excellent performance compared with traditional sample-preparation sorbents. In this review, we describe the application of magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with silica, octadecylsilane, carbon-based material, surfactants, and polymers as adsorbents for separation and preconcentration of analytes from a variety of matrices. Magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) techniques, mainly reported in the last five years, are presented and discussed.

Selective separation of deltamethrin by molecularly imprinted polymers using a β-cyclodextrin derivative as the functional monomer

A deltamethrin-imprinted polymer (MIP(1)) was prepared using bis(-6-O-butanediacid monoester)-β-cyclodextrin (BBA-β-CD) as the functional monomer and toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) as the cross-linker. In comparison to the molecularly imprinted polymer where β-CD was applied as the functional monomer (MIP(2)), MIP(1) showed a higher specific binding capacity (ΔC(P)) and an improved imprinting factor (IF) for deltamethrin. The selective recognition experiments demonstrated that compared to MIP(2), MIP(1) could better recognize its template over other substrates that had similar chemical structures. The solid phase extraction (SPE) of deltamethrin using MIP(1) as the adsorbent was further investigated. The recoveries of the molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) column for deltamethrin were 83.2-93.4% with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 2.03-6.19%. The method has been successfully applied to the enrichment of trace deltamethrin from real water samples.

The biomimetic immunoassay based on molecularly imprinted polymer: a comprehensive review of recent progress and future prospects

Immunoassay, based on a selective affinity of the biological antibody for its antigen, is one of the most usual analytical methods in food safety and environmental chemistry. However, it presents several drawbacks because of the nature of the antibody. Molecular imprinting technique, due to its high selectivity and stability, ease of preparation and low cost, has shown great potential in producing artificial antibodies in biomimetic immunoassays. This article focuses on the recent states, advantages, current problems and outlooks of molecularly imprinted radio, fluoro, enzyme-linked and chemiluminescent immunoassays, and biomimetic immunosensor, with special emphasis on the challenges in developing biomimetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (BELISAs). The biomimetic immunoassay method will provide an important new analysis platform in food safety, although the sensitivity and specificity is relatively low.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

As a new simple analysis method, the biomimetic immunoassay has attractive prospect, although some limitations were existed in real-sample assay. In this critical review, some promising solutions for overcoming its drawbacks were put forward, which may promote the more quick development and extensive application of this method in food safety.