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Ye L, Fan S, Zhao P, Wu C, Liu M, Hu S, Wang P, Wang H, Bi H. Potential herb‒drug interactions between anti-COVID-19 drugs and traditional Chinese medicine. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023:S2211-3835(23)00203-4. [PMID: 37360014 PMCID: PMC10239737 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread worldwide. Effective treatments against COVID-19 remain urgently in need although vaccination significantly reduces the incidence, hospitalization, and mortality. At present, antiviral drugs including Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (PaxlovidTM), Remdesivir, and Molnupiravir have been authorized to treat COVID-19 and become more globally available. On the other hand, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for the treatment of epidemic diseases for a long history. Currently, various TCM formulae against COVID-19 such as Qingfei Paidu decoction, Xuanfei Baidu granule, Huashi Baidu granule, Jinhua Qinggan granule, Lianhua Qingwen capsule, and Xuebijing injection have been widely used in clinical practice in China, which may cause potential herb-drug interactions (HDIs) in patients under treatment with antiviral drugs and affect the efficacy and safety of medicines. However, information on potential HDIs between the above anti-COVID-19 drugs and TCM formulae is lacking, and thus this work seeks to summarize and highlight potential HDIs between antiviral drugs and TCM formulae against COVID-19, and especially pharmacokinetic HDIs mediated by metabolizing enzymes and/or transporters. These well-characterized HDIs could provide useful information on clinical concomitant medicine use to maximize clinical outcomes and minimize adverse and toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ye
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Shicheng Fan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou 510006,China
| | - Chenghua Wu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Menghua Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Shuang Hu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Peng Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Huichang Bi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
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Pandey PK, Ahmed B, Prasad J, Bala M, Khan HA. Radiomodifying action, Pharmacokinetic and Biodistribution of Ethyl 3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoate-Implication in development of radiomitigator. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18873. [PMID: 31827168 PMCID: PMC6906394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethyl 3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoate (GAE) is a major bioactive constituent of Hippophae Rhamnoides L. leaves and extract prepared from H. rhamnoides leaves exhibited radioprotective and pharmacological activity. Radiomodifying properties of polyphenol compounds through free radical neutralizing have been reported earlier. However, to date pharmacokinetic (PK) and biodistribution of polyphenol compounds post 60Co-γ-irradiation (5 Gy) exposure have not been studied yet. The study aims to investigate the radio modifying and inflammatory action, PK and biodistribution of GAE at a radioprotective dose and changes, if any, induced after irradiation. Male C 57 BL/6 mice (28-30 g) were administered GAE (200 mg/kg b.wt) orally 15 minutes post to irradiation. Mice were sacrificed at 15, 30 min, 1,2,4,8 and 24 h. PK and biodistribution of GAE in plasma and tissues were studied. The radiomodifying potential was assessed in terms of mitigating NF-kB activity and SGOT, SGPT, urea and creatinine levels in liver and kidney post irradiation. Our study suggested the potential use of GAE as radiomodifying agent inhibits NF-kB expression and maintains the SGOT 24.10 ± 2.4, SGPT 36.01 ± 6.1 U/l, urea18.16 ± 0.003, and creatinine 1.05 ± 0.04 mg/dL upto 8 h in comparison to irradiated mice. Moreover, in biodistribution studies, showed that GAE crosses the blood-brain barrier and is found in brain tissue. Plasma level of GAE peaked at about 15 min, with Cmax 4390.85 ± 285.20 in GAE and in 3391.78 ± 78.13 ng/mL in radiation + GAE-treated animals, Biodistribution resulted in the highest concentration to be found in liver and kidney. These radiomodifying and pharmacokinetic result may be useful for study of the bioactive mechanism associated with radiation injury and to develop a potent formulation of GAE for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav K Pandey
- Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, New Delhi, 110054, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - B Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
| | - J Prasad
- Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, New Delhi, 110054, India
| | - M Bala
- Formerly Scientist at Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, New Delhi, 110054, India
| | - H A Khan
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
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Chen DQ, Hu HH, Wang YN, Feng YL, Cao G, Zhao YY. Natural products for the prevention and treatment of kidney disease. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 50:50-60. [PMID: 30466992 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the common causes resulting in a high morbidity and mortality. Renal fibrosis is the main pathological features of CKD. Natural products have begun to gain widely popularity worldwide for promoting healthcare and preventing CKD, and have been used as a conventional or complementary therapy for CKD treatment. PURPOSE The present paper reviewed the therapeutic effects of natural products on CKD and revealed the molecular mechanisms of their anti-fibrosis. METHODS All the available information on natural products against renal fibrosis was collected via a library and electronic search (using Web of Science, Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Splinker, etc.). RESULTS Accumulated evidence demonstrated that natural products exhibited the beneficial effects for CKD treatment and against renal fibrosis. This review presents an overview of the molecular mechanism of CKD and natural products against renal fibrosis, followed by an in-depth discussion of their molecular mechanism of natural products including isolated compounds and crude extracts against renal fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. A number of isolated compounds have been confirmed to retard renal fibrosis. CONCLUSION The review provides comprehensive insights into pathophysiological mechanisms of CKD and natural products against renal fibrosis. Particular challenges are presented and placed within the context of future applications of natural products against renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - He-He Hu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Yan-Ni Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Ya-Long Feng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Ying-Yong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
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Metabolomics highlights pharmacological bioactivity and biochemical mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 273:133-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Wang J, Jia Z, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Liu X, Wang L, Lin R. Analysis of Chemical Constituents of Melastoma dodecandrum Lour. by UPLC-ESI-Q-Exactive Focus-MS/MS. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030476. [PMID: 28304342 PMCID: PMC6155390 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ethnic drug Melastoma dodecandrum Lour. (MDL) is widely distributed throughout South China, and is the major component of Gong Yan Ping Tablets/Capsules and Zi Di Ning Xue San. Although the pharmacological effects of MDL have been well documented, its chemical profile has not been fully determined. In this study, we have developed a rapid and sensitive UPLC-ESI-Q-Exactive Focus-MS/MS method to characterize the chemical constituents of MDL in the positive and negative ionization modes. A comparison of the chromatographic and spectrometric data obtained using this method with data from databases, the literature and reference standards allowed us to identify or tentatively characterize 109 compounds, including 26 fatty acids, 26 organic acids, 33 flavonoids, six tannins, 10 triterpenoids, two steroids and six other compounds. Notably, 55 of the compounds characterized in this study have never been detected before in this plant. The information obtained in this study therefore enriches our understanding of the chemical composition of MDL and could be used in quality control, pharmacological research and the development of drugs based on MDL. In addition, this study represents the first reported comprehensive analysis of the chemical constituents of MDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Ziyao Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Yutong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Xi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Linghua Wang
- Dongying Inspection Center for Food and Drug, Dongying 257091, Shandong, China.
