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Coelho TLS, Silva DSN, Dos Santos Junior JM, Dantas C, Nogueira ARDA, Lopes Júnior CA, Vieira EC. Multivariate optimization and comparison between conventional extraction (CE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of carotenoid extraction from cashew apple. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 84:105980. [PMID: 35288329 PMCID: PMC8921489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are an essential component of cashew and can be used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, natural pigment, food additives, among other applications. The present work focuses on optimizing and comparing conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods. Every optimization step took place with a 1:1 (w:w) mixture of yellow and red cashew apples lyophilized and ground in a cryogenic mill. A Simplex-centroid design was applied for both methods, and the solvents acetone, methanol, ethanol, and petroleum ether were evaluated. After choosing the extractor solvent, a central composite design was applied to optimize the sample mass (59-201 mg) and extraction time (6-34 min). The optimum conditions for the extractor solvent were 38% acetone, 30% ethanol, and 32% petroleum ether for CE and a mixture of 44% acetone and 56% methanol for UAE. The best experimental conditions for UAE were a sonication time of 19 min and a sample mass of 153 mg, while the CE was 23 min and 136 mg. Comparing red and yellow cashews, red cashews showed a higher carotenoid content in both methodologies. The UAE methodology was ca. 21% faster, presented a more straightforward composition of extracting solution, showed an average yield of superior carotenoid content in all samples compared to CE. Therefore, UAE has demonstrated a simple, efficient, fast, low-cost adjustment methodology and a reliable alternative for other applications involving these bioactive compounds in the studied or similar matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Linus Silva Coelho
- Grupo de Instrumentação Analítica e Preparo de Amostra (GRIAPA), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí - UFPI, 64049-550 Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Darlisson Slag Neri Silva
- Grupo de Instrumentação Analítica e Preparo de Amostra (GRIAPA), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí - UFPI, 64049-550 Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Jedaias Marreiros Dos Santos Junior
- Grupo de Instrumentação Analítica e Preparo de Amostra (GRIAPA), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí - UFPI, 64049-550 Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Clecio Dantas
- Laboratório de Química Computacional Inorgânica e Quimiometria - (LQCINMETRIA), State University of Maranhão - UEMA, 65604-380 Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | - Cícero Alves Lopes Júnior
- Institute for Chemistry, TESLA - Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1/I, 8010 Graz, Austria; Grupo de Estudo em Bioanalítica (GEBIO), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí - UFPI, 64049-550 Teresina, Piauí, Brazil.
| | - Edivan Carvalho Vieira
- Grupo de Instrumentação Analítica e Preparo de Amostra (GRIAPA), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí - UFPI, 64049-550 Teresina, Piauí, Brazil.
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Bezerra MA, Lemos VA, Novaes CG, de Jesus RM, Filho HRS, Araújo SA, Alves JPS. Application of mixture design in analytical chemistry. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tormena CD, Marcheafave GG, Rakocevic M, Bruns RE, Scarminio IS. Sequential mixture design optimization for divergent metabolite analysis: Enriched carbon dioxide effects on Coffea arabica L. leaves and buds. Talanta 2019; 191:382-389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ferreira SL, Lemos VA, de Carvalho VS, da Silva EG, Queiroz AF, Felix CS, da Silva DL, Dourado GB, Oliveira RV. Multivariate optimization techniques in analytical chemistry - an overview. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Klein-Júnior LC, Viaene J, Salton J, Koetz M, Gasper AL, Henriques AT, Vander Heyden Y. The use of chemometrics to study multifunctional indole alkaloids from Psychotria nemorosa (Palicourea comb. nov.). Part I: Extraction and fractionation optimization based on metabolic profiling. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1463:60-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Pilon AC, Carnevale Neto F, Freire RT, Cardoso P, Carneiro RL, Da Silva Bolzani V, Castro-Gamboa I. Partial least squares model and design of experiments toward the analysis of the metabolome of Jatropha gossypifolia leaves: Extraction and chromatographic fingerprint optimization. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1023-30. [PMID: 26757030 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in metabolomic studies is how to extract and analyze an entire metabolome. So far, no single method was able to clearly complete this task in an efficient and reproducible way. In this work we proposed a sequential strategy for the extraction and chromatographic separation of metabolites from leaves Jatropha gossypifolia using a design of experiments and partial least square model. The effect of 14 different solvents on extraction process was evaluated and an optimized separation condition on liquid chromatography was estimated considering mobile phase composition and analysis time. The initial conditions of extraction using methanol and separation in 30 min between 5 and 100% water/methanol (1:1 v/v) with 0.1% of acetic acid, 20 μL sample volume, 3.0 mL min(-1) flow rate and 25°C column temperature led to 107 chromatographic peaks. After the optimization strategy using i-propanol/chloroform (1:1 v/v) for extraction, linear gradient elution of 60 min between 5 and 100% water/(acetonitrile/methanol 68:32 v/v with 0.1% of acetic acid), 30 μL sample volume, 2.0 mL min(-1) flow rate, and 30°C column temperature, we detected 140 chromatographic peaks, 30.84% more peaks compared to initial method. This is a reliable strategy using a limited number of experiments for metabolomics protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Cesar Pilon
- Nucleus of Bioassays, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products - NuBBE, São Paulo State University - UNESP - Chemistry Institute, Department of Organic Chemistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fausto Carnevale Neto
- Nucleus of Bioassays, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products - NuBBE, São Paulo State University - UNESP - Chemistry Institute, Department of Organic Chemistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Teixeira Freire
- Nucleus of Bioassays, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products - NuBBE, São Paulo State University - UNESP - Chemistry Institute, Department of Organic Chemistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Cardoso
- Nucleus of Bioassays, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products - NuBBE, São Paulo State University - UNESP - Chemistry Institute, Department of Organic Chemistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Lajarim Carneiro
- São Carlos Federal University - UFSCar - CCET - Department of Chemistry, Rodovia Washington Luiz, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanderlan Da Silva Bolzani
- Nucleus of Bioassays, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products - NuBBE, São Paulo State University - UNESP - Chemistry Institute, Department of Organic Chemistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ian Castro-Gamboa
- Nucleus of Bioassays, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products - NuBBE, São Paulo State University - UNESP - Chemistry Institute, Department of Organic Chemistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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