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Horng RH, Cho PH, Chang JC, Singh AK, Jhang SY, Liu PL, Wuu DS, Bairagi S, Chen CH, Järrendahl K, Hsiao CL. Growth and Characterization of Sputtered InAlN Nanorods on Sapphire Substrates for Acetone Gas Sensing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 14:26. [PMID: 38202481 PMCID: PMC10781005 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The demand for highly sensitive and selective gas sensors has been steadily increasing, driven by applications in various fields such as environmental monitoring, healthcare, and industrial safety. In this context, ternary alloy indium aluminum nitride (InAlN) semiconductors have emerged as a promising material for gas sensing due to their unique properties and tunable material characteristics. This work focuses on the fabrication and characterization of InAlN nanorods grown on sapphire substrates using an ultra-high vacuum magnetron sputter epitaxy with precise control over indium composition and explores their potential for acetone-gas-sensing applications. Various characterization techniques, including XRD, SEM, and TEM, demonstrate the structural and morphological insights of InAlN nanorods, making them suitable for gas-sensing applications. To evaluate the gas-sensing performance of the InAlN nanorods, acetone was chosen as a target analyte due to its relevance in medical diagnostics and industrial processes. The results reveal that the InAlN nanorods exhibit a remarkable sensor response of 2.33% at 600 ppm acetone gas concentration at an operating temperature of 350 °C, with a rapid response time of 18 s. Their high sensor response and rapid response make InAlN a viable candidate for use in medical diagnostics, industrial safety, and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray-Hua Horng
- Institute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiang Cho
- Institute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Che Chang
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anoop Kumar Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yuan Jhang
- Graduate Institute of Precision Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Po-Liang Liu
- Graduate Institute of Precision Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Materials and Optoelectronic Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou 54561, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Sing Wuu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Materials and Optoelectronic Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou 54561, Taiwan
| | - Samiran Bairagi
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Cheng-Hsu Chen
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402010, Taiwan
| | - Kenneth Järrendahl
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ching-Lien Hsiao
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
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Salthammer T, Hohm U, Stahn M, Grimme S. Proton-transfer rate constants for the determination of organic indoor air pollutants by online mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2023; 13:17856-17868. [PMID: 37323443 PMCID: PMC10262294 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01705b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) has become an indispensable analytical tool for indoor related sciences. With high-resolution techniques not only is the online monitoring of the selected ions in the gas phase possible, but also, with some limitations, the identification of substance mixtures without chromatographic separation. The quantification is carried out with the help of kinetic laws, which require knowledge of the conditions in the reaction chamber, the reduced ion moblilities and the reaction rate constant kPT under these conditions. Ion-dipole collision theory can be used to calculate kPT. One approach is an extension of Langevin's equation and is known as average dipole orientation (ADO). In a further development, the analytical solution of ADO was replaced by trajectory analysis, which resulted in capture theory. The calculations according to ADO and capture theory require precise knowledge of the dipole moment and the polarizability of the respective target molecule. However, for many relevant indoor related substances, these data are insufficiently known or not known at all. Consequently, the dipole moment μD and polarizability α of 114 organic compounds that are frequently found in indoor air had to be determined using advanced quantum mechanical methods. This required the development of an automated workflow that performs conformer analysis before computing μD and α using density functional theory (DFT). Then the reaction rate constants with the H3O+ ion are calculated according to the ADO theory (kADO), capture theory (kcap) and advanced capture theory for different conditions in the reaction chamber. The kinetic parameters are evaluated with regard to their plausibility and critically discussed for their applicability in PTR-MS measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry 38108 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Uwe Hohm
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Braunschweig - Institute of Technology 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Marcel Stahn
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn 53115 Bonn Germany
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3
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Guo Y, Hou Y, Lv C, Ma X, Yang M, Jin Y, Li B, Liu W. Tetrakis(4-pyridylphenyl)ethylene-based Zinc Metal-Organic Framework with Aggregation-Induced Chemiluminescence Emission on a Paper Platform for Formaldehyde Detection in Breath. Anal Chem 2023; 95:1739-1746. [PMID: 36574337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Volatile formaldehyde (FA) in exhaled breath (EB) is considered as a biomarker for lung cancer (LC). On-the-spot selective and sensitive detection of gaseous FA is rather important for LC screening and diagnosis. Herein, a tetrakis(4-pyridylphenyl)ethylene (Py-TPE)-based zinc metal-organic framework (MOF) with excellent aggregation-induced emission (AIE) property was utilized for absorption and selective detection of FA in EB. The porous Zn-Py-TPE served as a gaseous confinement cavity for the adsorption of FA in EB. Interestingly, Zn-Py-TPE was aggregated on paper, and then aggregation-induced chemiluminescence (CL) emission can be triggered by only adding bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate (TCPO). Though without H2O2, the CL of Zn-Py-TPE-TCPO was enhanced greatly by FA. FA promoted the aggregation of Zn-Py-TPE on paper by forming halogen bonding between FA and Zn-Py-TPE, which contributed to the better selectivity. FA can also stimulate the production of more singlet oxygen (1O2) in the Zn-Py-TPE-TCPO CL system. Hence, FA could be detected via the proposed Zn-Py-TPE-TCPO system with a quantification linear range of 1.0-100.0 ppb and detection limit of 0.3 ppb. This portable, low-cost, and sensitive paper-based platform can achieve trace FA detection in EB and is expected to provide an on-the-spot screening platform for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Guo
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Yue Hou
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Congcong Lv
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Xiaohu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Baoxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
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Xu W, Zou X, Ding Y, Zhang J, Zheng L, Zuo H, Yang M, Zhou Q, Liu Z, Ge D, Zhang Q, Song W, Huang C, Shen C, Chu Y. Rapid screen for ventilator associated pneumonia using exhaled volatile organic compounds. Talanta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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5
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Cao T, Ma H. A two-photon lysosome-targeted probe for endogenous formaldehyde in living cells. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18093-18101. [PMID: 35800308 PMCID: PMC9208363 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02672d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A turn-on two-photon lysosome-targeted probe based on the ICT mechanism has been synthesized and was successfully used not only to monitor and image formaldehyde exogenously but also endogenously with excellent performance in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, The School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, P. R. China
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong 030619, P. R. China
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6
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Chen T, Liu T, Li T, Zhao H, Chen Q. Exhaled breath analysis in disease detection. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 515:61-72. [PMID: 33387463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the use of exhaled breath analysis to diagnose and monitor different diseases has attracted much interest in recent years. This review introduces conventionally used methods and some emerging technologies aimed at breath analysis and their relevance to lung disease, airway inflammation, gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic disorders and kidney diseases. One section correlates breath components and specific diseases, whereas the other discusses some unique ideas, strategies, and devices to analyze exhaled breath for the diagnosis of some common diseases. This review aims to briefly introduce the potential application of exhaled breath analysis for the diagnosis and screening of various diseases, thereby providing a new avenue for the detection of non-invasive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Tiannan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