| | - Ruichao Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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Sun Y, Wang W, Cheng H, Jiang X, Wu J. Study of the binding and energy transfer of erbium ion with rhaponticin and its pharmacokinetics application. LUMINESCENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.3098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering and Food science; Hubei University of Arts and Science; 296 Longzhong Road Xiangyang Hubei 441053 China
| | - Wanqiang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Food science; Hubei University of Arts and Science; 296 Longzhong Road Xiangyang Hubei 441053 China
| | - Hua Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Food science; Hubei University of Arts and Science; 296 Longzhong Road Xiangyang Hubei 441053 China
| | - Xiangsheng Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Food science; Hubei University of Arts and Science; 296 Longzhong Road Xiangyang Hubei 441053 China
| | - Junjun Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Food science; Hubei University of Arts and Science; 296 Longzhong Road Xiangyang Hubei 441053 China
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Yang L, Jia P, Li Q, Wang S, Wang J, Bai Y, Wang X, Xiao C, Yu J, Zhang P, Zheng X. Identification of metabolites of isopropyl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxypropanoate in rats by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:1042-1051. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingjian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Pu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Shixiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Yajun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Chaoni Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy; Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital; Xi'an 710068 China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
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Bandara AR, Rapior S, Bhat DJ, Kakumyan P, Chamyuang S, Xu J, Hyde KD. Polyporus umbellatus, an Edible-Medicinal Cultivated Mushroom with Multiple Developed Health-Care Products as Food, Medicine and Cosmetics: A Review. CRYPTOGAMIE MYCOL 2015. [DOI: 10.7872/crym.v36.iss1.2015.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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A pharmaco-metabonomic study on chronic kidney disease and therapeutic effect of ergone by UPLC-QTOF/HDMS. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115467. [PMID: 25535749 PMCID: PMC4275224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important public health problem. Ergone has been proved to prevent the progression of CKD. UPLC-QTOF/HDMS was employed for metabolic profiling of adenine-induced CKD and to investigate the nephroprotective effects of ergone. Pharmacology parameters including blood biochemistry, histopathological evaluation and Western blot analysis were performed concurrently. The UPLC-MS data were analyzed by partial least squares-discriminate analysis, correlation analysis, heatmap analysis and mapped to KEGG pathways. Blood and serum biochemistry were observed to be significantly different in the CKD group than in the control group. In conjunction with biochemistry, histopathology and protein expression results, identified metabolites indicated perturbations in fatty acid metabolism, purine metabolism and amino acid metabolism as changes associated with adenine-induced CKD and the interventions of ergone. Upregulated expression of TGF-β1, ED-1, CTGF, bFGF and collagen I was observed in the CKD group. However, downregulated expression of these proteins was observed after oral administration of ergone. These results suggest that expression changes in these proteins had implications for fatty acid metabolism, purine metabolism and amino acid metabolism in the development of CKD and that ergone treatment could delay the development of CKD by normalizing or blocking abnormal changes in biomarker metabolites and protein expression in the CKD group.
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Zhao YY. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and quality control of Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) Fries: a review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 149:35-48. [PMID: 23811047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) Fries (Polyporaceae, Zhuling ) has been commonly used in medicine for a wide range of ailments related to the edema, scanty urine, vaginal discharge, urinary dysfunction, as well as jaundice and diarrhea. AIM OF THE REVIEW The present paper reviewed the traditional uses, propagation, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and quality control of Polyporus umbellatus. MATERIALS AND METHODS All the available information on Polyporus umbellatus was collected via a library and electronic search (using Web of Science, Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Splinker, Google Scholar, etc.). RESULTS Phytochemical studies showed the presence of many valuable secondary metabolites such as steroids, polysaccharides, anthraquinones and nucleosides. Crude extracts and isolated compounds showed a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities including diuretic, nephroprotective, anti-cancer, immuno-enhancing, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities. The pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that the ergosterol and ergone had a high distribution and absorption in the plasma and the two main components of Polyporus umbellatus were mainly excreted by faeces. The determination of multiple chemical components was successfully applied to the quality control of Polyporus umbellatus. CONCLUSIONS Modern phytochemical, pharmacological and metabonomic investigations showed that the crude extracts and isolated compounds from Polyporus umbellatus possess many kinds of biological functions, especially in the diuretic activities and the treatment of kidney diseases as well as anti-cancer, immuno-enhancing and hepatoprotective activities. The pathways of the distribution, absorption, metabolism and excretion of main steroidal compounds were clarified by pharmacokinetic studies. Most of the pharmacological studies were conducted using crude and poorly characterized extracts of Polyporus umbellatus in animals especially in case of diuretic activities and the treatment of kidney diseases. Thus, more bioactive components especially diuretic compounds should be identified using bioactivity-guided isolation strategies and the possible mechanism of action as well as potential synergistic or antagonistic effects of multi-component mixtures derived from Polyporus umbellatus need to be evaluated integrating pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, bioavailability-centered and physiological approaches. In addition, more experiments including in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies should be encouraged to identify any side effects or toxicity. These achievements will further expand the existing therapeutic potential of Polyporus umbellatus and provide a beneficial support to its future further clinical use in modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, PR China.
