Application of in-vial membrane assisted solvent extraction to the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in seawater by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Marine volatile organic compounds and their impacts on marine aerosol-A review

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a vital role in the global carbon budget and in the regional formation of ozone in the troposphere, and are emitted from both natural and anthropogenic activities. They can also serve as a source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Field and model studies showed evidences of a strong marine biogenic influence on marine aerosols. Although knowledge of terrestrial VOC emissions and SOA formation mechanisms has been advanced considerably over the last decades, processes constraining marine VOC emissions and marine SOA formation remain poorly understood. Seawater contains an extremely complex, diverse, and largely unidentified mixture of VOCs. Despite the fact that the ocean covers 70% of the Earth's surface, the role of the ocean in the global budget of VOCs is still unclear. The distribution and emission of sea surface VOCs exhibit considerable spatial-temporal variation, with higher concentrations often, but not always, correlated with biological activities. VOCs in surface seawater have been measured in various geographic regions, however, knowledge of the distribution of marine VOCs and the role of the oceans in the global atmospheric chemistry is still insufficient due to the paucity of measurements. This study reviews marine VOCs in terms of current analytical methods, global marine VOCs measurements, their effects on SOA, and future needs for understanding the role of marine VOCs in the chemistry of the atmosphere.

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with high-performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of 1,4-benzodioxane-6-aldehyde in eliglustat tartrate active pharmaceutical ingredient

Potential genotoxic impurities (PGIs) are a series of compounds that could potentially damage DNA. Therefore, a sensitive method is needed for detection and quantification. The present work described and validated a method for the quantification of one PGI (namely 1,4-benzodioxane-6-aldehyde) in Eliglustat tartrate (EGT) active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) substances using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) as sample preparation to remove matrix effect and detected by HPLC-UV. Parameters influencing the microextraction efficiency were systematically investigated. The combined application of DLLME and HPLC-UV provided the sensitivity of the method. The achieved limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were adequate for the specific purpose and found to be 1.29 μg g^-1 and 2.58 μg g^-1, respectively. This simple and effective methodology offers a key advantage in the ease of removing matrix effect and improves sensitivity obviously. In addition, no costly instrumentation and skilled personnel are needed when using this method, which is available and can be successfully implemented in routine factory drug quality control analysis.

An innovative arrangement for in-vial membrane-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction: application to the determination of esters of phthalic acid in alcoholic beverages by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A new arrangement for membrane-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction is presented. The extracting organic solvent was placed into a chromatographic microvial, compatible with the chromatograph autosampler, whose septum was replaced by a disc of porous hydrophobic membrane. This extraction device was completely immersed into the analytical sample contained in a cylindrical container subjected to rotary and basculant movement. Then, the extraction of analytes took place from the sample to the organic solvent contained in the vial through the membrane. Esters of the phthalic acid have been selected as model analytes to determine the performance characteristics of the extraction system. The limits of detection, limits of quantification and relative standard deviations (%) were in the range 0.1-0.4, 0.3-1 and 4-7, respectively. Esters of phthalic acid have been successfully analysed in alcoholic beverages. The main operational advantages of this arrangement consisted of minimal required handling, minimal risk of cross contamination and its simplicity.

Tunable surface charge of ZnS:Cu nano-adsorbent induced the selective preconcentration of cationic dyes from wastewater

A novel environmentally friendly nano-adsorbent is developed by doping Cu(+) cations into the lattice of ZnS microspheres. The adsorbent shows selective adsorbability for cationic dyes in low concentrations in wastewater. The adsorbed dye could be successfully eluted with alcohol, resulting in a 1000 fold enrichment of the dye solution.