| | - Hang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
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Shen G, Ainiwaer S, Zhu Y, Zheng S, Hou W, Shen H, Chen Y, Wang X, Cheng H, Tao S. Quantifying source contributions for indoor CO 2 and gas pollutants based on the highly resolved sensor data. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115493. [PMID: 33254594 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Household air pollution is the dominant contributor to population air pollutant exposure, but it is often of less concern compared with ambient air pollution. One of the major knowledge gaps in this field are detailed quantitative source contributions of indoor pollutants, especially for gaseous compounds. In this study, temporally, spatially, and vertically resolved monitoring for typical indoor gases including CO2, CO, formaldehyde, methane, and the total volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was conducted to address pollution dynamics and major sources in an urban apartment. The indoor concentrations were significantly higher than the simultaneously measured outdoor concentrations. A new statistic approach was proposed to quantitatively estimate contributions of different sources. It was estimated that outdoor CO2 contributed largely to the indoor CO2, while main indoor sources were human metabolism and cooking. Outdoor infiltration and cooking contributed almost equally to the indoor CO. The contribution of outdoor infiltration to methane was much higher than that to formaldehyde. Cooking contributed to 24%, 19%, and 25% of indoor formaldehyde, methane, and VOCs, whereas the other unresolved indoor sources contributed 61%, 19%, and 35% of these pollutants, respectively. Vertical measurements showed that the uplifting of hot air masses led to relatively high concentrations of the pollutants in the upper layer of the kitchen and in the other rooms to a lesser extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Subinuer Ainiwaer
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yaqi Zhu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shuxiu Zheng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Weiying Hou
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, USA
| | - Yilin Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, USA
| | - Xilong Wang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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8
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Salthammer T. Emerging indoor pollutants. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 224:113423. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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El-Hellani A, Salman R, El-Hage R, Talih S, Malek N, Baalbaki R, Karaoghlanian N, Nakkash R, Shihadeh A, Saliba NA. Nicotine and Carbonyl Emissions From Popular Electronic Cigarette Products: Correlation to Liquid Composition and Design Characteristics. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 20:215-223. [PMID: 27798087 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Available in hundreds of device designs and thousands of flavors, electronic cigarette (ECIG) may have differing toxicant emission characteristics. This study assesses nicotine and carbonyl yields in the most popular brands in the U.S. market. These products included disposable, prefilled cartridge, and tank-based ECIGs. Methods Twenty-seven ECIG products of 10 brands were procured and their power outputs were measured. The e-liquids were characterized for pH, nicotine concentration, propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin (PG/VG) ratio, and water content. Aerosols were generated using a puffing machine and nicotine and carbonyls were, respectively, quantified using gas chromatograph and high-performance liquid chromatography. A multiregression model was used to interpret the data. Results Nicotine yields varied from 0.27 to 2.91 mg/15 puffs, a range corresponding to the nicotine yield of less than 1 to more than 3 combustible cigarettes. Nicotine yield was highly correlated with ECIG type and brand, liquid nicotine concentration, and PG/VG ratio, and to a lower significance with electrical power, but not with pH and water content. Carbonyls, including the carcinogen formaldehyde, were detected in all ECIG aerosols, with total carbonyl concentrations ranging from 3.72 to 48.85 µg/15 puffs. Unlike nicotine, carbonyl concentrations were mainly correlated with power. Conclusion In 15 puffs, some ECIG devices emit nicotine quantities that exceed those of tobacco cigarettes. Nicotine emissions vary widely across products but carbonyl emissions showed little variations. In spite of that ECIG users are exposed to toxicologically significant levels of carbonyl compounds, especially formaldehyde. Regression analysis showed the importance of design and e-liquid characteristics as determinants of nicotine and carbonyl emissions. Implications Periodic surveying of characteristics of ECIG products available in the marketplace is valuable for understanding population-wide changes in ECIG use patterns over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad El-Hellani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Rola Salman
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.,Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rachel El-Hage
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Soha Talih
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.,Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nathalie Malek
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.,Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rima Baalbaki
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Nareg Karaoghlanian
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.,Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rima Nakkash
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.,Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alan Shihadeh
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.,Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Najat A Saliba
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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10
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Quantification of formaldehyde production during alkaline methanol electrooxidation. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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11
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Feasibility of Biological Monitoring of Anatomy Laboratory Staff Exposed to Formaldehyde. HEALTH SCOPE 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/jhealthscope.62470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Salthammer T, Zhang Y, Mo J, Koch HM, Weschler CJ. Erfassung der Humanexposition mit organischen Verbindungen in Innenraumumgebungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Fachbereich Materialanalytik und Innenluftchemie; Fraunhofer WKI; 38108 Braunschweig Bienroder Weg 54E Deutschland
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (IPA); Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44789 Bochum Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1 Deutschland
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI); Rutgers University; 170 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
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Salthammer T, Zhang Y, Mo J, Koch HM, Weschler CJ. Assessing Human Exposure to Organic Pollutants in the Indoor Environment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry; Fraunhofer WKI; 38108 Braunschweig Bienroder Weg 54E Germany
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA); Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum; 44789 Bochum Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1 Germany
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI); Rutgers University; 170 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
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Lee J, Lim SH. CNT Foam-Embedded Micro Gas Preconcentrator for Low-Concentration Ethane Measurements. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18051547. [PMID: 29757966 PMCID: PMC5981372 DOI: 10.3390/s18051547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Breath analysis has become increasingly important as a noninvasive process for the clinical diagnosis of patients suffering from various diseases. Many commercial gas preconcentration instruments are already being used to overcome the detection limits of commercial gas sensors for gas concentrations which are as low as ~100 ppb in exhaled breath. However, commercial instruments are large and expensive, and they require high power consumption and intensive maintenance. In the proposed study, a micro gas preconcentrator (μ-PC) filled with a carbon nanotube (CNT) foam as an adsorbing material was designed and fabricated for the detection of low-concentration ethane, which is known to be one of the most important biomarkers related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. A comparison of the performance of two gas-adsorbing materials, i.e., the proposed CNT foam and commercial adsorbing material, was performed using the developed μ-PC. The experimental results showed that the synthesized CNT foam performs better than a commercial adsorbing material owing to its lower pressure drop and greater preconcentration efficiency in the μ-PC. The present results show that the application of CNT foam-embedded μ-PC in portable breath analysis systems holds great promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janghyeon Lee
- Department of Mechanics and Design, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Korea.