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Zhao YY. Metabolomics in chronic kidney disease. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 422:59-69. [PMID: 23570820 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a major challenge to public healthcare. Traditional clinical biomarkers of renal function (blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine) are not sensitive or specific enough and only increase significantly after the presence of substantial CKD. Therefore, more sensitive biomarkers of CKD are needed. CKD-specific biomarkers at an early disease stage and early diagnosis of specific renal diseases would enable improved therapeutic treatment and reduced the personal and financial burdens. The goal of metabolomics is to identify non-targeted, global small-molecule metabolite profiles of complex samples, such as biofluids and tissues. This method offers the potential for a holistic approach to clinical medicine, as well as improvements in disease diagnoses and the understanding of pathological mechanisms. This review article presents an overview of the recent developments in the field of metabolomics, followed by an in-depth discussion of its application to the study of CKD (primary, chronic glomerulonephritis such as IgA nephropathy; secondary, chronic renal injury such as diabetic nephropathy; chronic renal failure including end-stage kidney disease with and without undergoing replacement therapies, etc), including metabolomic analytical technologies, chemometrics, and metabolomics in experimental and clinical research. We describe the current status of the identification of metabolic biomarkers in CKD. Several markers have been confirmed across multiple studies to detect CKD earlier than traditional clinical chemical and histopathological methods. The application of metabolomics in CKD studies provides researchers the opportunity to gain new insights into metabolic profiling and pathophysiological mechanisms. Particular challenges in the field are presented and placed within the context of future applications of metabolomic approaches to the studies of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, the College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, PR China.
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Zhao YY, Zhang L, Feng YL, Chen DQ, Xi ZH, Du X, Bai X, Lin RC. Pharmacokinetics of 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside in rat using ultra-performance LC-quadrupole TOF-MS. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:863-871. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China; Ministry of Education; the College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an; Shaanxi; P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Nephrology; Xi'an No. 4 Hospital; Xi'an; Shaanxi; P. R. China
| | - Ya-Long Feng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China; Ministry of Education; the College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an; Shaanxi; P. R. China
| | - Dan-Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China; Ministry of Education; the College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an; Shaanxi; P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Hui Xi
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China; Ministry of Education; the College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an; Shaanxi; P. R. China
| | - Xiao Du
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China; Ministry of Education; the College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an; Shaanxi; P. R. China
| | - Xu Bai
- Waters Technologies (Shanghai) Ltd.; Shanghai; P. R. China
| | - Rui-Chao Lin
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; State Food and Drug Administration; Beijing; P. R. China
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Zhao YY, Cheng XL, Wei F, Han XQ, Xiao XY, Lin RC. PHARMACOKINETICS, BIOAVAILABILITY, AND METABOLISM OF 2,3,5,4′-TETRAHYDROXYSTILBENE-2-O-β-D-GLUCOSIDE IN RATS BY ULTRA-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY–QUADRUPOLE TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY AND HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-ULTRAVIOLET DETECTION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.673209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yong Zhao
- a Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Ministry of Education, the College of Life Sciences, Northwest University , Shaanxi , China
| | - Xian-Long Cheng
- b National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration , Beijing , China
| | - Feng Wei
- b National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration , Beijing , China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Han
- c State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , China
| | - Xin-Yue Xiao
- b National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration , Beijing , China
| | - Rui-Chao Lin
