1
|
Wu SC, Chang BS, Li YY. Effect of the coexistence of endosulfan on the lindane biodegradation by Novosphingobium barchaimii and microbial enrichment cultures. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134063. [PMID: 35192855 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides, especially lindane and endosulfan, have been demonstrated to be both biodegradable and frequently coexistent, but their inhibitory effect has never been studied. In this study, we investigated the effect of endosulfan coexistence on lindane degradation to a lindane-degrading isolate, Novosphingobium barchaimii strain LL02, and mixed enrichment cultures from two different inocula. Our results of the lindane degradation batch experiments demonstrated that endosulfan concentration above 20 mg L-1 causes significant inhibition to the lindane degradation efficiency of the strain LL02. Besides, the acidic conditions at pH 5.0 to 6.0 further decreased its lindane degradation rate constants by 57% compared to the neutral and alkaline conditions. For the mixed microbial cultures, the lindane degradation efficiency in the lindane/endosulfan co-contamination conditions decreased by 35.7%-50.7% compared to the lindane alone conditions. From our 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing results through the PacBio platform, most of the predominant bacteria in the lindane-enriched cultures were depressed in the lindane/endosulfan-enriched cultures. Moreover, bacteria of Burkholderia australis, Chujaibacter soli, Flavitalea flava, and one Rhodanobacteraceae bacterium were relatively highly abundant in the co-contamination enrichment cultures, suggesting their potential for lindane degradation under the endosulfan stress. Our results demonstrated that endosulfan coexistence causes inhibitory impacts on lindane biodegradation toward both lindane-degrading bacteria and mixed microbial cultures. The coexistence of multiple organochlorine pesticides on the biodegradation efficiencies should be carefully considered when applying bioremediation to remove organochlorine pesticide contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siang Chen Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Bo-Sheng Chang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ying Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu SC, Lu CC. Evaluation of applying an alkaline green tea/ferrous iron system to lindane remediation impacts to soil and plant growth-promoting microbial community. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147511. [PMID: 33975108 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Application of in situ chemical oxidation or reduction (ISCO/ISCR) technologies for contaminated soil remediation and its subsequent impact on soil is gaining increased attention. Reductive reactivity, generated from green tea (GT) extract mixed with ferrous (Fe2+) ions under alkaline conditions (the alkaline GT/Fe2+ system), has been considered as a promising ISCR process; however, its impact on soil has never been studied. In this study, the impact of applying the alkaline GT/Fe2+ system on soil was evaluated by analyzing the variations of the soil microbial community, diversity, and richness using next-generation 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing while mimicking the lindane-contaminated soil remediation procedure. Lindane was reductively degraded by the alkaline GT/Fe2+ system with reaction rate constants of 0.014 to 0.057 μM/h depending on the lindane dosage. Environmental change to the alkaline condition significantly decreased the microbial diversity and richness, but the recovery of the influence was observed subsequently. Bacteria that mainly belong within the phylum Firmicutes, including Salipaludibacillus, Anaerobacillus, Bacillaceae, and Paenibacillaceae, were greatly enhanced due to the alkaline condition. Besides, the dominance of heterotrophic, iron-metabolic, lindane-catabolic, and facultative bacteria was observed in the other corresponding conditions. From the results of principal component analysis (PCA), although dominant microbes all shifted significantly at every lindane-existing condition, the set of optimal lindane treatment with the alkaline GT/Fe2+ system had a minimized effect on the plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Nitrogen-cycling-related PGPB is sensitive to all factors of the alkaline GT/Fe2+ system. However, the other types, including plant-growth-inducer producing, phosphate solubilizing, and siderophore producing PGPB, has less impact under the optimal treatment. Our results demonstrate that the alkaline GT/Fe2+ system is an effective and soil-ecosystem-friendly ISCR remediation technology for lindane contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siang Chen Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Chen Lu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu SC, Gao JK, Chang BS. Isolation of lindane- and endosulfan-degrading bacteria