| | - Si-Hyung Lim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Korea.
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15
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Smolinska A, Tedjo DI, Blanchet L, Bodelier A, Pierik MJ, Masclee AAM, Dallinga J, Savelkoul PHM, Jonkers DMAE, Penders J, van Schooten FJ. Volatile metabolites in breath strongly correlate with gut microbiome in CD patients. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1025:1-11. [PMID: 29801597 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbiota composition and its metabolic capacity are very important for host health. Evidence suggests that gut microbiome is involved in the metabolites production by host-microbiome interaction. These metabolites can be absorbed in blood and excreted in exhaled air. Although, profiles of gut microbiota and exhaled metabolites were associated with gastrointestinal diseases, a direct link between them has not yet been investigated. The aim of the study was to investigate the relation between volatiles in breath and gut microbiome in active and quiescent Crohn's disease (CD) via a multivariate statistical approach. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to assess the relation between exhaled metabolites and faecal bacterial species. From 68 CD patients, 184 repeated faecal and breath samples were collected (92 active and 92 quiescent disease). The microbiota composition was assessed by the pyrosequencing of the 16 S rRNA V1-V3 gene region and breath metabolites by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. In active disease, CCA analysis identified 18 metabolites significantly correlated with 19 faecal bacterial taxa (R = 0.91 p-value 3.5*10-4). In quiescent disease 17 volatile metabolites were correlated with 17 bacterial taxa (R = 0.96 p-value 2.8*10-4). Nine metabolites and three bacteria taxa overlapped in active and inactive CD. This is the first study that shows a significant relation between gut microbiome and exhaled metabolites, and was found to differ between active and quiescent CD, indicating various underlying mechanisms. Unravelling this link is essential to increase our understanding on the functional effects of the microbiome and may provide new leads for microbiome-targeted intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Smolinska
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department Pharmacology & Toxicology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
| | - Danyta I Tedjo
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism & CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Department Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Lionel Blanchet
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department Pharmacology & Toxicology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marieke J Pierik
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Ad A M Masclee
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Dallinga
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department Pharmacology & Toxicology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H M Savelkoul
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism & CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Department Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Daisy M A E Jonkers
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - John Penders
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism & CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Department Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department Pharmacology & Toxicology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Fraunhofer WKI; Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry; Bienroder Weg 54 E 38108 Braunschweig Germany
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17
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Nielsen GD, Larsen ST, Wolkoff P. Re-evaluation of the WHO (2010) formaldehyde indoor air quality guideline for cancer risk assessment. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:35-61. [PMID: 27209488 PMCID: PMC5225186 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1733-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) established an indoor air quality guideline for short- and long-term exposures to formaldehyde (FA) of 0.1 mg/m3 (0.08 ppm) for all 30-min periods at lifelong exposure. This guideline was supported by studies from 2010 to 2013. Since 2013, new key studies have been published and key cancer cohorts have been updated, which we have evaluated and compared with the WHO guideline. FA is genotoxic, causing DNA adduct formation, and has a clastogenic effect; exposure-response relationships were nonlinear. Relevant genetic polymorphisms were not identified. Normal indoor air FA concentrations do not pass beyond the respiratory epithelium, and therefore FA's direct effects are limited to portal-of-entry effects. However, systemic effects have been observed in rats and mice, which may be due to secondary effects as airway inflammation and (sensory) irritation of eyes and the upper airways, which inter alia decreases respiratory ventilation. Both secondary effects are prevented at the guideline level. Nasopharyngeal cancer and leukaemia were observed inconsistently among studies; new updates of the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) cohort confirmed that the relative risk was not increased with mean FA exposures below 1 ppm and peak exposures below 4 ppm. Hodgkin's lymphoma, not observed in the other studies reviewed and not considered FA dependent, was increased in the NCI cohort at a mean concentration ≥0.6 mg/m3 and at peak exposures ≥2.5 mg/m3; both levels are above the WHO guideline. Overall, the credibility of the WHO guideline has not been challenged by new studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Damgård Nielsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Søren Thor Larsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peder Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Li Z, Shu J, Zhang P, Sun W, Yang B, Zhang H. Real-time ultrasensitive VUV-PIMS detection of representative endogenous volatile markers in cancers. Cancer Biomark 2016; 16:477-87. [PMID: 27062705 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying endogenous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as markers for different cancers currently requires time-consuming procedures and specialized operators. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to develop a rapid and simple method for measuring VOCs at trace levels. METHODS A simple vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometer (VUV-PIMS) was used to detect trace levels of dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and 2-butanone, which correspond to volatile biomarker candidates present in the exhaled breath of patients with breast, liver, and lung cancers, respectively. The practicality of measuring endogenous VOCs using VUV-PIMS was confirmed by detecting them in cultured cell lines. RESULTS The abovementioned VOCs were detected with high sensitivity by VUV-PIMS. The limits of detection (LODs) for DMTS, DMS, and 2-butanone were 3.1, 3.9, and 23.2 pptv, respectively, under ambient conditions, which surpass the sensitivity of nearly all other MS-based techniques. Moreover, relatively high concentrations of 2-butanone and DMS were observed in VOCs emitted from the A549 lung cancer cell line and the HepG2 liver cancer cell line, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that VUV-PIMS may serve as a reliable method for real-time measurement of endogenous volatile cancer biomarkers.