- b National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration , Beijing , China
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Sun Y, Zhao Y, Yang X. A simple and rapid spectrofluorimetric method for determining the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of rhaponticin in rat plasma, feces and urine using a cerium probe. LUMINESCENCE 2013; 28:523-9. [PMID: 23364836 DOI: 10.1002/bio.2488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Rhaponticin (RH) demonstrates a variety of pharmacological activities, including antitumor, antithrombotic and antioxidant effects. It is essential to establish a simple, rapid and reliable analytical method for determining the pharmacokinetics of RH. A simple cerium ion (Ce(3+)) probe method was developed and validated to determine RH in rat plasma, feces and urine. The fluorescence intensities of the cerium ion (Ce(3+)) were quenched by addition of RH, along with a remarkable red shift. Spectral data revealed that fluorescence quenching of Ce(3+) by RH was due to the formation of a Ce(3+)-RH complex. Using to the Stern-Volmer equation, the binding parameters for interactions between Ce(3+) and RH were obtained. Based on these, a rapid and simple spectrofluorimetric method was developed to determine the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of RH using a Ce(3+) probe. The assay was linear over the concentration range of 0.11-9.52, 0.25-8.87 and 0.18-9.10 μM for plasma, feces and urine, respectively and RH recoveries were found to be 98.24 ± 0.8, 97.78 ± 1.2 and 97.54 ± 0.8% for plasma, feces and urine, respectively. The relative standard deviations were < 9.5%. The spectrofluorimetric method was simple and rapid for quantitative determination of RH and its metabolism, and was affordable for most laboratories because of the fluorescence spectroscopy and low equipment cost. These pharmacokinetic, bioavailability and metabolism studies of RH will provide helpful information for the development of suitable dosage forms and clinical references on rational administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Arts and Science, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
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Sun Y, Liang X, Zhao Y, Fan J. A sensitive spectrofluorometric method for determination of ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one in rat plasma, feces, and urine for application to pharmacokinetic studies using cerium(III) as a probe. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 67:106-111. [PMID: 23317677 DOI: 10.1366/12-06760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one (ergone) isolated from Polyporus umbellatus possesses a variety of pharmacological activities in vivo and in vitro, including cytotoxic, diuretic, and immunosuppressive effect. The interaction of cerium ions (Ce(3+)) with ergone was studied by fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy. Spectra data revealed that Ce(3+) ions exhibited emission maxima around 350 nm when the excitation wavelength was fixed at 255 or 290 nm, and the fluorescence of Ce(3+) ions was quenched by the addition of ergone, indicating that a Ce(3+)-ergone complex was formed. According to the modified Benesi-Hildebrand equation, the binding constant of interaction of Ce(3+) ions with ergone was obtained at room temperature. Based on this, a sensitive spectrofluorometric method using Ce(3+) ions as a probe was applied for the identification and quantification of ergone in rat plasma, feces, and urine. The linear ranges of the calibration curves were 1.31 to 4.50 μM for plasma, 1.12-9.87 μM for feces, and 1.28-3.42 μM for urine, and the ergone recoveries were found to be 97.1 ± 0.9%, 98.2 ± 0.7% and 96.5 ± 1.4% for plasma, feces, and urine, respectively. The intraday and inter-day relative standard deviations were less than 9.7%. The proposed spectrofluorometric method is simple and rapid for the quantitative determination of ergone in rat plasma, feces, and urine, and it is affordable for most laboratories because it has few requirements and uses low cost, easy to operate equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Arts and Science, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
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Wu H, Guo J, Chen S, Liu X, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Xu X. Recent developments in qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemical constituents and their metabolites using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 72:267-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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UPLC-Q-TOF/HSMS/MSE-based metabonomics for adenine-induced changes in metabolic profiles of rat faeces and intervention effects of ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 201:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Liang X, Sun Y, Liu L, Ma X, Hu X, Fan J, Zhao Y. Folate-functionalized nanoparticles