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López Marzo AM, Mayorga-Martinez CC, Pumera M. 3D-printed graphene direct electron transfer enzyme biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 151:111980. [PMID: 31999587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology offers attractive possibilities for many fields. In electrochemistry, 3D printing technology has been used to fabricate customized 3D-printed electrodes as a platform to develop bio/sensing, energy generation and storage devices. Here, we use a 3D-printed graphene/polylactic (PLA) electrode made by additive manufacturing technology and immobilize horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to create a direct electron transfer enzyme-based biosensors for hydrogen peroxide detection. Gold nanoparticles are included in the system to confirm and facilitate heterogeneous electron transfer. This work opens a new direction for the fabrication of third-generation electrochemical biosensors using 3D printing technology, with implications for applications in the environmental and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaris M López Marzo
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Carmen C Mayorga-Martinez
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan; Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, Brno, CZ-616 00, Czech Republic.
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2
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Yáñez-Sedeño P, González-Cortés A, Campuzano S, Pingarrón JM. Copper(I)-Catalyzed Click Chemistry as a Tool for the Functionalization of Nanomaterials and the Preparation of Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E2379. [PMID: 31137612 PMCID: PMC6566994 DOI: 10.3390/s19102379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Proper functionalization of electrode surfaces and/or nanomaterials plays a crucial role in the preparation of electrochemical (bio)sensors and their resulting performance. In this context, copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) has been demonstrated to be a powerful strategy due to the high yields achieved, absence of by-products and moderate conditions required both in aqueous medium and under physiological conditions. This particular chemistry offers great potential to functionalize a wide variety of electrode surfaces, nanomaterials, metallophthalocyanines (MPcs) and polymers, thus providing electrochemical platforms with improved electrocatalytic ability and allowing the stable, reproducible and functional integration of a wide range of nanomaterials and/or different biomolecules (enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids and peptides). Considering the rapid progress in the field, and the potential of this technology, this review paper outlines the unique features imparted by this particular reaction in the development of electrochemical sensors through the discussion of representative examples of the methods mainly reported over the last five years. Special attention has been paid to electrochemical (bio)sensors prepared using nanomaterials and applied to the determination of relevant analytes at different molecular levels. Current challenges and future directions in this field are also briefly pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Yáñez-Sedeño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - A González-Cortés
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - S Campuzano
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J M Pingarrón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Cesbron M, Levillain E, Breton T, Gautier C. Click Chemistry: A Versatile Method for Tuning the Composition of Mixed Organic Layers Obtained by Reduction of Diazonium Cations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:37779-37782. [PMID: 30360102 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Postfunctionalization of glassy carbon electrodes previously modified by reduction of 4-azidobenzenediazonium was exploited to conveniently synthesize controlled mixed organic layers. Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition was used to anchor functional entities to azide platform. By this way, ((4-ethynylphenyl)carbamoyl)ferrocene (ϕ-Fc) was coimmobilized with a set of acetylene derivatives: 1-ethynyl-4-nitrobenzene (ϕ-NO2), 4-ethynylaniline (ϕ-NH2) or ethylnylbenzene (ϕ). The composition of the resulting organic layers was tuned by adjusting the acetylene derivatives ratio in the postfunctionalization binary solution. Electronic properties of the substituents beared by the aromatic rings were found to have a strong impact on the cycloaddition kinetics toward the confined azide moieties. From this study, rules to prepare finely tuned bifunctional organic layers can be anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Cesbron
- CNRS UMR 6200, Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou , Université d'Angers , 2 Boulevard Lavoisier , Angers Cedex 49045 , France
| | - Eric Levillain
- CNRS UMR 6200, Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou , Université d'Angers , 2 Boulevard Lavoisier , Angers Cedex 49045 , France
| | - Tony Breton
- CNRS UMR 6200, Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou , Université d'Angers , 2 Boulevard Lavoisier , Angers Cedex 49045 , France
| | - Christelle Gautier