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Das S, Pal S, Mitra M. Significance of Exhaled Breath Test in Clinical Diagnosis: A Special Focus on the Detection of Diabetes Mellitus. J Med Biol Eng 2016; 36:605-624. [PMID: 27853412 PMCID: PMC5083779 DOI: 10.1007/s40846-016-0164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emanating from human exhaled breath can provide deep insight into the status of various biochemical processes in the human body. VOCs can serve as potential biomarkers of physiological and pathophysiological conditions related to several diseases. Breath VOC analysis, a noninvasive and quick biomonitoring approach, also has potential for the early detection and progress monitoring of several diseases. This paper gives an overview of the major VOCs present in human exhaled breath, possible biochemical pathways of breath VOC generation, diagnostic importance of their analysis, and analytical techniques used in the breath test. Breath analysis relating to diabetes mellitus and its characteristic breath biomarkers is focused on. Finally, some challenges and limitations of the breath test are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, West Bengal 741235 India
| | - Saurabh Pal
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal 700009 India
| | - Madhuchhanda Mitra
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal 700009 India
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20
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Salthammer T, Uhde E, Schripp T, Schieweck A, Morawska L, Mazaheri M, Clifford S, He C, Buonanno G, Querol X, Viana M, Kumar P. Children's well-being at schools: Impact of climatic conditions and air pollution. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:196-210. [PMID: 27258661 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Human civilization is currently facing two particular challenges: population growth with a strong trend towards urbanization and climate change. The latter is now no longer seriously questioned. The primary concern is to limit anthropogenic climate change and to adapt our societies to its effects. Schools are a key part of the structure of our societies. If future generations are to take control of the manifold global problems, we have to offer our children the best possible infrastructure for their education: not only in terms of the didactic concepts, but also with regard to the climatic conditions in the school environment. Between the ages of 6 and 19, children spend up to 8h a day in classrooms. The conditions are, however, often inacceptable and regardless of the geographic situation, all the current studies report similar problems: classrooms being too small for the high number of school children, poor ventilation concepts, considerable outdoor air pollution and strong sources of indoor air pollution. There have been discussions about a beneficial and healthy air quality in classrooms for many years now and in recent years extensive studies have been carried out worldwide. The problems have been clearly outlined on a scientific level and there are prudent and feasible concepts to improve the situation. The growing number of publications also highlights the importance of this subject. High carbon dioxide concentrations in classrooms, which indicate poor ventilation conditions, and the increasing particle matter in urban outdoor air have, in particular, been identified as primary causes of poor indoor air quality in schools. Despite this, the conditions in most schools continue to be in need of improvement. There are many reasons for this. In some cases, the local administrative bodies do not have the budgets required to address such concerns, in other cases regulations and laws stand in contradiction to the demands for better indoor air quality, and sometimes the problems are simply ignored. This review summarizes the current results and knowledge gained from the scientific literature on air quality in classrooms. Possible scenarios for the future are discussed and guideline values proposed which can serve to help authorities, government organizations and commissions improve the situation on a global level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Braunschweig, Germany; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Erik Uhde
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tobias Schripp
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schieweck
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mandana Mazaheri
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sam Clifford
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Congrong He
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Giorgio Buonanno
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy
| | - Xavier Querol
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Spain
| | - Mar Viana
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Spain
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences (FEPS), University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH Surrey, UK; Environmental Flow (EnFlo) Research Centre, FEPS, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH Surrey, UK
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21
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Rackes A, Waring MS. Do time-averaged, whole-building, effective volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions depend on the air exchange rate? A statistical analysis of trends for 46 VOCs in U.S. offices. INDOOR AIR 2016; 26:642-659. [PMID: 26010216 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We used existing data to develop distributions of time-averaged air exchange rates (AER), whole-building 'effective' emission rates of volatile organic compounds (VOC), and other variables for use in Monte Carlo analyses of U.S. offices. With these, we explored whether long-term VOC emission rates were related to the AER over the sector, as has been observed in the short term for some VOCs in single buildings. We fit and compared two statistical models to the data. In the independent emissions model (IEM), emissions were unaffected by other variables, while in the dependent emissions model (DEM), emissions responded to the AER via coupling through a conceptual boundary layer between the air and a lumped emission source. For 20 of 46 VOCs, the DEM was preferable to the IEM and emission rates, though variable, were higher in buildings with higher AERs. Most oxygenated VOCs and some alkanes were well fit by the DEM, while nearly all aromatics and halocarbons were independent. Trends by vapor pressure suggested multiple mechanisms could be involved. The factors of temperature, relative humidity, and building age were almost never associated with effective emission rates. Our findings suggest that effective emissions in real commercial buildings will be difficult to predict from deterministic experiments or models.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rackes
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M S Waring
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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22
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Comparison of the impact of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 and a cigarette on indoor air quality. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 80:91-101. [PMID: 27311683 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS 2.2) on indoor air quality was evaluated in an environmentally controlled room using ventilation conditions recommended for simulating "Office", "Residential" and "Hospitality" environments and was compared with smoking a lit-end cigarette (Marlboro Gold) under identical experimental conditions. The concentrations of eighteen indoor air constituents (respirable suspended particles (RSP) < 2.5 μm in diameter), ultraviolet particulate matter (UVPM), fluorescent particulate matter (FPM), solanesol, 3-ethenylpyridine, nicotine, 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, benzene, isoprene, toluene, acetaldehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and combined oxides of nitrogen) were measured. In simulations evaluating THS 2.2, the concentrations of most studied analytes did not exceed the background concentrations determined when non-smoking panelists were present in the environmentally controlled room under equivalent conditions. Only acetaldehyde and nicotine concentrations were increased above background concentrations in the "Office" (3.65 and 1.10 μg/m(3)), "Residential" (5.09 and 1.81 μg/m(3)) and "Hospitality" (1.40 and 0.66 μg/m(3)) simulations, respectively. Smoking Marlboro Gold resulted in greater increases in the concentrations of acetaldehyde (58.8, 83.8 and 33.1 μg/m(3)) and nicotine (34.7, 29.1 and 34.6 μg/m(3)) as well as all other measured indoor air constituents in the "Office", "Residential" and "Hospitality" simulations, respectively.