and dominance analysis in the microbial communities by culture-dependent and independent methods. Microbiol Res 2021; 251:126817. [PMID: 34303071 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bioremediation for lindane and endosulfan removal is a cost-effective approach, but its effectiveness depends on the ability to isolate degrading functionalized microorganisms. Researchers have isolated many lindane and endosulfan degrading bacteria from enrichment cultures based on culture-dependent methods during the past decades. However, it is unknown whether the isolated bacteria can reflect the indigenous predominant degraders in enriching cultures. In this study, we compared the culture-dependent method with selective medium isolation with culture-independent method (PacBio SMRT sequencing of full-length 16S rRNA amplicon) to analyze the bacterial communities from four distinct lindane (LA1 and LC1) and endosulfan (EA1 and EC1) enrichment cultures. From all the isolates we harvested from lindane (63 isolates) and endosulfan (61 isolates) enrichment cultures, their BLAST alignment can only match 5.49 % and 4.32 % of the bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs), respectively. Rhodanbacter lindaniclasticus and Pandoraea thiooxydans were the rarely seen potential degrading representatives that were simultaneously enriched and isolated. This study is the first comparative analysis of microbial communities from lindane and endosulfan enrichment culture using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Our results suggested that developing a target-specific and efficient microbial isolation method is necessary to harvest and study representative degrading bacteria in the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siang Chen Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Jian-Kai Gao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Sheng Chang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Du L, Wang S, Huang J, Chu C, Li R, Li Q, Wang Q, Hu Y, Cao J, Chen Y, Peng L, Yang J. Determination of aflatoxin M1 and B1 in milk and jujube by miniaturized solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra high performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3677-3685. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Du
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - Shuling Wang
- Medical College; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - Jianping Huang
- Alibaba Business School; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - Chu Chu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou China
| | - Rongrong Li
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - Qin Li
- Institute of Matetia Medica; Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences; Hangzhou China
| | - Qiuyan Wang
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - Yuhan Hu
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - Jun Cao
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - Yubo Chen
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - Liqing Peng
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - Juan Yang
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Determination of Selected Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Particulate Matter Samples with Low Mass Loading: An Approach to Test Method Accuracy. J CHEM-NY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/3517457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A miniaturized analytical procedure to determine selected polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in low mass loadings (<10 mg) of particulate matter (PM) is evaluated. The proposed method is based on a simple sonication/agitation method using small amounts of solvent for extraction. The use of a reduced sample size of particulate matter is often limiting for allowing the quantification of analytes. This also leads to the need for changing analytical procedures and evaluating its performance. The trueness and precision of the proposed method were tested using ambient air samples. Analytical results from the proposed method were compared with those of pressurized liquid and microwave extractions. Selected PACs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs)) were determined by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC/FD). Taking results from pressurized liquid extractions as reference values, recovery rates of sonication/agitation method were over 80% for the most abundant PAHs. Recovery rates of selected NPAHs were lower. Enhanced rates were obtained when methanol was used as a modifier. Intermediate precision was estimated by data comparison from two mathematical approaches: normalized difference data and pooled relative deviations. Intermediate precision was in the range of 10–20%. The effectiveness of the proposed method was evaluated in PM aerosol samples collected with very low mass loadings (<0.2 mg) during characterization studies from turbofan engine exhausts.