for controlled ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one delivery. Int J Pharm 2012; 441:1-8. [PMID: 23262423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To improve the therapeutic effect of ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one (ergone), a folate-decorated ergone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (abbreviated FA-ergone-BSANPs) was prepared. The properties were extensively studied by Zetasizer Nano Particle Size Analyzer and TEM, which indicated the prepared nanoparticles were spherical in shape and uniform in size with a zeta potential of -23.8 mV. The drug-loading capacity also has been determined with drug loading content of 2.73% and encapsulation efficiency of 61.8%. In vitro release studies proved the much slow drug release from the nanoparticles during circulating in the blood stream and the increase of drug release at the target sites. The FA-ergone-BSANPs showed enhanced cellular uptake, increased targeting capacity, and increased cytotoxicity against KB cells over-expressing folate receptor (FR), which indicated that its potent cell-killing activity is specific for cells that express the FR. In vivo experiment also confirmed that FA-ergone-BSANPs represent a FR-targeted chemotherapeutic that can produce potent activity against FR-positive tumors. In conclusion, this report has a great significance in pharmacology and clinical medicine as well as methodology. Further detailed dose-optimization studies will be required for better understanding in vivo pharmacokinetic and bio-distribution behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
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Zhao YY, Shen X, Cheng XL, Wei F, Bai X, Lin RC. Urinary metabonomics study on the protective effects of ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one on chronic renal failure in rats using UPLC Q-TOF/MS and a novel MSE data collection technique. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Zhao YY, Cheng XL, Cui JH, Yan XR, Wei F, Bai X, Lin RC. Effect of ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one (ergone) on adenine-induced chronic renal failure rat: A serum metabonomic study based on ultra performance liquid chromatography/high-sensitivity mass spectrometry coupled with MassLynx i-FIT algorithm. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:1438-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zhao YY, Cheng XL, Wei F, Bai X, Lin RC. Ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (ESCi)-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry with novel mass spectrometryElevated Energy (MSE) data collection technique: Determination an. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1619-26. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yong Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine; The College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Xian-Long Cheng
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; State Food and Drug Administration; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Feng Wei
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; State Food and Drug Administration; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xu Bai
- Waters Technologies (Shanghai) Ltd.; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Rui-Chao Lin
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; State Food and Drug Administration; Beijing P. R. China
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Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and metabolism of rhaponticin in rat plasma by UHPLC–Q-TOF/MS and UHPLC–DAD–MSn. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:713-23. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rhaponticin (Rheum L.) demonstrates a variety of pharmacological activities, including antitumor, antithrombotic and antioxidant effect. However, there is no information describing the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and metabolism of rhaponticin after intravenous administration. Results: UHPLC–Q-TOF/MS and UHPLC–multistage tandem MS methods were developed for the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and metabolism of rhaponticin in rats. The metabolite of rhaponticin, rhapontigenin, a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450, was confirmed by UHPLC–multistage tandem MS. The plasma profile of rhaponticin and rhapontigenin was determined by UHPLC–Q-TOF/MS. The results showed that rhaponticin was rapidly distributed and eliminated from rat plasma. The absolute oral bioavailability of rhaponticin was calculated to be 0.03%. The plasma concentrations of rhapontigenin rapidly increased and gradually eliminated after intravenous administration. Conclusion: The present pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and metabolism studies of rhaponticin will provide helpful information for development of suitable dosage forms and clinical references on rational administration.