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23
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Salthammer T. Very volatile organic compounds: an understudied class of indoor air pollutants. INDOOR AIR 2016; 26:25-38. [PMID: 25471461 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs), as categorized by the WHO, are an important subgroup of indoor pollutants and cover a wide spectrum of chemical substances. Some VVOCs are components of products commonly used indoors, some result from chemical reactions and some are reactive precursors of secondary products. Nevertheless, there is still no clear and internationally accepted definition of VVOCs. Current approaches are based on the boiling point, and the saturation vapor pressure or refer to analytical procedures. A significant problem is that many airborne VVOCs cannot be routinely analyzed by the usually applied technique of sampling on Tenax TA® followed by thermal desorption GC/MS or by DNPH-sampling/HPLC/UV. Some VVOCs are therefore often neglected in indoor-related studies. However, VVOCs are of high significance for indoor air quality assessment and there is need for their broader consideration in measurement campaigns and material emission testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
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24
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Sun X, Shao K, Wang T. Detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from exhaled breath as noninvasive methods for cancer diagnosis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:2759-80. [PMID: 26677028 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The detection of cancer at an early stage is often significant in the successful treatment of the disease. Tumor cells have been reported to generate unique cancer volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles which can reflect the disease conditions. The detection and analysis of VOC biomarkers from exhaled breath has been recognized as a new frontier in cancer diagnostics and health inspections owing to its potential in developing rapid, noninvasive, and inexpensive cancer screening tools. To detect specific VOCs of low concentrations from exhaled breath, and to enhance the accuracy of early diagnosis, many breath collection and analysis approaches have been developed. This paper will summarize and critically review the exhaled-breath VOC-related sampling, collection, detection, and analytical methods, especially the recent development in VOC sensors. VOC sensors are commonly inexpensive, portable, programmable, easy to use, and can obtain data in real time with high sensitivities. Therefore, many sensor-based VOC detection techniques have huge potential in clinical point-of-care use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Sun
- Institute of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Kang Shao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital & Institute, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Tie Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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25
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O'Connell G, Colard S, Cahours X, Pritchard JD. An Assessment of Indoor Air Quality before, during and after Unrestricted Use of E-Cigarettes in a Small Room. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:4889-907. [PMID: 25955526 PMCID: PMC4454944 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120504889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Airborne chemicals in the indoor environment arise from a wide variety of sources such as burning fuels and cooking, construction materials and furniture, environmental tobacco smoke as well as outdoor sources. To understand the contribution of exhaled e-cigarette aerosol to the pre-existing chemicals in the ambient air, an indoor air quality study was conducted to measure volatile organic compounds (including nicotine and low molecular weight carbonyls), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, tobacco-specific nitrosamines and trace metal levels in the air before, during and after e-cigarette use in a typical small office meeting room. Measurements were compared with human Health Criteria Values, such as indoor air quality guidelines or workplace exposure limits where established, to provide a context for potential bystander exposures. In this study, the data suggest that any additional chemicals present in indoor air from the exhaled e-cigarette aerosol, are unlikely to present an air quality issue to bystanders at the levels measured when compared to the regulatory standards that are used for workplaces or general indoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant O'Connell
- Fontem Ventures B.V., Barbara Strozzilaan 101 12th Floor, HN Amsterdam 1083, The Netherlands.
| | - Stéphane Colard
- SEITA-Imperial Tobacco Group, 48 rue Danton, Fleury-les-Aubrais 45404, France.
| | - Xavier Cahours
- SEITA-Imperial Tobacco Group, 48 rue Danton, Fleury-les-Aubrais 45404, France.
| | - John D Pritchard
- Imperial Tobacco Limited, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, UK.
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26
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An acetone bio-sniffer (gas phase biosensor) enabling assessment of lipid metabolism from exhaled breath. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 73:208-213. [PMID: 26079672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are released from human breath or skin. Like chemical substances in blood or urine, some of these vapors can provide valuable information regarding the state of the human body. A highly sensitive acetone biochemical gas sensor (bio-sniffer) was developed and used to measure exhaled breath acetone concentration, and assess lipid metabolism based on breath acetone analysis. A fiber-optic biochemical gas sensing system was constructed by attaching a flow-cell with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-dependent secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (S-ADH) immobilized membrane onto a fiber-optic NADH measurement system. The NADH measurement system utilizes an ultraviolet-light emitting diode with peak emission of 335 nm as an excitation light source. NADH is consumed by the enzymatic reaction of S-ADH, and the consumption is proportional to the concentration of acetone vapor. Phosphate buffer which contained NADH was circulated into the flow-cell to rinse products and the excessive substrates from the optode. The change of fluorescent emitted from NADH is analyzed by the PMT. Hence, fluorescence intensity decreased as the acetone concentration increased. The relationship between fluorescence intensity and acetone concentration was identified from 20 ppb to 5300 ppb. This interval included the concentration of acetone vapor in the breath of healthy people and those suffering from disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. Finally, the acetone bio-sniffer was used to measure breath acetone during an exercise stress test on an ergometer after a period of fasting. The concentration of acetone in breath was shown to significantly increase after exercise. This biosensor allows rapid, highly sensitive and selective measurement of lipid metabolism.