Collapse
|
6
|
Optimization of Membrane-Protected Micro-solid-Phase Extraction Coupled with Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in Soil Media. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
7
|
Use of Factorial Design in the Development of Multiresidue Method for Determination of Pesticide Residues in Wheat by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
8
|
Williams DBG, George MJ, Marjanovic L. Rapid detection of atrazine and metolachlor in farm soils: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based analysis using the bubble-in-drop single drop microextraction enrichment method. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7676-7681. [PMID: 25062345 DOI: 10.1021/jf502411t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tracking of metolachlor and atrazine herbicides in agricultural soils, from spraying through to harvest, was conducted using our recently reported "bubble-in-drop single-drop microextraction" method. The method showed good linearity (R(2) = 0.999 and 0.999) in the concentration range of 0.01-1.0 ng/mL with LOD values of 0.01 and 0.02 ng/mL for atrazine and metolachlor, respectively. Sonication methods were poor at releasing these herbicides from the soil matrixes, while hot water extraction readily liberated them, providing an efficient accessible alternative to sonication techniques. Good recoveries of 97% and 105% were shown for atrazine and metolachlor, respectively, from the soil. The spiking protocol was also investigated, resulting in a traceless spiking method. We demonstrate a very sensitive technique by which to assess, for example, the length of residence of pesticides in given soils and thus risk of exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Bradley G Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg , P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006 South Africa
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
QuEChERS-Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Determination of 5 Currently Used Herbicides. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1096.2011.01659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
10
|
Prestes OD, Padilla-Sánchez JA, Romero-González R, Grio SL, Frenich AG, Martínez-Vidal JL. Comparison of several extraction procedures for the determination of biopesticides in soil samples by ultrahigh pressure LC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:861-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201101057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osmar D. Prestes
- Chemistry Department; Laboratory of Pesticides Residues Analysis; Federal University of Santa Maria; Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Juan Antonio Padilla-Sánchez
- Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants,” Department of Hydrogeology and Analytical Chemistry; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3; University of Almeria; Almeria Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants,” Department of Hydrogeology and Analytical Chemistry; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3; University of Almeria; Almeria Spain
| | - Sergio López Grio
- Faculty of Science and Technology; National Autonomous University of Nicaragua; León Nicaragua
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants,” Department of Hydrogeology and Analytical Chemistry; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3; University of Almeria; Almeria Spain
| | - José Luis Martínez-Vidal
- Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants,” Department of Hydrogeology and Analytical Chemistry; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3; University of Almeria; Almeria Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Quinete NS, de Oliveira EDS, Fernandes DR, Avelar ADS, Santelli RE. Assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in Atlantic Rain Forest fragments, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:3604-3612. [PMID: 21864959 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A superficial water quality survey in a watershed of the Paraíba do Sul River, the main water supply for the most populated cities of southeastern Brazil, was held in order to assess the impact of the expansion of agricultural activity in the near border of the Atlantic Rain Forest. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of priority organochlorine pollutants in soils and superficial waters of Atlantic rainforest fragments in Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro State. Soil sample preparations were compared by using ultrasound, microwave assisted extraction and Soxhlet extraction. Recoveries of matrix spiked samples ranged from 70 to 130%. Analysis of a certified soil material showed recoveries ranging from 71 to 234%. Although low concentrations of organochlorine residues were found in water and soil samples, this area is of environmental importance and concern, thus demanding a monitoring program of its compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Soares Quinete
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia, Departamento de Química Analítica, Laboratório de Química Analítica e Metrologia em Química, Av Venezuela, 82 - Rio de Janeiro 20081-312, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
QuEChERS-Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Determination of Five Currently Used Herbicides. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(10)60482-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
13
|
Pena-Abaurrea M, Ramos L. Miniaturization of Analytical Methods. CHALLENGES IN GREEN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849732963-00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This chapter highlights miniaturization in sample preparation as a valuable alternative for green analytical chemistry. The current state of the art is discussed on the basis of examples selected from representative application areas, including biomedical, environmental and food analysis, and involving conventional instrumental techniques for final determination of the target compounds. The emphasis is on those techniques and approaches that have already demonstrated their practicality by the analysis of real-life samples, and in particular on those dealing with the accurate determination of minor organic components. The potential of recent developments in this field for sample treatment simplification and complete hyphenation of analytical processes are discussed and the most pressing remaining limitations evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miren Pena-Abaurrea