- CNRS UMR 6200, Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou , Université d'Angers , 2 Boulevard Lavoisier , Angers Cedex 49045 , France
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Mwanza D, Mvango S, Khene S, Nyokong T, Mashazi P. Exploiting Click Chemistry for the Covalent Immobilization of Tetra (4-Propargyloxyphenoxy) Metallophthalocyanines onto Phenylazide-Grafted Gold Surfaces. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.09.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Levrie K, Jans K, Vos R, Ardakanian N, Verellen N, Van Hoof C, Lagae L, Stakenborg T. Multiplexed site-specific electrode functionalization for multitarget biosensors. Bioelectrochemistry 2016; 112:61-6. [PMID: 27472099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multitarget biosensors hold great promise to improve point-of-care diagnostics as they enable simultaneous detection of different biomolecular markers. Multiplexed detection of different markers, like genes, proteins, or a combination of both, propels advancement in numerous fields such as genomics, medical diagnosis and therapy monitoring. The functionalization of these biosensors, however, necessitates patterned immobilization of different bioreceptors, which remains challenging and time-consuming. We demonstrate a simple method for the patterned multiplexing of bioreceptors on a multi-electrode chip. By using the lithographically defined electrodes for surface functionalization, additional patterning steps become obsolete. Using the electrodes for self-aligned immobilization provides a spatial resolution that is limited by the electrode patterning process and that cannot be easily obtained by alternative dispensing or coating techniques. Via electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts combined with click chemistry, we achieved site-specific immobilization of two different ssDNA probes side by side on a single chip. This method was experimentally verified by cyclic voltammetry (CV), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and specific target recognition was visualized by fluorescence microscopy. The combination of the electroaddressability of electrografting with the chemoselectivity of click chemistry, offers a versatile platform for highly efficient site-specific functionalization of multitarget biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Levrie
- IMEC, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | - Niels Verellen
- KU Leuven Department of Physics and Astronomy, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; IMEC, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Hoof
- IMEC, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Lagae
- IMEC, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Physics and Astronomy, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Zhang L, Vilà N, Klein T, Kohring GW, Mazurenko I, Walcarius A, Etienne M. Immobilization of Cysteine-Tagged Proteins on Electrode Surfaces by Thiol-Ene Click Chemistry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:17591-17598. [PMID: 27299176 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Thiol-ene click chemistry can be exploited for the immobilization of cysteine-tagged dehydrogenases in an active form onto carbon electrodes (glassy carbon and carbon felt). The electrode surfaces have been first modified with vinylphenyl groups by electrochemical reduction of the corresponding diazonium salts generated in situ from 4-vinylaniline. The grafting process has been optimized in order to not hinder the electrochemical regeneration of NAD(+)/NADH cofactor and soluble mediators such as ferrocenedimethanol and [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl](+). Having demonstrated the feasibility of thiol-ene click chemistry for attaching ferrocene moieties onto those carbon surfaces, the same approach was then applied to the immobilization of d-sorbitol dehydrogenases with cysteine tag. These proteins can be effectively immobilized (as pointed out by XPS), and the cysteine tag (either 1 or 2 cysteine moieties at the N terminus of the polypeptide chain) was proven to maintain the enzymatic activity of the dehydrogenase upon grafting. The bioelectrode was applied to electroenzymatic enantioselective reduction of d-fructose to d-sorbitol, as a case study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR7564 CNRS - Université de Lorraine , 405, rue de Vandoeuvre, F-54600 Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Neus Vilà
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR7564 CNRS - Université de Lorraine , 405, rue de Vandoeuvre, F-54600 Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Tobias Klein
- Microbiology, Saarland University , Campus, Geb. A1.5, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Gert-Wieland Kohring
- Microbiology, Saarland University , Campus, Geb. A1.5, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Ievgen Mazurenko
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR7564 CNRS - Université de Lorraine , 405, rue de Vandoeuvre, F-54600 Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Alain Walcarius
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR7564 CNRS - Université de Lorraine , 405, rue de Vandoeuvre, F-54600 Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Mathieu Etienne
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR7564 CNRS - Université de Lorraine , 405, rue de Vandoeuvre, F-54600 Villers-lès-Nancy, France