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27
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Oh AY, Kacker A. Do electronic cigarettes impart a lower potential disease burden than conventional tobacco cigarettes? Review on E-cigarette vapor versus tobacco smoke. Laryngoscope 2014; 124:2702-6. [PMID: 25302452 DOI: 10.1002/lary.24750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Development and utilization of electronic cigarettes (ECs) resulted from the search for healthier alternatives to conventional tobacco cigarettes (TCs) and the search for alternative methods for quitting TCs. This review compares the potential disease burden presented by TC smoke to that of EC vapor. METHODS Potential disease burden of EC vapor versus TC smoke was assessed by reviewing clinical studies that measured inhaled components. Chemicals and carcinogens produced by vapor versus smoke were compared. RESULTS Studies show that EC vapors contain far less carcinogenic particles than TC smoke. Whereas ECs have the ability to reach peak serum cotinine/nicotine levels comparable to that of TCs, ECs do not cause an increase in total white blood cell count; thus, ECs have the potential to lower the risk of atherosclerosis and systemic inflammation. Use of ECs has been shown to improve indoor air quality in a home exposed to TC smoke. This reduces secondhand smoke exposure, thus having the potential to decrease respiratory illness/asthma, middle-ear disease, sudden infant death syndrome, and more. However, some studies claim that propylene glycol (PG) vapor can induce respiratory irritation and increase chances for asthma. To minimize risks, EC manufacturers are replacing PG with distilled water and glycerin for vapor production. CONCLUSION Based on the comparison of the chemical analysis of EC and TC carcinogenic profiles and association with health-indicating parameters, ECs impart a lower potential disease burden than conventional TCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Y Oh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cornell Weill Medical College, New York, New York, U.S.A
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28
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Rattray NJW, Hamrang Z, Trivedi DK, Goodacre R, Fowler SJ. Taking your breath away: metabolomics breathes life in to personalized medicine. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:538-48. [PMID: 25179940 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Breath-based metabolomics (breathomics) is an exciting developing area of biotechnology that centers on the capture, identification, and quantification of volatile organic compound (VOC) patterns in human breath and their utilization as tools in the diagnosis of a broad spectrum of medical problems. With the age of personalized medicines demanding rapid bespoke diagnosis and treatment, this area of molecular diagnostics is beginning to see an upsurge in biotechnological advancement. Here, we discuss recent improvements and directions in the development of breath VOC analysis and diagnosis platforms that offer the potential for disease biomarker discovery and disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J W Rattray
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Zahra Hamrang
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Drupad K Trivedi
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen J Fowler
- University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, NIHR Respiratory and Allergy Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK; Respiratory Medicine, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK.
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29
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Farsalinos KE, Polosa R. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2014; 5:67-86. [PMID: 25083263 DOI: 10.1177/2042098614524430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes are a recent development in tobacco harm reduction. They are marketed as less harmful alternatives to smoking. Awareness and use of these devices has grown exponentially in recent years, with millions of people currently using them. This systematic review appraises existing laboratory and clinical research on the potential risks from electronic cigarette use, compared with the well-established devastating effects of smoking tobacco cigarettes. Currently available evidence indicates that electronic cigarettes are by far a less harmful alternative to smoking and significant health benefits are expected in smokers who switch from tobacco to electronic cigarettes. Research will help make electronic cigarettes more effective as smoking substitutes and will better define and further reduce residual risks from use to as low as possible, by establishing appropriate quality control and standards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Riccardo Polosa
- Centro per la Prevenzione e Cura del Tabagismo (CPCT) and Institute of Internal Medicine, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
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30
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Schripp T, Etienne S, Fauck C, Fuhrmann F, Märk L, Salthammer T. Application of proton-transfer-reaction-mass-spectrometry for Indoor Air Quality research. INDOOR AIR 2014; 24:178-189. [PMID: 23869867 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the field of Indoor Air Quality research, the measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) demands instruments that are rapid, mobile, robust, highly sensitive and allow for simultaneous monitoring of multiple compounds. These instruments should also compensate for possible interferences from permanent gases and air humidity. Proton-transfer-reaction-mass-spectrometry (PTR-MS) has proved to be a valuable and promising technique that fits the mentioned requirements for a suitable online measuring device. In this study, five exemplary applications of PTR-MS are described: (i) release of paint additives during drying process, (ii) emission of VOCs from active hardcopy devices, (iii) reference material evaluation, (iv) diffusion studies, and (v) emission testing of building products. The examples are selected to illustrate possibilities and limitations of the PTR technique in this field of research. The quadruple-based PTR-QMS was able to determine the emission characteristics during the experiments, especially in case of depleting emission sources (e.g., reference material). This allows for chemometrical analysis of the measured release patterns and detection of underlying processes. However, PTR-QMS reaches a functional limit in case of compound identification. If identification of VOCs is necessary, the measurements need to be accompanied by GC/MS analytics or a PTR instrument with higher mass-resolution (e.g., PTR-TOF-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schripp
- Department Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
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Fens N, van der Schee MP, Brinkman P, Sterk PJ. Exhaled breath analysis by electronic nose in airways disease. Established issues and key questions. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 43:705-15. [PMID: 23786277 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled air contains many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are the result of normal and disease-associated metabolic processes anywhere in the body. Different omics techniques can assess the pattern of these VOCs. One such omics technique suitable for breath analysis is represented by electronic noses (eNoses), providing fingerprints of the exhaled VOCs, called breathprints. Breathprints have been shown to be altered in different disease states, including in asthma and COPD. This review describes the current status on clinical validation and application of breath analysis by electronic noses in the diagnosis and monitoring of chronic airways diseases. Furthermore, important methodological issues including breath sampling, modulating factors and incompatibility between eNoses are raised and discussed. Next steps towards clinical application of electronic noses are provided, including further validation in suspected disease, assessment of the influence of different comorbidities, the value in longitudinal monitoring of patients with asthma and COPD and the possibility to predict treatment responses. Eventually, a Breath Cloud may be constructed, a large database containing disease-specific breathprints. When collaborative efforts are put into optimization of this technique, it can provide a rapid and non-invasive first line diagnostic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fens
- Dept. of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, NL-1100 DE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Schroeter JD, Campbell J, Kimbell JS, Conolly RB, Clewell HJ, Andersen ME. Effects of endogenous formaldehyde in nasal tissues on inhaled formaldehyde dosimetry predictions in the rat, monkey, and human nasal passages. Toxicol Sci 2014; 138:412-24. [PMID: 24385418 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a nasal carcinogen in rodents at high doses and is an endogenous compound that is present in all living cells. Due to its high solubility and reactivity, quantitative risk estimates for inhaled formaldehyde have relied on internal dose estimates in the upper respiratory tract. Dosimetry calculations are complicated by the presence of endogenous formaldehyde concentrations in the respiratory mucosa. Anatomically accurate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models of the rat, monkey, and human nasal passages were used to simulate uptake of inhaled formaldehyde. An epithelial structure was implemented in the nasal CFD models to estimate formaldehyde absorption from air:tissue partitioning, species-specific metabolism, first-order clearance, DNA binding, and endogenous formaldehyde production. At an exposure concentration of 1 ppm, predicted formaldehyde nasal uptake was 99.4, 86.5, and 85.3% in the rat, monkey, and human, respectively. Endogenous formaldehyde in nasal tissues did not significantly affect wall mass flux or nasal uptake predictions at exposure concentrations > 500 ppb; however, reduced nasal uptake was predicted at lower exposure concentrations. At an exposure concentration of 1 ppb, predicted nasal uptake was 17.5 and 42.8% in the rat and monkey; net desorption of formaldehyde was predicted in the human model. The nonlinear behavior of formaldehyde nasal absorption will affect the dose-response analysis and subsequent risk estimates at low exposure concentrations. Updated surface area partitioning of nonsquamous epithelium and average flux values in regions where DNA-protein cross-links and cell proliferation rates were measured in rats and monkeys are reported for use in formaldehyde risk models of carcinogenesis.