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Lourdes Ramos
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ozcan S, Tor A, Aydin ME. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waters by ultrasound-assisted emulsification-microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 665:193-9. [PMID: 20417330 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An ultrasound-assisted emulsification-microextraction (USAEME) procedure was developed for the extraction of US EPA 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 10 mL of water samples, with subsequent determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). After determination of the most suitable solvent and solvent volume, several other parameters (i.e., extraction time, centrifugation time and ionic strength of the sample) were optimized using a 2(3) factorial experimental design. Limits of detection ranged from 0.001 to 0.036 microg L(-1). The developed procedure was applied to fortified distilled water with different fortification levels (0.5, 2 and 5 microg L(-1)). Recoveries were over 92% and relative standard deviations of the recoveries were below 8%. The efficiency of the USAEME was compared with traditional liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction on real water samples (i.e., tap water, well water and surface (lake) water as well as domestic and industrial wastewaters). The USAEME showed comparable efficiencies especially with LLE. The developed USAEME was demonstrated to be robust, viable, simple, rapid and easy to use for the determination of PAHs in water samples by GC-MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Senar Ozcan
- Selcuk University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Campus, 42031 Konya, Turkey.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ozcan S, Tor A, Aydin ME. Application of ultrasound-assisted emulsification-micro-extraction for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in waters. WATER RESEARCH 2009; 43:4269-4277. [PMID: 19577269 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound-assisted emulsification-micro-extraction (USAEME) procedure was developed for the determination of different organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in water samples by gas chromatography with mu-electron capture detection (GC-microECD). After the determination of the most suitable extraction solvent and its volume, parameters such as extraction time, centrifugation time and ionic strength of the sample were optimized by using a 2(3) factorial experimental design. For 10 mL of water sample, the optimized USAEME procedure used 200 microL of chloroform as extraction solvent, 15 min of extraction without ionic strength adjustment at 25 degrees C and 5 min of centrifugation at 4000 rpm. Limits of detection ranged from 0.002 to 0.016 microg L(-1). Mean recoveries of OCPs from fortified water samples are over 96% for three different fortification levels between 0.5 and 5 microg L(-1) and relative standard deviations of the recoveries are below 9%. The developed procedure was successfully applied for real water samples (i.e., tap water, well water, surface (lake) water, domestic and industrial wastewater). Performance of the procedure was compared with those involving traditional liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction. The result demonstrates that the USAEME procedure is viable, rapid and easy to use for analysis of OCPs in water samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Senar Ozcan
- Selcuk University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Cevre Muhendisligi Bolumu, Campus, 42031 Konya, Turkey
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Leardi R. Experimental design in chemistry: A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 652:161-72. [PMID: 19786177 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this tutorial the main concepts and applications of experimental design in chemistry will be explained. Unfortunately, nowadays experimental design is not as known and applied as it should be, and many papers can be found in which the "optimization" of a procedure is performed one variable at a time. Goal of this paper is to show the real advantages in terms of reduced experimental effort and of increased quality of information that can be obtained if this approach is followed. To do that, three real examples will be shown. Rather than on the mathematical aspects, this paper will focus on the mental attitude required by experimental design. The readers being interested to deepen their knowledge of the mathematical and algorithmical part can find very good books and tutorials in the references [G.E.P. Box, W.G. Hunter, J.S. Hunter, Statistics for Experimenters: An Introduction to Design, Data Analysis, and Model Building, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1978; R. Brereton, Chemometrics: Data Analysis for the Laboratory and Chemical Plant, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1978; R. Carlson, J.E. Carlson, Design and Optimization in Organic Synthesis: Second Revised and Enlarged Edition, in: Data Handling in Science and Technology, vol. 24, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2005; J.A. Cornell, Experiments with Mixtures: Designs, Models and the Analysis of Mixture Data, in: Series in Probability and Statistics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991; R.E. Bruns, I.S. Scarminio, B. de Barros Neto, Statistical Design-Chemometrics, in: Data Handling in Science and Technology, vol. 25, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2006; D.C. Montgomery, Design and Analysis of Experiments, 7th edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009; T. Lundstedt, E. Seifert, L. Abramo, B. Thelin, A. Nyström, J. Pettersen, R. Bergman, Chemolab 42 (1998) 3; Y. Vander Heyden, LC-GC Europe 19 (9) (2006) 469].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Leardi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Chemistry and Technology, Via Brigata Salerno (ponte), University of Genoa, I-16147 Genoa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|