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Nicolini JV, Ferraz HC, de Resende NS. Immobilization of horseradish peroxidase on titanate nanowires for biosensing application. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-015-0907-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Aptamer-based organic-silica hybrid affinity monolith prepared via “thiol-ene” click reaction for extraction of thrombin. Talanta 2015; 138:52-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Double electrochemical covalent coupling method based on click chemistry and diazonium chemistry for the fabrication of sensitive amperometric immunosensor. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 792:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Horseradish Peroxidase Nanopatterned Electrodes by Click Chemistry: Application to the Electrochemical Detection of Paracetamol. ELECTROANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Hayat A, Sassolas A, Rhouati A, Marty JL. Immobilization of enzymes on ethynyl-modified electrodes via click chemistry. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1051:209-216. [PMID: 23934806 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-550-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a novel, simple, and versatile protocol for covalent immobilization of enzyme on electrode. The immobilization method is based on the combination of diazonium salt electrografting and click chemistry. The ethynyl-terminated monolayers are obtained by diazonium salt electrografting, then, in the presence of copper (I) catalyst, the ethynyl modified surfaces reacts efficiently and rapidly with enzyme bearing an azide function (azido-enzyme), thus forming a covalent 1,2,3-triazole linkage by means of click chemistry. The ethynyl-terminated film preserves the activity of the immobilized enzyme. The click chemistry along with binary film of diazonium salts offers a variety of good characteristics including high sensitivity, good repeatability and reusability, rapid response and long term stability of the system. Thus, because of the chemoselective reactivity and quantitative yield of the click reaction, an ethynyl-terminated monolayer can be treated as a general platform for obtaining reliable coverage of a wide range of azido-terminated species of interest for various sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhtar Hayat
- IMAGES EA 4218, University of Perpignan, Perpignan Cedex, France
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Hayat A, Sassolas A, Marty JL, Radi AE. Highly sensitive ochratoxin A impedimetric aptasensor based on the immobilization of azido-aptamer onto electrografted binary film via click chemistry. Talanta 2012. [PMID: 23200352 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aptamer immobilization onto organized mixed layers of diazonium salts via click chemistry was explored. The immobilized aptamer was employed in the fabrication of a highly sensitive and reusable electrochemical impedimetric aptasensor for the detection of ochratoxin A (OTA). The screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) were first modified by electrografting of a protected 4-((trimethylsilyl)ethynyl) benzene (TMSi-Eth-Ar) layer followed by a second one of p-nitrobenzene (p-NO(2)-Ar) by means of electrochemical reduction of their corresponding diazonium salts, (TMSi-Eth-Ar-N(2)(+)) and (p-NO(2)-ArN(2)(+)). After deprotection, a layer with active ethynyl groups was obtained. In the presence of copper (I) catalyst, the ethynyl groups reacted efficiently with aptamer bearing an azide function, thus forming a covalent 1,2,3-triazole linkage. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the presence of ferri/ferrocyanide redox probe [Fe(CN)(6)](4-/3-) were used to characterize each step in the aptasensor development. The increase in electron-transfer resistance (R(et)) values due to the specific aptamer-OTA interaction was proportional to the concentration of OTA in a range between 1.25 ng/L and 500 ng/L, with a detection limit of 0.25 ng/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhtar Hayat
- BIOMEM, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
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Endonuclease cleavage combined with horseradish peroxidase-assisted signal amplification for electrochemical monitoring of DNA. Electrochem commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Zhu M, Li N, Ye J. Sensitive and Selective Sensing of Hydrogen Peroxide with Iron-Tetrasulfophthalocyanine-Graphene-Nafion Modified Screen-Printed Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rambarran T, Gonzaga F, Brook MA. Generic, Metal-Free Cross-Linking and Modification of Silicone Elastomers Using Click Ligation. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202785x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Talena Rambarran
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main
Street West, Hamilton,
Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Ferdinand Gonzaga
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main
Street West, Hamilton,
Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Michael A. Brook
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main
Street West, Hamilton,
Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
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