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Liu F, Pauluhn J, Trübel H, Wang C. Single high-dose dexamethasone and sodium salicylate failed to attenuate phosgene-induced acute lung injury in rats. Toxicology 2013; 315:17-23. [PMID: 24280380 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Life-threatening acute lung injury potentially occurs following high-level accidental exposures to phosgene gas. This situation was mirrored in rats exposed nose-only at 900-1000 mg phosgene/m(3)min. At this exposure level, previous studies on rats demonstrated sustained reflexively induced cardiopulmonary dysfunction and evidence of vascular fluid redistribution. These findings challenge the currently applied treatment strategies to mitigate the presumed non-cardiogenic lung edema by steroidal or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This study investigates whether high doses of curatively administered dexamethasone (DX; 100 mg/kg bw, ip) and sodium salicylate (SS; 200 mg/kg bw, ip), alone or in combination, show efficacy to mitigate the phosgene-induced lung edema. Exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), animal morbidity and mortality, and increased lung weights one day postexposure served as endpoints of lung injury and drug efficacy. When applying this dosing regimen, SS showed minimal (if any) efficacy while DX, alone or in combination with SS, substantially aggravated the emerging lung edema (lung weights) with 40% mortality. The degree of acute lung injury (ALI) was mirrored by increased eNO. Its direct relationship to ALI-severity was evidenced by decreased eNO following NO-synthetase inhibitor administration (aminoguanidine-aerosol) and associated mitigation of ALI. All non-treated phosgene-exposed as well as treated but non-phosgene-exposed rats survived. This experimental evidence suggests that high-dose corticoid treatments may aggravate the pulmonary toxicity of phosgene. Similarly, this outcome supports the supposition that non-inflammatory, cardiogenic and/or neurogenic factors play a role in this type of acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Liu
- Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology, Bayer Pharma AG, D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jürgen Pauluhn
- Department of Toxicology, Bayer Pharma AG, D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Hubert Trübel
- Department of Pharmacology Vascular Diseases, Cardiology & Hematology, Bayer Pharma AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Chen Wang
- Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China.
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Zenkevich IG, Drugov YS. Gas chromatographic methods for the determination of trace organic pollutants in environmental samples. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934813100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Maihom T, Schuhfried E, Probst M, Limtrakul J, Märk TD, Biasioli F. Fragmentation of allylmethylsulfide by chemical ionization: dependence on humidity and inhibiting role of water. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:5149-60. [PMID: 23682687 PMCID: PMC3689322 DOI: 10.1021/jp4015806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report on a previously unknown reaction mechanism involving water in the fragmentation reaction following chemical ionization. This result stems from a study presented here on the humidity-dependent and energy-dependent endoergic fragmentation of allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) upon protonation in a proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometer (PTR-MS). The fragmentation pathways were studied with experimental (PTR-MS) and quantum chemical methods (polarizable continuum model (PCM), microhydration, studied at the MP2/6-311+G(3df,2p)//MP2/6-31G(d,p) level of theory). We report in detail on the energy profiles, reaction mechanisms, and proton affinities (G4MP2 calculations). In the discovered reaction mechanism, water reduces the fragmentation of protonated species in chemical ionization. It does so by direct interaction with the protonated species via covalent binding (C3H5(+)) or via association (AMS·H(+)). This stabilizes intermediate complexes and thus overall increases the activation energy for fragmentation. Water thereby acts as a reusable inhibitor (anticatalyst) in chemical ionization. Moreover, according to the quantum chemical (QC) results, when water is present in abundance it has the opposite effect and enhances fragmentation. The underlying reason is a concentration-dependent change in the reaction principle from active inhibition of fragmentation to solvation, which then enhances fragmentation. This amphoteric behavior of water is found for the fragmentation of C3H5(+) to C3H3(+), and similarly for the fragmentation of AMS·H(+) to C3H5(+). The results support humidity-dependent quantification efforts for PTR-MS and chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS). Moreover, the results should allow for a better understanding of ion-chemistry in the presence of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thana Maihom
- Department of Chemistry and
NANOTEC Center for Nanoscale Materials Design for Green Nanotechnology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Erna Schuhfried
- Institute of Ion Physics and
Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Probst
- Institute of Ion Physics and
Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jumras Limtrakul
- Department of Chemistry and
NANOTEC Center for Nanoscale Materials Design for Green Nanotechnology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- PTT Group Frontier Research
Center, PTT Public Company Limited, 555
Vibhavadi Rangsit Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Tilmann D. Märk
- Institute of Ion Physics and
Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Franco Biasioli
- IASMA Research
and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Food
Quality and Nutrition Area, S Michele a/A (TN), Italy
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Schripp T, Markewitz D, Uhde E, Salthammer T. Does e-cigarette consumption cause passive vaping? INDOOR AIR 2013; 23:25-31. [PMID: 22672560 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Electronic cigarette consumption ('vaping') is marketed as an alternative to conventional tobacco smoking. Technically, a mixture of chemicals containing carrier liquids, flavors, and optionally nicotine is vaporized and inhaled. The present study aims at the determination of the release of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and (ultra)fine particles (FP/UFP) from an e-cigarette under near-to-real-use conditions in an 8-m(3) emission test chamber. Furthermore, the inhaled mixture is analyzed in small chambers. An increase in FP/UFP and VOC could be determined after the use of the e-cigarette. Prominent components in the gas-phase are 1,2-propanediol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, diacetin, flavorings, and traces of nicotine. As a consequence, 'passive vaping' must be expected from the consumption of e-cigarettes. Furthermore, the inhaled aerosol undergoes changes in the human lung that is assumed to be attributed to deposition and evaporation. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The consumption of e-cigarettes marks a new source for chemical and aerosol exposure in the indoor environment. To evaluate the impact of e-cigarettes on indoor air quality and to estimate the possible effect of passive vaping, information about the chemical characteristics of the released vapor is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schripp
- Department Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut (WKI), Braunschweig, Germany.