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Zhao YY, Liu J, Cheng XL, Bai X, Lin RC. Urinary metabonomics study on biochemical changes in an experimental model of chronic renal failure by adenine based on UPLC Q-TOF/MS. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 413:642-9. [PMID: 22227165 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a serious clinical symptom, occurring as the end result of all kinds of chronic kidney disease and its pathophysiological mechanism is not yet well understood. We investigated the metabolic profiling of urine samples from CRF model rats to find potential disease biomarkers and research pathology of CRF. METHODS An animal model of CRF was produced by adenine. Metabolic profiling of the urine was performed by using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC Q-TOF/MS). Acquired data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) for differentiating the CRF and the normal control groups. Potential biomarkers were screened by using S-plot and were identified by the accurate mass, isotopic pattern and MS(E) fragments information obtained from UPLC Q-TOF/MS analysis. RESULTS 12 metabolites in urine were identified as potential biomarkers. Adenine-induced CRF rats were characterized by the increase of phytosphingosine, adrenosterone, tryptophan, 2,8-dihydroxyadenine, creatinine, and dihydrosphingosine together with the decrease of N-acetylleucine, 3-O-methyldopa, ethyl-N2-acetyl-L-argininate, dopamine, phenylalanine and kynurenic acid in urine. The altered metabolites demonstrated perturbations of amino acids metabolism, phospholipids metabolism and creatinine metabolism in CRF rats. CONCLUSION This work shows that metabonomics method is a valuable tool in CRF mechanism study and assists in clinical diagnosis of CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yong Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Sun Y, Zhao Y, Li G, Yang S, Hu X, Fan J. Studies of Interaction between Ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one (Ergone) and Human Serum Albumin by Molecular Spectroscopy and Modeling. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201190094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zhao YY, Zhang L, Mao JR, Cheng XH, Lin RC, Zhang Y, Sun WJ. Ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one isolated from Polyporus umbellatus prevents early renal injury in aristolochic acid-induced nephropathy rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:1581-6. [PMID: 22060289 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Aristolochic acid (AA) nephropathy, first reported as Chinese herbs nephropathy, is a rapidly progressive tubulointerstitial nephropathy that results in severe anemia, interstitial fibrosis and end-stage renal disease. Tubulointerstitial injury was studied in a rat model of AA nephropathy to determine whether ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one (ergone) treatment prevents early renal injury in rats with aristolochic acid I-induced nephropathy.
Methods
Early renal injury via renal interstitial fibrosis was induced in rats by administration of aristolochic acid I (AAI) solution intragastrically for 8 weeks. Ninety-six rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 24/group): (1) control (2) AAI (3) AAI + ergone (10 mg/kg) and (4) AAI + ergone (20 mg/kg). Blood and urine samples were collected and rat were sacrificed for histological assessment of the kidneys on at the end of weeks 2, 4, 6 and 8.
Key findings
AAI caused progressive elevation of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, potassium, sodium, chlorine, proteinuria and urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG). Ergone suppressed elevation of blood urea, nitrogen, creatinine, proteinuria and urinary NAG to some degree, but the AAI–ergone-treated group did not differ from AAI-treated group for body weight, serum potassium, sodium and chlorine. The progress of the lesions in the kidney after AAI administration was also observed by histopathological examinations, but kidneys from rats of AAI–ergone-treated group displayed fewer lesions.
Conclusions
Ergone treatment conferred protection against early renal injury in a rat model of AA nephropathy. Early administration of ergone may prevent the progression of renal injury and the subsequent renal fibrosis in AA nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yong Zhao
- Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xi'an No. 4 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Rong Mao
- Kidney Disease Center of Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Cheng
- Kidney Disease Center of Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Chao Lin
- Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Beijing, China
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Université Pierre and Marie Curie, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 7201, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, France
| | - Wen-Ji Sun
- Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Beijing, China
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Pharmacokinetics of ergosterol in rats using rapid resolution liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry and rapid resolution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1945-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhao YY, Shen X, Chao X, Ho CC, Cheng XL, Zhang Y, Lin RC, Du KJ, Luo WJ, Chen JY, Sun WJ. Ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:384-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Zhao Y, Wang L, Miao H, Ho CC, Li J, Cheng X, Zhang Y, Lin R, Sun W. LC Method for the Determination of Rhaponticin in Rat Plasma, Faeces and Urine for Application to Pharmacokinetic Studies. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-1914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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