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Li J, Peng Y, Duan Y. Diagnosis of breast cancer based on breath analysis: an emerging method. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 87:28-40. [PMID: 23265856 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of the cancer-related deaths among females. Early diagnosis is one of the most important strategies to reduce breast cancer morbidity rate and improve the survival rate. However, early diagnosis of breast cancer is limited because the disease usually develops asymptomatically. Moreover, current screening techniques for breast cancer are always expensive, discomfort, and even harmful for patients, and furthermore, do not fulfill the requirements for reliable differentiation between breast cancer patients and healthy subjects. Breath analysis is non-invasive, painless, easy to perform and no risk to patients. Therefore, this innovative method provides a potentially useful approach to screen breast cancer. This review summarizes the scientific evidences related to breast cancer patients through detecting unique potential biomarkers in the exhaled breath, and the profile of breath biomarker for breast cancer clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, and College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Adamko DJ, Sykes BD, Rowe BH. The metabolomics of asthma: novel diagnostic potential. Chest 2012; 141:1295-1302. [PMID: 22553262 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-2028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is one of the most common chronic illnesses, especially in children. Reaching the diagnosis of asthma and its management are more difficult than for other chronic illnesses. For example, asthma is a heterogeneous syndrome with many clinical classifications based on patient symptoms, lung function, and response to therapy. The symptoms and objective measurements of lung function, often used to guide therapy, are largely based on the inflammation of the airways. Because measuring airway dysfunction and inflammation in a typical clinical setting is difficult, it is often not done. Metabolomics is the study of small molecules generated from cellular metabolic activity. It is possible that the metabolic profile of a patient with a chronic illness such as asthma is different from that of a healthy patient or from a patient with another respiratory illness. Furthermore, if this metabolome could be measured, it might also vary with disease severity. The pattern of metabolites becomes the diagnostic representing the disease. This article outlines the more recent work that has been done to develop the metabolomic profile of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl J Adamko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Brian D Sykes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Brian H Rowe
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Deng B, Liu Y, Yin H, Ning X, Lu H, Ye L, Xu Q. Determination of ultra-trace formaldehyde in air using ammonium sulfate as derivatization reagent and capillary electrophoresis coupled with on-line electrochemiluminescence detection. Talanta 2012; 91:128-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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40
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Li M, Biswas S, Nantz MH, Higashi RM, Fu XA. Preconcentration and Analysis of Trace Volatile Carbonyl Compounds. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1288-93. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2021757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiao Li
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Center for Regulatory and Environmental
Analytical Metabolomics (CREAM), and ∥James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville,
Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Souvik Biswas
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Center for Regulatory and Environmental
Analytical Metabolomics (CREAM), and ∥James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville,
Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Michael H. Nantz
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Center for Regulatory and Environmental
Analytical Metabolomics (CREAM), and ∥James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville,
Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Richard M. Higashi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Center for Regulatory and Environmental
Analytical Metabolomics (CREAM), and ∥James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville,
Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Xiao-An Fu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Center for Regulatory and Environmental
Analytical Metabolomics (CREAM), and ∥James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville,
Kentucky 40292, United States
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41
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Fu XA, Li M, Biswas S, Nantz MH, Higashi RM. A novel microreactor approach for analysis of ketones and aldehydes in breath. Analyst 2011; 136:4662-6. [PMID: 21897949 DOI: 10.1039/c1an15618g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We report a fabricated microreactor with thousands of micropillars in channels. Each micropillar surface is chemically functionalized to selectively preconcentrate gaseous ketones and aldehydes of exhaled breath and to enhance ultra-trace, rapid analysis by direct-infusion Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry (MS). The micropillar reactive coating contains the quaternary ammonium aminooxy salt 2-(aminooxy)ethyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium iodide (ATM) for capturing trace carbonyl VOCs by means of an oximation reaction. We demonstrate the utility of this approach for detection of C(1) to C(12) aldehydes and ketones in exhaled breath, but the approach is applicable to any gaseous sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-An Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA.
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42
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Golden R. Identifying an indoor air exposure limit for formaldehyde considering both irritation and cancer hazards. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 41:672-721. [PMID: 21635194 PMCID: PMC3175005 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.573467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a well-studied chemical and effects from inhalation exposures have been extensively characterized in numerous controlled studies with human volunteers, including asthmatics and other sensitive individuals, which provide a rich database on exposure concentrations that can reliably produce the symptoms of sensory irritation. Although individuals can differ in their sensitivity to odor and eye irritation, the majority of authoritative reviews of the formaldehyde literature have concluded that an air concentration of 0.3 ppm will provide protection from eye irritation for virtually everyone. A weight of evidence-based formaldehyde exposure limit of 0.1 ppm (100 ppb) is recommended as an indoor air level for all individuals for odor detection and sensory irritation. It has recently been suggested by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the National Toxicology Program (NTP), and the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) that formaldehyde is causally associated with nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) and leukemia. This has led US EPA to conclude that irritation is not the most sensitive toxic endpoint and that carcinogenicity should dictate how to establish exposure limits for formaldehyde. In this review, a number of lines of reasoning and substantial scientific evidence are described and discussed, which leads to a conclusion that neither point of contact nor systemic effects of any type, including NPC or leukemia, are causally associated with exposure to formaldehyde. This conclusion supports the view that the equivocal epidemiology studies that suggest otherwise are almost certainly flawed by identified or yet to be unidentified confounding variables. Thus, this assessment concludes that a formaldehyde indoor air limit of 0.1 ppm should protect even particularly susceptible individuals from both irritation effects and any potential cancer hazard.
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